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Gas migration at the granite–bentonite interface under semirigid boundary conditions in the context of high‐level radioactive waste disposal 高放射性废物处置背景下半刚性边界条件下花岗岩-膨润土界面的气体迁移
Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1002/dug2.12118
Jiangfeng Liu, Zhipeng Wang, Jingna Guo, A. Jivkov, Majid Sedighi, Jianfu Shao
The corrosion of waste canisters in the deep geological disposal facilities (GDFs) for high‐level radioactive waste (HLRW) can generate gas, which escapes from the engineered barrier system through the interfaces between the bentonite buffer blocks and the host rock and those between the bentonite blocks. In this study, a series of water infiltration and gas breakthrough experiments were conducted on granite and on granite–bentonite specimens with smooth and grooved interfaces. On this basis, this study presents new insights and a quantitative assessment of the impact of the interface between clay and host rock on gas transport. As the results show, the water permeability values from water infiltration tests on granite and granite–bentonite samples (10−19–10−20 m2) are found to be slightly higher than that of bentonite. The gas permeability of the mock‐up samples with smooth interfaces is one order of magnitude larger than that of the mock‐up with grooved interfaces. The gas results of breakthrough pressures for the granite and the granite–bentonite mock‐up samples are significantly lower than that of bentonite. The results highlight the potential existence of preferential gas migration channels between the rock and bentonite buffer that require further considerations in safety assessment.
高放射性废物(HLRW)深层地质处置设施(GDFs)中的废物罐腐蚀会产生气体,这些气体会通过膨润土缓冲块与主岩之间的界面以及膨润土块之间的界面从工程屏障系统中逸出。本研究在花岗岩以及界面光滑和开槽的花岗岩-膨润土试样上进行了一系列水渗透和气体突破实验。在此基础上,本研究对粘土和主岩之间的界面对气体输送的影响提出了新的见解和定量评估。结果表明,花岗岩和花岗膨润土样品(10-19-10-20 m2)的渗水试验得出的透水率值略高于膨润土。界面光滑的模拟样品的气体渗透率比界面有凹槽的模拟样品大一个数量级。花岗岩和花岗岩-膨润土模拟样品的气体突破压力结果明显低于膨润土。这些结果突出表明,岩石和膨润土缓冲区之间可能存在优先气体迁移通道,需要在安全评估中进一步考虑。
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引用次数: 0
In situ loading of a pore network model for quantitative characterization and visualization of gas seepage in coal rocks 原位加载孔隙网络模型,实现煤岩瓦斯渗流的定量表征和可视化
Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/dug2.12114
Hua-zhe Jiao, Xi Chen, Tiegang Zhang, Quilligan Michael, Yixuan Yang, Xiaolin Yang, Tongyi Yang
The flow characteristics of coalbed methane (CBM) are influenced by the coal rock fracture network, which serves as the primary gas transport channel. This has a significant effect on the permeability performance of coal reservoirs. In any case, the traditional techniques of coal rock fracture observation are unable to precisely define the flow of CBM. In this study, coal samples were subjected to an in situ loading scanning test in order to create a pore network model (PNM) and determine the pore and fracture dynamic evolution law of the samples in the loading path. On this basis, the structural characteristic parameters of the samples were extracted from the PNM and the impact on the permeability performance of CBM was assessed. The findings demonstrate that the coal samples' internal porosity increases by 2.039% under uniaxial loading, the average throat pore radius increases by 205.5 to 36.1 μm, and the loading has an impact on the distribution and morphology of the pores in the coal rock. The PNM was loaded into the finite element program COMSOL for seepage modeling, and the M3 stage showed isolated pore connectivity to produce microscopic fissures, which could serve as seepage channels. In order to confirm the viability of the PNM and COMSOL docking technology, the streamline distribution law of pressure and velocity fields during the coal sample loading process was examined. The absolute permeability of the coal samples was also obtained in order for comparison with the measured results. The macroscopic CBM flow mechanism in complex low‐permeability coal rocks can be revealed through three‐dimensional reconstruction of the microscopic fracture structure and seepage simulation. This study lays the groundwork for the fine description and evaluation of coal reservoirs as well as the precise prediction of gas production in CBM wells.
煤层气(CBM)的流动特性受煤岩裂隙网的影响,而煤岩裂隙网是主要的气体输送通道。这对煤储层的渗透性能有重大影响。在任何情况下,传统的煤岩裂缝观测技术都无法精确界定煤层气的流向。本研究对煤样进行了原位加载扫描试验,以建立孔隙网络模型(PNM),并确定煤样在加载路径上的孔隙和裂缝动态演化规律。在此基础上,从 PNM 中提取煤样的结构特征参数,并评估其对煤层气渗透性能的影响。结果表明,在单轴加载下,煤样内部孔隙率增加了 2.039%,平均喉孔半径由 205.5 μm 增加到 36.1 μm,加载对煤岩中孔隙的分布和形态产生了影响。将 PNM 加载到有限元程序 COMSOL 中进行渗流建模,M3 阶段显示出孤立的孔隙连通性,产生微观裂隙,可作为渗流通道。为了证实 PNM 与 COMSOL 对接技术的可行性,研究了煤样装载过程中压力场和速度场的流线分布规律。为了与测量结果进行比较,还获得了煤样的绝对渗透率。通过三维重建微观断裂结构和渗流模拟,可以揭示复杂低渗透煤岩中煤层气的宏观流动机理。这项研究为煤储层的精细描述和评价以及煤层气井产气量的精确预测奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Study on the variation of the permeability coefficient of soil–rock mixtures in fault zones under different stress states 不同应力状态下断层带土岩混合物渗透系数变化研究
Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1002/dug2.12100
Wenhui Tan, Shuang Liang, Xuewen Ma, Pengfei Wang
As the first gold mine discovered at the sea in China and the only coastal gold mine currently mined there, Sanshandao Gold Mine faces unique challenges. The mine's safety is under continual threat from its faulted structure coupled with the overlying water. As the mining proceeds deeper, the risk of water inrush increases. The mine's maximum water yield reaches 15 000 m3/day, which is attributable to water channels present in fault zones. Predominantly composed of soil–rock mixtures (SRM), these fault zones' seepage characteristics significantly impact water inrush risk. Consequently, investigating the seepage characteristics of SRM is of paramount importance. However, the existing literature mostly concentrates on a single stress state. Therefore, this study examined the characteristics of the permeability coefficient under three distinct stress states: osmotic, osmotic–uniaxial, and osmotic–triaxial pressure. The SRM samples utilized in this study were extracted from in situ fault zones and then reshaped in the laboratory. In addition, the micromechanical properties of the SRM samples were analyzed using computed tomography scanning. The findings reveal that the permeability coefficient is the highest under osmotic pressure and lowest under osmotic–triaxial pressure. The sensitivity coefficient shows a higher value when the rock block percentage ranges between 30% and 40%, but it falls below 1.0 when this percentage exceeds 50% under no confining pressure. Notably, rock block percentages of 40% and 60% represent the two peak points of the sensitivity coefficient under osmotic–triaxial pressure. However, SRM samples with a 40% rock block percentage consistently show the lowest permeability coefficient under all stress states. This study establishes that a power function can model the relationship between the permeability coefficient and osmotic pressure, while its relationship with axial pressure can be described using an exponential function. These insights are invaluable for developing water inrush prevention and control strategies in mining environments.
作为中国发现的第一座海上金矿和目前唯一一座沿海金矿,三山岛金矿面临着独特的挑战。矿山的断层结构加上上覆的水,使矿山的安全不断受到威胁。随着开采的深入,涌水的风险也在增加。该矿的最大产水量达到 15 000 立方米/天,这要归功于断层带中存在的水道。这些断层带主要由土壤-岩石混合物(SRM)组成,其渗流特性对涌水风险有重大影响。因此,研究 SRM 的渗流特性至关重要。然而,现有文献大多集中于单一应力状态。因此,本研究考察了渗透系数在三种不同应力状态下的特性:渗透压、渗透-单轴压和渗透-三轴压。本研究使用的 SRM 样品是从原位断层带提取的,然后在实验室中进行了重塑。此外,还使用计算机断层扫描分析了 SRM 样品的微观机械特性。研究结果表明,渗透系数在渗透压下最高,在渗透-三轴压力下最低。当岩块百分比在 30% 至 40% 之间时,灵敏度系数的值较高,但当岩块百分比超过 50% 时,灵敏度系数则低于 1.0。值得注意的是,40% 和 60% 的岩块百分比代表了渗透-三轴压力下灵敏度系数的两个峰值。然而,在所有应力状态下,岩块百分率为 40% 的 SRM 样品始终显示出最低的渗透系数。这项研究证明,幂函数可以模拟渗透系数与渗透压之间的关系,而渗透系数与轴向压力之间的关系则可以用指数函数来描述。这些见解对于制定采矿环境中的涌水量预防和控制策略非常有价值。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study on the damage characteristics of cyclic disturbance and acoustic emission characteristics of different types of sandstones under high stress in deep mines 深部矿井高应力条件下不同类型砂岩的循环扰动破坏特征和声发射特征试验研究
Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1002/dug2.12093
Yujing Jiang, Bin Liang, Dong Wang, Ling Dong, H. Luan, Changsheng Wang, Jiankang Liu
Three sandstone specimens common in rock engineering were selected to study the differences in the mechanical properties of rocks with different lithologies. The development and expansion of the internal cracks in the specimens were observed by combining the simulation system with the acoustic emission system. Through the combination of dynamic and static stresses, the deformation and damage of rocks under deep rock excavation and blasting were simulated. As the results show, the acoustic emission events of specimens with different lithologies under combined static and dynamic cyclic loading can be roughly divided into three phases: weakening, stabilizing, and surging periods. In addition, the acoustic emission characteristics of specimens with different lithologies show general consistency in different compression phases. The degree of fragmentation of specimens increases with the applied stress level; therefore, the stress level is one of the important factors influencing the damage pattern of specimens. The acoustic emission system was used to simulate the deformation and damage of rocks subjected to deep rock body excavation and engineering blasting. Cyclic dynamic perturbations under sinusoidal waves with a frequency of 5 Hz, a loading rate of 0.1 mm/min, a cyclic amplitude of 5 MPa, and a loading rate of 0.1 mm/min were applied to the three rock samples during the experiments. Among them, the fine‐grained sandstones are the most sensitive to the sinusoidal cyclic perturbation, followed by the muddy siltstone and the medium‐grained sandstones. On this basis, the acoustic emission energy release characteristics were analyzed, and the waveform characteristics in the damage evolution of the specimen under dynamic perturbation were studied by extracting the key points and searching for the main frequency eigenvalues.
选择了岩石工程中常见的三种砂岩试样,以研究不同岩性岩石的力学性能差异。通过将模拟系统与声发射系统相结合,观察了试样内部裂缝的发展和扩展情况。通过动、静应力的结合,模拟了岩石在深层岩石开挖和爆破下的变形和破坏。结果表明,不同岩性的试样在静态和动态循环组合加载下的声发射事件可大致分为三个阶段:削弱期、稳定期和激增期。此外,不同岩性的试样在不同压缩阶段的声发射特征基本一致。试样的破碎程度随施加应力水平的增加而增加,因此应力水平是影响试样损坏模式的重要因素之一。声发射系统用于模拟深岩体开挖和工程爆破时岩石的变形和破坏。实验期间,对三个岩石样本施加了频率为 5 Hz、加载速率为 0.1 mm/min、循环振幅为 5 MPa、加载速率为 0.1 mm/min 的正弦波循环动态扰动。其中,细粒砂岩对正弦周期扰动最为敏感,其次是泥质粉砂岩和中粒砂岩。在此基础上,分析了声发射能量释放特征,并通过提取关键点和寻找主频特征值,研究了动态扰动下试样损伤演变的波形特征。
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引用次数: 0
A comprehensive review of experimental studies on shear behavior of bolted rock joints with varying rock joint and bolt parameters and normal stress 螺栓连接岩石接头剪切行为实验研究综述(岩石接头和螺栓参数以及法向应力各不相同
Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/dug2.12091
Chang Zhou, Zhenwei Lang, Shun Huang, Qinghong Dong, Yanzhi Wang, Wenbo Zheng
The shear characteristics of bolted rock joints are crucial for the stability of tunneling and mining, particularly in deep underground engineering, where rock bolt materials are exposed to high stress, water pressure, and engineering disturbance. However, due to the complex interaction between bolted rock joints and various geological contexts, many challenges and unsolved problems arise. Therefore, more investigation is needed to understand the shear performance of bolted joints in the field of deep underground engineering. This study presents a comprehensive review of research findings on the responses of bolted joints subjected to shearing under different conditions. As is revealed, the average shear strength of bolted rock joints increases linearly with the normal stress and increases with the compressive strength of rock until it reaches a stable value. The joint roughness coefficient (JRC) affects the contact area, friction force, shear strength, bending angle, and axial force of bolted rock joints. A mathematical function is proposed to model the relationship between JRC, normal load, and shear strength. The normal stress level also influences the deformation model, load‐carrying capacity, and energy absorption ratio of bolts within bolted rock joints, and can be effectively characterized by a two‐phase exponential equation. Additionally, the angle of the bolts affects the ratio of tensile and shear strength of the bolts, as well as the mechanical behavior of both bolted rock joints and surrounding rock, which favors smaller angles. This comprehensive review of experimental data on the shear behavior of bolted rock joints offers valuable theoretical insights for the development of advanced shear devices and further pertinent investigations.
栓接岩石接头的剪切特性对隧道和采矿的稳定性至关重要,尤其是在地下深层工程中,岩石栓接材料暴露在高应力、水压和工程扰动下。然而,由于栓接岩石接头与各种地质环境之间复杂的相互作用,出现了许多挑战和未解决的问题。因此,需要进行更多研究,以了解深层地下工程领域中螺栓连接的剪切性能。本研究全面综述了不同条件下螺栓连接受剪响应的研究成果。结果表明,螺栓连接岩石接头的平均抗剪强度与法向应力呈线性增长,并随岩石抗压强度的增加而增加,直至达到稳定值。接缝粗糙度系数(JRC)会影响栓接岩石接缝的接触面积、摩擦力、剪切强度、弯曲角度和轴向力。提出了一个数学函数来模拟 JRC、法向载荷和剪切强度之间的关系。法向应力水平也会影响栓接岩石节理内螺栓的变形模型、承载能力和能量吸收比,并可通过两相指数方程有效表征。此外,螺栓的角度也会影响螺栓的抗拉和抗剪强度比,以及螺栓连接岩石和围岩的力学行为,因此角度越小越好。这篇关于螺栓连接岩石节理剪切行为的实验数据综述为开发先进的剪切设备和进一步开展相关研究提供了宝贵的理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
Fracturing behaviors of flawed granite induced by dynamic loadings: A study based on DIP and PFC 动态载荷诱发的有缺陷花岗岩断裂行为:基于 DIP 和 PFC 的研究
Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/dug2.12088
Xiao Wang, Wenbin Sun, Changdi He, Wei Yuan, V. Sarfarazi, Haozheng Wang
This study explored the dynamic behaviors and fracturing mechanisms of flawed granite under split‐Hopkinson pressure bar testing, focusing on factors like grain size and flaw dimensions. By means of digital image processing and the discrete element method, Particle Flow Code 2D (PFC2D) models were constructed based on real granite samples, effectively overcoming the limitations of prior studies that mainly relied on randomized parameters. The results illustrate that the crack distribution of granite is significantly influenced by grain size and flaw dimensions. Tension cracks predominate and mineral boundaries, such as between feldspar and quartz, become primary crack sites. Both flaw length and width critically affect the crack density, distribution, and dynamic strength of granite. Specifically, dynamic strength tends to decrease with the enlargement of flaws and increase with an increase in flaw angles up to 90°.
本研究探讨了裂隙花岗岩在劈裂-霍普金森压杆测试下的动态行为和断裂机制,重点关注晶粒尺寸和裂隙尺寸等因素。通过数字图像处理和离散元方法,构建了基于真实花岗岩样品的粒子流代码二维(PFC2D)模型,有效克服了以往研究主要依赖随机参数的局限性。结果表明,花岗岩的裂纹分布受晶粒尺寸和缺陷尺寸的影响很大。拉伸裂缝占主导地位,矿物边界(如长石和石英之间)成为主要裂缝部位。裂纹长度和宽度对花岗岩的裂纹密度、分布和动态强度都有重要影响。具体来说,动态强度往往会随着裂纹的扩大而降低,并随着裂纹角度(最大 90°)的增大而增加。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of elevated ground temperatures on properties of cement grouts for deep rock grouting 地温升高对用于深层岩石灌浆的水泥灌浆料性能的影响
Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1002/dug2.12073
Zhipeng Xu, Jianping Sun, Runguo Li, Lei He, Changwu Liu
Appropriate determination of the mix ratios of cement grouts is of vital importance to the quality of rock grouting and the risk reduction of groundwater inflow. The behavior of grout, often highly temperature dependent, is likely to be affected by the elevated ground temperature in deep rock masses. This paper aims to experimentally gain insights into the effects of elevated ground temperatures on the properties of cement grout in fresh and hardened states in deep rock grouting. The results revealed that a temperature of 35°C is crucial for changes in the properties of thick cement grout with a water–cement ratio of less than 0.8. When the temperature is up to 35°C, there can be significant improvements in rheological parameters, acceleration of grout setting, and increase in the rheological time dependence of thick cement grout; however, there may also be a slight impact on the initial grout flowability and the nature of shear thinning. The high temperature may still improve the stability of fresh cement grout and also improve the porosity and creep deformation of hardened cement grout considerably. The proposed constitutive model that couples the Burgers model with a fractional derivative‐based Abel dashpot in the series can be used to characterize the creep behavior of hardened cement grout appropriately. The paper provides a valuable reference for optimization of mixture design of cement grouts, thus enhancing deep rock grouting quality and improving safety.
适当确定水泥灌浆料的混合比对于岩石灌浆的质量和降低地下水流入的风险至关重要。灌浆料的行为通常与温度高度相关,很可能会受到深层岩体中地温升高的影响。本文旨在通过实验了解在深层岩石灌浆中,地温升高对水泥灌浆料在新鲜和硬化状态下性能的影响。结果表明,35°C 的温度对水灰比小于 0.8 的厚水泥灌浆料性能的变化至关重要。当温度达到 35°C 时,稠水泥灌浆料的流变参数会有明显改善,灌浆料凝结速度加快,流变时间相关性增加;但对灌浆料的初始流动性和剪切变稀的性质也会有轻微影响。高温仍可改善新鲜水泥灌浆料的稳定性,并显著改善硬化水泥灌浆料的孔隙率和蠕变变形。所提出的构成模型将 Burgers 模型与基于分数导数的 Abel dashpot 系列耦合在一起,可用于适当表征硬化水泥灌浆料的蠕变行为。本文为水泥灌浆料混合物的优化设计提供了有价值的参考,从而提高了深层岩石灌浆的质量和安全性。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of elevated ground temperatures on properties of cement grouts for deep rock grouting 地温升高对用于深层岩石灌浆的水泥灌浆料性能的影响
Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1002/dug2.12073
Zhipeng Xu, Jianping Sun, Runguo Li, Lei He, Changwu Liu
Appropriate determination of the mix ratios of cement grouts is of vital importance to the quality of rock grouting and the risk reduction of groundwater inflow. The behavior of grout, often highly temperature dependent, is likely to be affected by the elevated ground temperature in deep rock masses. This paper aims to experimentally gain insights into the effects of elevated ground temperatures on the properties of cement grout in fresh and hardened states in deep rock grouting. The results revealed that a temperature of 35°C is crucial for changes in the properties of thick cement grout with a water–cement ratio of less than 0.8. When the temperature is up to 35°C, there can be significant improvements in rheological parameters, acceleration of grout setting, and increase in the rheological time dependence of thick cement grout; however, there may also be a slight impact on the initial grout flowability and the nature of shear thinning. The high temperature may still improve the stability of fresh cement grout and also improve the porosity and creep deformation of hardened cement grout considerably. The proposed constitutive model that couples the Burgers model with a fractional derivative‐based Abel dashpot in the series can be used to characterize the creep behavior of hardened cement grout appropriately. The paper provides a valuable reference for optimization of mixture design of cement grouts, thus enhancing deep rock grouting quality and improving safety.
适当确定水泥灌浆料的混合比对于岩石灌浆的质量和降低地下水流入的风险至关重要。灌浆料的行为通常与温度高度相关,很可能会受到深层岩体中地温升高的影响。本文旨在通过实验了解在深层岩石灌浆中,地温升高对水泥灌浆料在新鲜和硬化状态下性能的影响。结果表明,35°C 的温度对水灰比小于 0.8 的厚水泥灌浆料性能的变化至关重要。当温度达到 35°C 时,稠水泥灌浆料的流变参数会有明显改善,灌浆料凝结速度加快,流变时间相关性增加;但对灌浆料的初始流动性和剪切变稀的性质也会有轻微影响。高温仍可改善新鲜水泥灌浆料的稳定性,并显著改善硬化水泥灌浆料的孔隙率和蠕变变形。所提出的构成模型将 Burgers 模型与基于分数导数的 Abel dashpot 系列耦合在一起,可用于适当表征硬化水泥灌浆料的蠕变行为。本文为水泥灌浆料混合物的优化设计提供了有价值的参考,从而提高了深层岩石灌浆的质量和安全性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Deep Underground Science and Engineering
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