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Environmental factors determining weed species distribution in organic manure and inorganic fertiliser smallholder maize (Zea mays L.) production 决定有机肥和无机肥小农玉米(玉米)生产中杂草种类分布的环境因素
Pub Date : 2024-07-07 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12656
T. L. Mncube, Ethel E. Phiri, H. Mloza-Banda, J. Rugare, P. N. Mothapo, P. J. Pieterse
Weeds are a major concern in crop production, and their environmental plasticity hinders successful control. A phytosociological study assessed weed distribution patterns in smallholder maize (Zea mays L.) production under different climatic and soil factors in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 cropping seasons. Thirty‐six maize fields from the Highveld (Mankayane) and the Middleveld (Luve) of Eswatini, were investigated with three fertiliser regimes applied (cattle manure only, cattle manure plus inorganic fertiliser and inorganic fertiliser only). Phytosociological attributes of weed species including density were collected using a 25 m transect placed horizontally at the centre of each field. Climatic factors and soil physiochemical properties considered included altitude, rainfall, temperature, soil texture, soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese. Fifty‐six weed species belonging to 16 families were recorded. Distance‐based multivariate multiple regression (DistLM) analysis was used to determine the relationship between weed species composition as the dependent variable from the fertiliser regimes and the environmental factors as the independent variable. Eight environmental variables explained 25% variation in species distribution namely; altitude, temperature, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, copper, magnesium and percentage silt. At Luve, temperature, copper and magnesium significantly explained weed distribution in all three fertiliser regimes, while phosphorus influenced weed distribution in the manure only regime. At Mankayane, nitrogen affected weed distribution in the manure plus inorganic fertiliser and inorganic fertiliser regimes whereas altitude, phosphorus, potassium, and %silt influenced weed distribution in the manure only and manure plus inorganic fertiliser regimes. The observations suggest that some weed species coexist between fertiliser regimes and study areas while others occur in specific environments only.
杂草是作物生产中的一个主要问题,其环境可塑性阻碍了成功的控制。一项植物社会学研究评估了 2020/2021 年和 2021/2022 年种植季节不同气候和土壤因素下小农玉米(玉米)生产中的杂草分布模式。对来自埃斯瓦提尼 Highveld(曼卡亚内)和 Middleveld(卢维)的 36 块玉米田进行了调查,采用了三种施肥制度(仅施用牛粪、牛粪加无机肥和仅施用无机肥)。通过在每块田地中心水平放置的 25 米横断面,收集了包括密度在内的杂草物种的植物社会学属性。考虑的气候因素和土壤理化性质包括海拔、降雨量、温度、土壤质地、土壤 pH 值、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铜、铁、锌和锰。记录的杂草有 56 种,隶属于 16 个科。采用基于距离的多元回归(DistLM)分析法确定了施肥制度的因变量杂草物种组成与自变量环境因素之间的关系。八个环境变量解释了物种分布 25% 的变化,即海拔、温度、氮、磷、钾、铜、镁和淤泥百分比。在 Luve,温度、铜和镁能显著解释三种肥料制度下的杂草分布情况,而磷则影响仅施用粪肥制度下的杂草分布情况。在 Mankayane,氮影响了粪肥加无机肥和无机肥制度下的杂草分布,而海拔、磷、钾和淤泥百分比则影响了仅施肥和施肥加无机肥制度下的杂草分布。这些观察结果表明,一些杂草物种在不同施肥制度和研究区域间共存,而另一些则只在特定环境中出现。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of gap size in grass cover on the percentage and rate of dandelion achene germination 草丛间隙大小对蒲公英瘦果发芽率和发芽率的影响
Pub Date : 2024-07-07 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12657
Z. Martinková, A. Honěk
In Central Europe, Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion) is an economically important admixture in grasslands. Its spread is supported by its ability to germinate in gaps in grass stands. In a 5‐year experiment, we examined the effect of gap size on the germination rate and percentage of dandelion achenes. Each year, achenes were sown in late spring and mid‐summer in 90 square plots of six sizes, ranging from 2.5 × 2.5 cm to 80 × 80 cm. The plots were placed on a 2 × 6 m experimental area covered with low‐cut lawn. The course of germination varied among individual replicates depending on the weather. In each replicate, however, the rate of germination increased, and the percentage of germinated achenes decreased with increasing gap size. Differences in germination paralleled differences in the microclimate on the soil surface of plots where humidity decreased and temperature increased with plot size. The ultimate cause of this difference was the variance among gaps of different sizes in proportion to which the total area of the gap surface is insolated during the day. The colonization of lawns by dandelion is supported by the formation of small gaps in grass stands.
在中欧,蒲公英(Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers)是草地上一种具有重要经济价值的混合植物。蒲公英能够在草丛间隙中发芽,这为其传播提供了支持。在一项为期 5 年的实验中,我们研究了间隙大小对蒲公英瘦果发芽率和发芽率百分比的影响。每年春末和仲夏,我们都会在 90 个方形地块中播种瘦果,这些地块有六种大小,从 2.5 × 2.5 厘米到 80 × 80 厘米不等。这些地块位于 2 × 6 米的实验区内,上面覆盖着低矮的草坪。各个重复的发芽过程因天气而异。不过,在每个重复中,发芽率都随着间隙的增大而提高,发芽瘦果的百分比则随着间隙的增大而降低。发芽率的差异与地块土壤表面小气候的差异是一致的,即随着地块面积的增大,湿度降低,温度升高。造成这种差异的最终原因是不同大小的隙缝在白天不透光的总面积比例上存在差异。蒲公英在草坪上的定殖是由草丛中形成的小间隙支持的。
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引用次数: 0
Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson reproduction system: Implications for distribution and management strategies 棕榈苋(Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson)的繁殖系统:对分布和管理策略的影响
Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12626
Ednaldo A Borgato, Sara Ohadi, C. Brunharo, Eric L. Patterson, Maor Matzrafi
Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson is one of the most troublesome weed species worldwide, and is considered one of the most devastating weeds in agricultural fields in the United States. Recently, A. palmeri populations have spread beyond their native range, into the Mediterranean region, and have been reported in several European countries. Resistance to 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors have been found in European populations, exacerbating the management problems with this species in the Mediterranean region. While the biology, ecology, herbicide resistance mechanisms, and agricultural significance of A. palmeri have been studied, there remains a need to discuss how A. palmeri's unique reproductive traits influence its ability to adapt to various environments, especially as an invasive species spreading into new habitats. We review how the genetic and genomic characteristics of A. palmeri interact with aspects of its reproductive biology, including its breeding system, and alter its ability to hybridize and develop herbicide resistance. Finally, we discuss the breeding system of A. palmeri in the context of weed management, and explore different approaches such as irradiated pollens, genetic manipulations, and RNA interference (RNAi).
棕榈苋(Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson)是全球最棘手的杂草物种之一,被认为是美国农田中最具破坏性的杂草之一。最近,棕榈苋(A. palmeri)的种群已超出其原产地范围,扩散到地中海地区,据报道,欧洲一些国家也出现了棕榈苋。在欧洲种群中发现了对 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase(EPSPS)和乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂的抗性,这加剧了地中海地区对该物种的管理问题。虽然已经对棕榈蓟马的生物学、生态学、除草剂抗性机制和农业意义进行了研究,但仍有必要讨论棕榈蓟马独特的繁殖特征如何影响其适应各种环境的能力,尤其是作为入侵物种向新的栖息地扩散的能力。我们回顾了棕榈蓟马的遗传和基因组特征是如何与其繁殖生物学的各个方面(包括其繁殖系统)相互作用,并改变其杂交和发展抗除草剂能力的。最后,我们从杂草管理的角度讨论了棕榈蓟马的繁殖系统,并探讨了辐照花粉、遗传操作和 RNA 干扰 (RNAi) 等不同方法。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of farm resources and management decisions on the severity of Striga infestation and maize productivity in western Kenya 农场资源和管理决策对肯尼亚西部 Striga 侵害严重程度和玉米产量的影响
Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12629
L. Rusinamhodzi, Elodie Nguyen, Helene Marrou, Seraphine Uzamushaka, M. Corbeels
The control of Striga is of critical importance for smallholder farmers cultivating maize and other cereals in the western region of Kenya. Therefore, advanced knowledge and analysis is needed to understand farmers' resource endowment and decision making with regards to crop management, and the possible effect on Striga infestation and crop productivity. The overall objective of the study was to understand the role of resource endowment and allocation decisions on Striga infestation and maize productivity and offer effective and locally adapted options in western Kenya. The study used semi‐structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and resource flow mapping to identify farm resources and key management decisions that are critical in management of Striga on smallholder farms. Soil was sampled from fields of selected farms and taken to the laboratory for analysis including Striga seed counts. In the fields, Striga shoots counts, and maize yield were recorded. Socio‐economic variables such as land size, household income, labour availability, were used to construct a farm typology and assign farmers to different resource groups (RGs). Our results showed that household diversity leads to different land‐use patterns, resource‐use intensity and agricultural management practices which affect soil fertility and Striga infestation. Poor‐resourced farmers tend to be associated with poor crop and soil management which results in maize fields with low soil fertility and high level of Striga infestation. Soil organic carbon showed a strong negative association with Striga infestation. Improving soil fertility is, therefore, the central component of any integrated and sustainable Striga management approaches, and technological solutions to address Striga and soil fertility issues, and they must be tailored to the farm and field diversity. The inclusion of legumes is highly recommended either as rotation or intercropping depending on land availability. Where possible, farmers may use mulch from previous crop residues to suppress weed emergence and prevent flowering and seed setting. Hand weeding though tiresome, remains a low‐cost effective method to control Striga especially in areas where fields are small as in western Kenya.
对于肯尼亚西部地区种植玉米和其他谷物的小农来说,控制 Striga 至关重要。因此,需要先进的知识和分析来了解农民在作物管理方面的资源禀赋和决策,以及对 Striga 侵害和作物生产力可能产生的影响。这项研究的总体目标是了解资源禀赋和分配决策对肯尼亚西部 Striga 侵害和玉米生产率的影响,并提供有效和适合当地情况的选择方案。研究采用半结构式问卷调查、焦点小组讨论和资源流图来确定对小农农场管理 Striga 至关重要的农场资源和关键管理决策。从选定农场的田间采集土壤样本,并送往实验室进行分析,包括 Striga 种子计数。在田间,记录了 Striga 种子数量和玉米产量。土地面积、家庭收入、劳动力可用性等社会经济变量被用来构建农场类型学,并将农民分配到不同的资源组(RGs)。我们的研究结果表明,家庭多样性会导致不同的土地利用模式、资源利用强度和农业管理方法,从而影响土壤肥力和Striga虫害。资源贫乏的农户往往对作物和土壤管理不善,导致玉米田土壤肥力低,Striga 侵染程度高。土壤有机碳与 Striga 侵染呈强烈的负相关。因此,提高土壤肥力是任何综合和可持续的 Striga 管理方法的核心组成部分,也是解决 Striga 和土壤肥力问题的技术解决方案,而且必须适合农场和田地的多样性。根据土地的可用性,强烈建议将豆科植物作为轮作或间作作物。在可能的情况下,农民可以使用以前作物残留物的覆盖物来抑制杂草萌发,防止开花和结籽。人工除草虽然费力,但仍然是控制 Striga 的低成本有效方法,尤其是在肯尼亚西部田块较小的地区。
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引用次数: 0
Non‐chemical weed management for sustainable rice production in the Ebro Delta 埃布罗河三角洲水稻可持续生产中的非化学杂草管理
Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12628
Alfred Palma‐Guillén, Miquel Salicrú, Ariadna Nadal, X. Serrat, Salvador Nogués
Weed control is one of the major challenges in rice cultivation, and the use of agrochemicals for this crop is severely restricted under the new European agricultural policy. Therefore, new effective non‐chemical weed control techniques are the key to sustain European rice production. We investigated four non‐chemical weed management strategies in the Ebro Delta in north‐eastern Spain, two in dry‐seeded rice fields and two in water‐seeded rice fields. In addition, two controls per sowing condition were included: a positive control consisting of chemical herbicides treatment and a negative control consisting of no weeding and no seeding. Mechanical weeding using a rotary harrow placed in front of the seeder was the best weeding technique for dry seeding, while ‘stale seed bed’ and transplanting was the best performing technique for wet seeding. Both techniques were as effective as the chemical weeding control, reducing the density of weeds and the supplementary manual weeding time needed for those weed species more abundant in Ebro Delta rice fields (i.e., Echinochloa oryzoides, Echinochloa crus‐galli, Bolboschoenus maritimus and Heteranthera reniformis). Thus, non‐chemical weeding alternatives have been proven effective for both, transplanting and dry seeding field management strategies.
杂草控制是水稻种植面临的主要挑战之一,而在新的欧洲农业政策下,这种作物的农用化学品使用受到严格限制。因此,新的有效非化学杂草控制技术是维持欧洲水稻生产的关键。我们在西班牙东北部的埃布罗三角洲调查了四种非化学杂草管理策略,其中两种用于旱播稻田,两种用于水播稻田。此外,每个播种条件还包括两个对照组:一个阳性对照组包括化学除草剂处理,另一个阴性对照组包括不除草和不播种。使用放置在播种机前的旋转耙进行机械除草是干播的最佳除草技术,而 "陈旧苗床 "和移栽是湿播的最佳技术。对于埃布罗河三角洲稻田中较多的杂草种类(即 Echinochloa oryzoides、Echinochloa crus-galli、Bolboschoenus maritimus 和 Heteranthera reniformis),这两种技术与化学除草控制一样有效,都能降低杂草密度,并减少所需的辅助人工除草时间。因此,事实证明,非化学除草替代方法对移栽和旱育秧田管理策略都很有效。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanisms of seed persistence in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) 黑草(Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.)
Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12630
Thomas E. Holloway, Marta Pérez, Jake O. Chandler, Nahema Venceslai, Lucio Garcia, Jonathan Cohn, Kelly Schilling, Anne Seville, G. Leubner‐Metzger, K. Nakabayashi
Seed dormancy is the key factor determining weed emergence in agricultural fields and there is growing interest in weed seeds as a target for weed management. A foremost limitation to this approach is the lack of molecular insight into the mechanisms regulating dormancy in weed seeds. Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass) seeds were collected from a wheat field in the UK. At low temperatures, dormant (D) and after‐ripened (AR) seeds germinate similarly and at warm temperatures dormancy is enforced. RNAseq analysis at both temperatures for D and AR seeds demonstrated distinct mechanisms, involving abscisic acid and gibberellin signalling, are involved in after‐ripening and cold‐induced dormancy release. Exogenous application of selected plant growth regulators provided further insight into the phytohormone processes involved in seed dormancy in blackgrass. An untargeted analysis of the transcriptome revealed dormancy‐related processes beyond the regulation of germination, such as seed defence processes, which may have potential as targets for weed seedbank management. Our findings suggest that dormancy breaking can occur via multiple independent but connected hormone‐mediated mechanisms and provide a case study for the use of next‐generation sequencing to uncover the mechanisms involved in seed dormancy in weed and non‐model species.
种子休眠是决定农田杂草萌发的关键因素,人们对将杂草种子作为杂草管理目标的兴趣与日俱增。这种方法的一个主要局限是缺乏对杂草种子休眠调节机制的分子认识。我们从英国的一块麦田中采集了黑草(Alopecurus myosuroides)的种子。在低温条件下,休眠(D)种子和后熟(AR)种子的萌发情况相似,而在高温条件下,休眠得到加强。在这两种温度下,D 和 AR 种子的 RNAseq 分析表明,涉及脱落酸和赤霉素信号的不同机制参与了后熟和低温诱导的休眠释放。通过外源施用选定的植物生长调节剂,可以进一步了解黑草种子休眠所涉及的植物激素过程。对转录组的非靶向分析揭示了除萌发调控外的休眠相关过程,如种子防御过程,这些过程有可能成为杂草种子库管理的目标。我们的研究结果表明,打破休眠可通过多种独立但相互关联的激素介导机制发生,并为利用下一代测序技术揭示杂草和非模式物种种子休眠的相关机制提供了一个案例研究。
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引用次数: 0
Development and application of a bioassay for assessing the dissipation rate of the synthetic strigolactone GR24 in soil 开发和应用生物测定法评估合成绞股蓝内酯 GR24 在土壤中的消散率
Pub Date : 2024-03-17 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12619
Amit Wallach, Maor Matzrafi, Assaf Distelfeld, Ahmed Nasser, H. Eizenberg
Root parasitic weeds of the genera Striga, Orobanche, and Phelipanche cause enormous economic losses for farmers the world over. Germination of the seeds of these species requires a chemotropic signal in the form of strigolactones in the soil. Once a root parasitic weed germinates and becomes established, it draws nutrition from the host plants, leading to plant death and hence yield reduction. Despite the obvious importance of strigolactones, there is currently almost no information about the fate of strigolactones in the soil, although microbial involvement has been suggested. To begin to address this knowledge lacuna, we developed a bioassay—using the strigolactone synthetic analogue GR24—as a high‐throughput, inexpensive, and compact tool for monitoring the dissipation of strigolactones (GR24 in this case) in the soil by microorganisms and/or environmental conditions, including GR24 concentration, soil type, and temperature. As part of the bioassay, it was found that autoclaving the soil delayed the dissipation of GR24 versus sterilisation by gamma radiation and or no sterilisation. Analytical LC–MS/MS with a detection limit of 0.1 ppb confirmed this finding, with no GR24 being detected in non‐sterilised soil after 24 h. Application of the bioassay to monitor GR24 dissipation in soil showed that the higher the GR24 concentration the slower the degradation, and the higher the temperature, the faster the degradation. It also showed that the organic matter content of the soil affected the GR24 dissipation rate. These findings were also confirmed by analytical LC–MS/MS, indicating the applicability of the methodology for studies of root exudes.
Striga、Orobanche 和 Phelipanche 属的根寄生杂草给全世界的农民造成了巨大的经济损失。这些物种种子的萌发需要土壤中以绞股蓝内酯形式存在的化学信号。一旦根部寄生杂草发芽并扎根,它就会从寄主植物中吸取营养,导致植物死亡,进而造成减产。尽管绞股蓝内酯的重要性不言而喻,但目前几乎没有关于绞股蓝内酯在土壤中去向的信息,尽管有人认为微生物参与了其中。为了着手解决这一知识空白,我们开发了一种生物测定方法--使用绞股蓝内酯合成类似物 GR24--作为一种高通量、廉价且紧凑的工具,用于监测微生物和/或环境条件(包括 GR24 浓度、土壤类型和温度)对绞股蓝内酯(本例中为 GR24)在土壤中的消散情况。作为生物测定的一部分,研究发现,与伽马射线消毒或不消毒相比,土壤高压灭菌会延迟 GR24 的消散。检测限为 0.1 ppb 的 LC-MS/MS 分析证实了这一发现,24 小时后在未消毒的土壤中未检测到 GR24。研究还表明,土壤中的有机物含量会影响 GR24 的消散速度。这些发现也得到了 LC-MS/MS 分析法的证实,表明该方法适用于根部渗出物的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Current and future glyphosate use in European agriculture 欧洲农业当前和未来的草甘膦使用情况
Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12624
P. Neve, Maor Matzrafi, L. Ulber, B. Baraibar, Roland Beffa, Xavier Belvaux, Joel Torra Farré, H. Mennan, Björn Ringselle, Jukka Salonen, Josef Soukup, S. Andert, Rebecka Duecker, Emilio Gonzalez, K. Hamouzová, Isabella Karpinski, I. Travlos, Francesco Vidotto, P. Kudsk
There has been a longstanding and contentious debate about the future of glyphosate use in the European Union (EU). In November 2023, the European Commission approved the renewal of the use registration for glyphosate for a further 10 years. Nevertheless, the EU Farm to Fork strategy calls for a 50% reduction in pesticide use by 2030. In November 2022, the European Weed Research Society organised a 2 day workshop to identify critical glyphosate uses in current EU cropping systems and to review the availability of glyphosate alternatives. Workshop participants identified four current, critical uses in EU cropping systems; control and management of perennial weeds, weed control in conservation agriculture, vegetation management in tree and vine crops and herbicide resistance management. There are few herbicide alternatives that provide effective, economic, broad‐spectrum control of weeds, particularly perennial weeds. Mechanical weed control, and in particular, soil cultivation is the most obvious glyphosate alternative. However, this is not possible in conservation agriculture systems and, in general, increased soil cultivation has negative impacts for soil health. Emerging technologies for precision weed control can enable more targeted use of glyphosate, greatly reducing use rates. These technologies also facilitate the use and development of alternative targeted physical weed control (e.g. tillage, lasers, electricity), reducing the energy and environmental costs of these approaches. In tree crops, the use of organic and inorganic mulches can reduce the need for glyphosate use. In general, reduced use of glyphosate will require an even greater focus on integrated weed management to reduce weed establishment in agroecosystems, increase weed management diversity and limit the use of alternative resistance‐prone herbicides.
关于草甘膦在欧盟(EU)的使用前景,长期以来一直存在争议。2023 年 11 月,欧盟委员会批准将草甘膦的使用登记延长 10 年。然而,欧盟 "从农场到餐桌 "战略要求到 2030 年减少 50%的农药使用量。2022 年 11 月,欧洲杂草研究学会组织了一次为期两天的研讨会,以确定草甘膦在当前欧盟种植系统中的关键用途,并审查草甘膦替代品的可用性。研讨会与会者确定了当前欧盟种植系统中的四种关键用途:多年生杂草的控制和管理、保护性农业中的杂草控制、树木和藤蔓作物中的植被管理以及除草剂抗性管理。能有效、经济、广谱地控制杂草,尤其是多年生杂草的除草剂替代品很少。机械除草,尤其是土壤耕作是最明显的草甘膦替代品。然而,这在保护性农业系统中是不可能的,而且一般来说,增加土壤耕作会对土壤健康产生负面影响。新出现的精准除草技术可以更有针对性地使用草甘膦,大大降低使用率。这些技术还有助于使用和开发其他有针对性的物理除草方法(如耕作、激光、电),降低这些方法的能源和环境成本。在林木作物中,使用有机和无机覆盖物可以减少草甘膦的使用。总体而言,要减少草甘膦的使用,就必须更加重视综合杂草管理,以减少杂草在农业生态系统中的生长,增加杂草管理的多样性,并限制易产生抗药性的替代除草剂的使用。
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引用次数: 0
Weed seedbank as influenced by tillage and herbicide in direct seeded rice‐mustard cropping sequence in lateritic soil of eastern India 印度东部红土地区水稻-芥菜直播序列中受耕作和除草剂影响的杂草种子库
Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12621
Deepak Kumar Jaiswal, B. Duary, Ravi Ranjan Kumar, Chaitanya P. Nath
The above‐ground community dynamics of weeds represent the soil weed seedbank in an agro‐ecosystem. Hence, understanding the seedbank will offer an idea for future weed management tactics. We aimed to determine the density of weed seedbank and emergence of major weeds in direct seeded rice (DSR) (Oryza sativa L.)—mustard (Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson) cropping sequence under varied tillage and herbicide combinations. The present study on weed seedbank was conducted using seedling emergence method after collecting the soils at the harvest of mustard at the completion of 2 years field experimentation. The experiment was conducted in split‐plot design with two tillage practices [zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT)] in main plot and eight weed management practices in DSR [oxadiargyl followed by (fb) bispyribac‐sodium, penoxsulam + cyhalofop‐butyl, oxadiargyl fb penoxsulam + cyhalofop‐butyl, fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron, oxadiargyl fb fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron, pendimethalin fb bispyribac‐sodium, unweeded control, and weed free check] as subplot. The carry‐over effect of tillage and weed management practices were recorded in mustard crop. Seed emergence study revealed that ZT reduced the emergence of grassy weeds (by 13.7%) and total weed emergence (19.5%) in comparison to the CT (p < 0.05). However, emergence of broadleaf weeds was 24.5% higher in ZT than in CT. The higher infestation was recorded for Ludwigia parviflora (Jacq.) Raven under penoxsulam + cyhalofop‐butyl, fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron, Cyperus iria (L.) under fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron, and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. under pendimethalin fb bispyribac‐sodium, oxadiargyl fb bispyribac‐sodium. Sole application of post‐emergence (POE) herbicide decreased the total weed emergence by 22.2%–28.1% than unweeded control (p < 0.05). Whereas, sequential application of PRE + POE herbicides decreased the total weed emergence by 32.8%–36.9% than unweeded control (p < 0.05). Notably, sedge weeds such as Cyperus iria (L.) and Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl were lower in ZT than in CT under herbicide treated plots (by 66.6%–84.3%) than unweeded control. Thus, ZT with oxadiargyl 90 g a.i. ha−1 fb fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl + ethoxysulfuron (90 + 15 g a.i. ha−1) as tank‐mix can be effectively used to lower the weed seedbank density vis‐à‐vis managing complex weed flora in DSR and rice‐mustard cropping sequence.
杂草的地上群落动态代表了农业生态系统中的土壤杂草种子库。因此,了解种子库将为未来的杂草管理策略提供思路。我们旨在确定不同耕作和除草剂组合下直播稻(DSR)(Oryza sativa L.)-芥菜(Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson)种植序列中杂草种子库的密度和主要杂草的萌发情况。本次杂草种子库研究采用出苗法,在两年田间试验结束后收获芥菜时收集土壤。实验采用分小区设计,主小区采用两种耕作方法[零耕作(ZT)和常规耕作(CT)],DSR 采用八种杂草管理方法[肟菌酯+(fb)双嘧磺隆+氰氟草酯]、五氟磺草胺+氰氟草酯、唑草酮+五氟磺草胺+氰氟草酯、精噁唑禾草灵+乙拌嘧磺隆、唑草酮+精噁唑禾草灵+乙拌嘧磺隆、戊唑醇+双嘧磺草胺、无杂草对照和无杂草对照]作为副小区。在芥菜作物中记录了耕作和杂草管理措施的延续效应。种子出苗率研究表明,与 CT 相比,ZT 减少了禾本科杂草的出苗率(13.7%)和杂草总出苗率(19.5%)(p < 0.05)。但 ZT 比 CT 的阔叶杂草出苗率高 24.5%。在五氟磺草胺+氰氟草酯和精噁唑禾草灵+乙嘧磺隆的作用下,Ludwigia parviflora (Jacq.) Raven 的侵扰率较高;在精噁唑禾草灵+乙嘧磺隆的作用下,Cyperus iria (L.) 的侵扰率较高;在戊唑醇+双草醚钠和肟菌酯+双草醚钠的作用下,Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.的侵扰率较高。与未除草对照相比,单独施用萌后除草剂可使杂草总出苗率降低 22.2%-28.1%(p < 0.05)。而连续施用萌后除草剂+萌后除草剂可使杂草出苗总数比未除草对照减少 32.8%-36.9%(p < 0.05)。值得注意的是,与未除草对照相比,ZT 地块的莎草杂草,如 Cyperus iria (L.) 和 Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl,比 CT 地块低 66.6%-84.3%。因此,使用唑草酮 90 g a.i. ha-1 fb fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + ethoxysulfuron(90 + 15 g a.i. ha-1)作为混配除草剂,可有效降低杂草种子库密度,从而管理 DSR 和水稻-芥菜种植序列中的复杂杂草群。
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引用次数: 0
Multiple resistance to EPSPS and ALS inhibitors in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) identified in Turkey 土耳其发现的帕尔默苋(Amaranthus palmeri)对 EPSPS 和 ALS 抑制剂的多重抗性
Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1111/wre.12618
Emine Kaya-Altop, K. Jabran, F. Pala, H. Mennan
Amaranthus palmeri was first reported in Turkey in 2016, and an immediate heavy infestation of the weed was found in fruit orchards and summer crops such as maize, cotton, and sunflower. There have been farmers' complaints about the ineffective control of Palmer amaranth through the use of glyphosate and some sulfonylureas herbicides. Hence, this study aimed to determine the possible herbicide resistance evolution in Palmer amaranth against glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) herbicides. Seeds of 21 Palmer amaranth populations were collected from five provinces of Turkey where control problems with glyphosate and ALS inhibitors were reported in maize fields. Seeds of certain biotypes categorized as resistant or susceptible were grown to obtain the F2 generation. A single‐dose experiment determined the possible resistance to ALS inhibitors and glyphosate among the 21 populations. Of this, 18 populations were included in the subsequent dose–response experiments due to evident survival. Based on ED50 values from the dose–response experiment, SNU‐04 and ADN‐21 biotypes had the highest resistance index for glyphosate which was more than 7. The biotypes ADN‐21, OSM‐15, and DIR‐09 recorded the highest ED50 value with a resistance index of 9.21–10.35 after nicosulfuron application. Whereas, the biotypes SNU‐04, OSM‐15, and ADN‐21 were with the highest ED50 value and resistance index of 6.41–7.44, after the application of foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl‐sodium. The increase in genomic 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS) copy number has been observed in suspected cases that have been accepted as the molecular basis for the development of resistance against glyphosate. The sequence alignment results for the ALS gene contained Ala122Val and Pro197Arg mutations related to target‐site resistance against ALS herbicides.
2016 年,土耳其首次报告了棕榈苋,果园和玉米、棉花、向日葵等夏季作物立即出现了严重的杂草侵扰。有农民抱怨,使用草甘膦和一些磺酰脲类除草剂无法有效控制帕尔默苋。因此,本研究旨在确定帕尔默苋对草甘膦和乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)除草剂可能产生的抗药性。研究人员从土耳其五个省份收集了 21 个帕尔默苋种群的种子,这些省份的玉米田曾出现过草甘膦和 ALS 抑制剂的控制问题。某些生物型的种子被归类为抗性或易感生物型,通过培育获得 F2 代。单剂量实验确定了 21 个群体对 ALS 抑制剂和草甘膦的可能抗性。其中 18 个种群由于存活率高,被纳入了随后的剂量反应实验。根据剂量反应实验得出的 ED50 值,SNU-04 和 ADN-21 生物型对草甘膦的抗性指数最高,超过 7;ADN-21、OSM-15 和 DIR-09 生物型对烟嘧磺隆的 ED50 值最高,抗性指数为 9.21-10.35。而施用福美双+甲基碘磺隆钠后,生物型 SNU-04、OSM-15 和 ADN-21 的 ED50 值最高,抗性指数为 6.41-7.44。在疑似病例中观察到基因组 5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶(EPSPS)拷贝数的增加,这已被认为是草甘膦抗药性产生的分子基础。ALS 基因的序列比对结果包含与 ALS 除草剂靶位抗性有关的 Ala122Val 和 Pro197Arg 突变。
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引用次数: 0
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Weed Research
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