Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.10
I. Hurin, I. Nevlyudov, V. E. Ovcharenko, O. Tokarieva
The article discusses quality assurance issues of carbon-carbon composite materials during their production stage. It emphasizes that achieving the desired quality levels of the manufacturing process depends significantly on the stages of СССМ production technology, starting from the selection and preparation of raw materials and ending with graphitization and surface treatment to improve the necessary special properties. The main characteristics of composite materials, by which СССМ can be evaluated, and key factors ensuring quality in their production are provided. The main organizational aspects playing a key role in ensuring the quality of carbon-carbon composites production are considered. Within the scope of the study, factors of uncertainty typical for the technological process of manufacturing blanks from СССМ were identified and classified. These factors include changes in the properties of initial materials, fluctuations in the surrounding environment, as well as variations in processing and manufacturing processes. The issues regarding the quality assurance of products made from carbon composite material are discussed, which can be improved through the application of the proposed intelligent management system for the technological process of obtaining blanks from СССМ using the thermogradient method with the use of a radially movable pyrolysis zone. The control system has been improved by introducing an additional block of a neural network adaptive controller based on a PID controller, in which the integral part is implemented as a tunable multilayer neural network, with the ability to connect and reconfigure for specific control channel inputs through parameter identification that may affect the behavior of each component. Adding intelligent elements will help capture and formulate deterministic quality indicators for each component or for the entire system, reflecting the necessary quality characteristics. The proposed intelligent system for automatic control and monitoring of parameters in the technological process of manufacturing products from СССМ using neural network algorithms will improve control quality by increasing the system's adaptive capabilities based on the use of macro-information about the dynamic state of the process, aimed at guaranteed quality formation of the СССМ.
{"title":"AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM WITH NEURAL NETWORK CONTROLLERS FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CCCM","authors":"I. Hurin, I. Nevlyudov, V. E. Ovcharenko, O. Tokarieva","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses quality assurance issues of carbon-carbon composite materials during their production stage. It emphasizes that achieving the desired quality levels of the manufacturing process depends significantly on the stages of СССМ production technology, starting from the selection and preparation of raw materials and ending with graphitization and surface treatment to improve the necessary special properties. The main characteristics of composite materials, by which СССМ can be evaluated, and key factors ensuring quality in their production are provided. \u0000The main organizational aspects playing a key role in ensuring the quality of carbon-carbon composites production are considered. Within the scope of the study, factors of uncertainty typical for the technological process of manufacturing blanks from СССМ were identified and classified. These factors include changes in the properties of initial materials, fluctuations in the surrounding environment, as well as variations in processing and manufacturing processes. The issues regarding the quality assurance of products made from carbon composite material are discussed, which can be improved through the application of the proposed intelligent management system for the technological process of obtaining blanks from СССМ using the thermogradient method with the use of a radially movable pyrolysis zone. \u0000The control system has been improved by introducing an additional block of a neural network adaptive controller based on a PID controller, in which the integral part is implemented as a tunable multilayer neural network, with the ability to connect and reconfigure for specific control channel inputs through parameter identification that may affect the behavior of each component. \u0000Adding intelligent elements will help capture and formulate deterministic quality indicators for each component or for the entire system, reflecting the necessary quality characteristics. \u0000The proposed intelligent system for automatic control and monitoring of parameters in the technological process of manufacturing products from СССМ using neural network algorithms will improve control quality by increasing the system's adaptive capabilities based on the use of macro-information about the dynamic state of the process, aimed at guaranteed quality formation of the СССМ.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141674481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.03
O. Dzevochko, M. Podustov, A. Dzevochko, V. O. Panasenko, A. Pashko
The stages of production of surfactants are given: obtaining a sulphating agent, sulphation, neutralization, purification of the gas-air flow. The production of a sulphurizing agent by catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide has been shown. The degree of oxidation is 98–99 %. The unreacted SO2 must be fed to the purification stage. Data are given for a larger air pollutant, sulfur dioxide. The use of gas-liquid operations in various industries is shown. Among the most important gas-liquid systems is absorption, which is defined as a mass transfer operation during which one of the components contained in the gas-air mixture is dissolved in a liquid solvent. The basis of scientific and technological progress is shown on the close relationship between theory and experiment. The basis for scientific research is the modeling process. The modeling process creates the prerequisites for a more appropriate combination of theory and experience in scientific research. A description of literature data with mathematical modeling of packed absorbers for various gas-liquid systems is presented. The importance of mathematical modeling and its use in computer modeling is shown. The data given for most reactions in the chemical industry include substances that exist in different phases. It is shown that sulfur dioxide is responsible for the formation of acid rain, which is one of the most common forms of pollution throughout the world, which is harmful to humans and the environment. It is shown that the approach to designing a packed absorber usually includes the determination of geometric parameters, such as the absorber diameter, the height of the packing, as well as the mass transfer coefficient for gas and liquid flow, dry and total pressure drops, and the total mass transfer coefficient. It is shown that the use of simulation methods and mathematical modeling for the design and optimization of absorbers is constantly evolving. The most developed and widespread computer programs are the MATLAB software. A description is given of a typical packed absorber, consisting of a vertical cylindrical shell containing a support plate for packing material, a device for distributing liquid. The liquid is supplied at the top of the absorber and flows down through the nozzle. The gas-air stream is supplied at the bottom of the absorber. A schematic diagram of a packed absorber is given. A mathematical model of the process of cleaning the gas-air flow from SO2 in a packed absorber is presented. Equations are given for the material balance, calculation of the gas-air flow velocity and absorber diameter, calculation of the packing height, the equation for calculating the mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients, the equation for the hydraulic resistance of a dry packing and the total resistance of an irrigated packing.
{"title":"MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PROCESS OF CLEARING A GAS-AIR FLOW FROM SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE PRODUCTION OF SURFACTANTS","authors":"O. Dzevochko, M. Podustov, A. Dzevochko, V. O. Panasenko, A. Pashko","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"The stages of production of surfactants are given: obtaining a sulphating agent, sulphation, neutralization, purification of the gas-air flow. \u0000The production of a sulphurizing agent by catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide has been shown. The degree of oxidation is 98–99 %. The unreacted SO2 must be fed to the purification stage. \u0000Data are given for a larger air pollutant, sulfur dioxide. \u0000The use of gas-liquid operations in various industries is shown. Among the most important gas-liquid systems is absorption, which is defined as a mass transfer operation during which one of the components contained in the gas-air mixture is dissolved in a liquid solvent. \u0000The basis of scientific and technological progress is shown on the close relationship between theory and experiment. The basis for scientific research is the modeling process. The modeling process creates the prerequisites for a more appropriate combination of theory and experience in scientific research. \u0000A description of literature data with mathematical modeling of packed absorbers for various gas-liquid systems is presented. \u0000The importance of mathematical modeling and its use in computer modeling is shown. \u0000The data given for most reactions in the chemical industry include substances that exist in different phases. \u0000It is shown that sulfur dioxide is responsible for the formation of acid rain, which is one of the most common forms of pollution throughout the world, which is harmful to humans and the environment. \u0000It is shown that the approach to designing a packed absorber usually includes the determination of geometric parameters, such as the absorber diameter, the height of the packing, as well as the mass transfer coefficient for gas and liquid flow, dry and total pressure drops, and the total mass transfer coefficient. \u0000It is shown that the use of simulation methods and mathematical modeling for the design and optimization of absorbers is constantly evolving. The most developed and widespread computer programs are the MATLAB software. \u0000A description is given of a typical packed absorber, consisting of a vertical cylindrical shell containing a support plate for packing material, a device for distributing liquid. The liquid is supplied at the top of the absorber and flows down through the nozzle. The gas-air stream is supplied at the bottom of the absorber. \u0000A schematic diagram of a packed absorber is given. \u0000A mathematical model of the process of cleaning the gas-air flow from SO2 in a packed absorber is presented. \u0000Equations are given for the material balance, calculation of the gas-air flow velocity and absorber diameter, calculation of the packing height, the equation for calculating the mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients, the equation for the hydraulic resistance of a dry packing and the total resistance of an irrigated packing.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141674634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.01
L. Hariev, I. Riabova
Traditionally, a lot of ethyl alcohol is produced in Ukraine for the needs of the food, pharmaceutical, and fuel industries. Ukraine has a significant raw material base for the production of ethyl alcohol, which makes this industry one of the most promising for the country's economy. A reduction in the cost of production is a necessary condition for healthy competition of ethanol producers on the domestic and foreign markets. Providing an impetus for the development of the specified industry is the reduction of specific energy costs for production through energy-efficient modernization of existing enterprises. Today, one of the methods of reducing the specific energy consumption for the production of ethyl alcohol is the method of integration of heat flows, which is based on pinch analysis and does not require a total reconstruction of the production. Obtaining data on technological flows was carried out on the basis of the regulatory documentation of the equipment and technological scheme of the installation of the centralized distillation of the main fraction of ethyl alcohol and the report on the energy audit of this installation, which was carried out at one of the alcohol enterprises of Ukraine. For the thermal integration of the existing process, four columns of the centralized ethanol distillation unit were chosen: fermentation and purification, rectification and methanol. The thermal and material balances of these columns of the installation were calculated. To maximize the energy potential of technological flows, the principles of pinch design were used and a grid diagram was designed. To optimize heat energy recovery, ΔТmin – 10 ºС was chosen. This led to the need to use energy-efficient heat exchange equipment. A significant reduction in the use of external utilities (cold by 17.2 % and hot by 12.8 %) for the selected technological flows and the short payback period of the project (about six months) make it reasonable to use this kind of solution to the problem.
{"title":"INTENSIFICATION OF RECOVERY HEAT EXCHANGE IN RECTIFIED ETHYL ALCOHOL PRODUCTION PROCESSES","authors":"L. Hariev, I. Riabova","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, a lot of ethyl alcohol is produced in Ukraine for the needs of the food, pharmaceutical, and fuel industries. Ukraine has a significant raw material base for the production of ethyl alcohol, which makes this industry one of the most promising for the country's economy. A reduction in the cost of production is a necessary condition for healthy competition of ethanol producers on the domestic and foreign markets. Providing an impetus for the development of the specified industry is the reduction of specific energy costs for production through energy-efficient modernization of existing enterprises. \u0000Today, one of the methods of reducing the specific energy consumption for the production of ethyl alcohol is the method of integration of heat flows, which is based on pinch analysis and does not require a total reconstruction of the production. \u0000Obtaining data on technological flows was carried out on the basis of the regulatory documentation of the equipment and technological scheme of the installation of the centralized distillation of the main fraction of ethyl alcohol and the report on the energy audit of this installation, which was carried out at one of the alcohol enterprises of Ukraine. \u0000For the thermal integration of the existing process, four columns of the centralized ethanol distillation unit were chosen: fermentation and purification, rectification and methanol. The thermal and material balances of these columns of the installation were calculated. \u0000To maximize the energy potential of technological flows, the principles of pinch design were used and a grid diagram was designed. \u0000To optimize heat energy recovery, ΔТmin – 10 ºС was chosen. This led to the need to use energy-efficient heat exchange equipment. A significant reduction in the use of external utilities (cold by 17.2 % and hot by 12.8 %) for the selected technological flows and the short payback period of the project (about six months) make it reasonable to use this kind of solution to the problem.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141674489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.07
I. V. Shulga, V. Vladymyrenko, I. O. Lavrova
The paper presents the main technological principles of obtaining coke with two levels of given specific electrical resistance (PEO) for blast furnace and ferroalloy production, respectively. PEO is an important characteristic of coke, which is closely related to its readiness and the whole complex of metallurgical properties. As readiness increases, the electrical resistance of coke decreases simultaneously with the improvement of its consumer properties. Therefore, the specific electrical resistance determined under standard conditions is an objective characteristic of coke readiness. On the basis of the requirements for the properties of coke of improved quality, the concept of production of high-quality coke was theoretically justified and formulated. The technological and physicochemical factors of production that significantly affect the indicators of specific electrical resistance are analyzed, such as the raw material base of coking (grade composition of the charge), regime and technological factors (temperature regime of coking, volume of the sub-vault space, speed of coking), yield of volatile substances, humidity, cohesiveness and the degree of grinding of the charge, the average reflectivity of vitrinite. Also, the quality indicators of the obtained coke are significantly influenced by the hardware and design features of coke ovens, the presence or absence of thermal preparation of the charge and coking technology (tamping, continuous layer coking). The analysis of the technological requirements of consumers for coke with different levels of specific electrical resistance made it possible to develop rational levels of technological parameters for the production of coke with given PEO values, in particular blast furnace coke with low resistance and ferroalloy coke with high resistance, and a rational set of techniques for post-furnace preparation of coke for various directions of its use in compliance with the requirements of specific consumers. In particular, by grinding the largest (and least ready) classes of blast furnace coke, its characteristics can be improved. With the help of which the readiness and the entire set of consumer properties of blast furnace coke are evaluated. At the same time, such an operation should not be performed for ferroalloy coke, as it reduces the specific electrical resistance of coke and the efficiency of ferroalloy electric furnaces.
{"title":"RATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF RECEIVING COKE WITH SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF SPECIFIC ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE","authors":"I. V. Shulga, V. Vladymyrenko, I. O. Lavrova","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the main technological principles of obtaining coke with two levels of given specific electrical resistance (PEO) for blast furnace and ferroalloy production, respectively. PEO is an important characteristic of coke, which is closely related to its readiness and the whole complex of metallurgical properties. As readiness increases, the electrical resistance of coke decreases simultaneously with the improvement of its consumer properties. Therefore, the specific electrical resistance determined under standard conditions is an objective characteristic of coke readiness. \u0000On the basis of the requirements for the properties of coke of improved quality, the concept of production of high-quality coke was theoretically justified and formulated. The technological and physicochemical factors of production that significantly affect the indicators of specific electrical resistance are analyzed, such as the raw material base of coking (grade composition of the charge), regime and technological factors (temperature regime of coking, volume of the sub-vault space, speed of coking), yield of volatile substances, humidity, cohesiveness and the degree of grinding of the charge, the average reflectivity of vitrinite. Also, the quality indicators of the obtained coke are significantly influenced by the hardware and design features of coke ovens, the presence or absence of thermal preparation of the charge and coking technology (tamping, continuous layer coking). \u0000The analysis of the technological requirements of consumers for coke with different levels of specific electrical resistance made it possible to develop rational levels of technological parameters for the production of coke with given PEO values, in particular blast furnace coke with low resistance and ferroalloy coke with high resistance, and a rational set of techniques for post-furnace preparation of coke for various directions of its use in compliance with the requirements of specific consumers. In particular, by grinding the largest (and least ready) classes of blast furnace coke, its characteristics can be improved. With the help of which the readiness and the entire set of consumer properties of blast furnace coke are evaluated. At the same time, such an operation should not be performed for ferroalloy coke, as it reduces the specific electrical resistance of coke and the efficiency of ferroalloy electric furnaces.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141676459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.02
I. M. Ryshchenko, S. Bykanov, K. O. Gorbunov, A. M. Myronov, M. V. Ilchenko
Comprehensive thermal integration of the benzene-toluene mixture rectification process was carried out. Thermal integration was carried out using pinch analysis methods with using thermocompression. The principle technological scheme of rectification of the benzene-toluene mixture with a productivity of 11 t/h is taken as a basis. For this performance, the consumption of flows, their temperatures, heat load, and flow heat capacities are calculated on the basis of the material and heat balance. Based on the calculated data, a flow table was created. Three hot streams are selected for integration: the distillate, the tailings, and the vapor from the top of the column, and two cold streams: the initial mixture and the column cube. The necessary degree of vapor compression is calculated for thermocompression. For a given degree of compression, the temperature of the steam after compression and the temperature of its condensation were calculated. Based on the technical and economic considerations, the minimum temperature difference DTmin=12 °С was determined for this technological scheme of the rectification process. For the selected DTmin, the component curves of the flows are constructed. Using the table algorithm method, the temperatures of the furnace for hot and cold flows were determined, which are ТНpinh=82 °С, ТСpinh=70 °С. The minimum number of hot and cold utilities is determined: QНmin and QCmin. For the selected DTmin, heat recovery was obtained in the amount of Qrek=2186,82 kW. A grid diagram is constructed, heat exchangers are located in accordance with CP and N rules. A technological scheme of the rectification process after reconstruction using thermocompression is proposed. The upgraded scheme includes the use of four recuperative heat exchangers, one heater and two coolers to achieve target flow temperatures. It is recommended to install a compressor for thermocompression. The use of Alfa Laval plate heat exchangers is proposed as heat exchange equipment. The payback period of the proposed solution is approximately two to two and a half years.
{"title":"COMPLEX THERMAL INTEGRATION OF THE RECTIFICATION PROCESS OF THE BENZENE-TOLUENE MIXTURE","authors":"I. M. Ryshchenko, S. Bykanov, K. O. Gorbunov, A. M. Myronov, M. V. Ilchenko","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Comprehensive thermal integration of the benzene-toluene mixture rectification process was carried out. Thermal integration was carried out using pinch analysis methods with using thermocompression. The principle technological scheme of rectification of the benzene-toluene mixture with a productivity of 11 t/h is taken as a basis. For this performance, the consumption of flows, their temperatures, heat load, and flow heat capacities are calculated on the basis of the material and heat balance. Based on the calculated data, a flow table was created. Three hot streams are selected for integration: the distillate, the tailings, and the vapor from the top of the column, and two cold streams: the initial mixture and the column cube. The necessary degree of vapor compression is calculated for thermocompression. For a given degree of compression, the temperature of the steam after compression and the temperature of its condensation were calculated. Based on the technical and economic considerations, the minimum temperature difference DTmin=12 °С was determined for this technological scheme of the rectification process. For the selected DTmin, the component curves of the flows are constructed. Using the table algorithm method, the temperatures of the furnace for hot and cold flows were determined, which are ТНpinh=82 °С, ТСpinh=70 °С. The minimum number of hot and cold utilities is determined: QНmin and QCmin. For the selected DTmin, heat recovery was obtained in the amount of Qrek=2186,82 kW. A grid diagram is constructed, heat exchangers are located in accordance with CP and N rules. A technological scheme of the rectification process after reconstruction using thermocompression is proposed. The upgraded scheme includes the use of four recuperative heat exchangers, one heater and two coolers to achieve target flow temperatures. It is recommended to install a compressor for thermocompression. The use of Alfa Laval plate heat exchangers is proposed as heat exchange equipment. The payback period of the proposed solution is approximately two to two and a half years.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141673842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.08
A. Babichenko, I. Krasnikov, J. Babichenko, Y. Kravchenko, I. Lysachenko, V. O. Panasenko
The features of the energy technological design of the secondary condensation unit of ammonia production are considered, in which absorption and refrigeration technological complexes (AHTK) are used for cooling circulating gas. Defects in the functioning of AHTC have been identified, which cause violation of the cooling regime of the circulating gas under conditions of change of temperature of the atmospheric air. The article formulates the direction of research of AHTC as a technical system from the standpoint of system analysis and offers main directions of improvement, which ensure stabilization of temperature of cooling of circulating gas in evaporators at the minimum possible level, and hence, improving the energy efficiency of ammonia production. The article provides element-by-element analysis of AHTC with definition of their useful functions and connections between them, which provided possibility of detection of undesirable effects, establishment of the main useful function and, consequently, administrative, technical and physical contradictions. The main attention is paid to the occurrence of a situation of inconsistency of the target parameter and the properties of the technical system, as well as why there are contradictory requirements to such parameter as condensation pressure. It is shown that the main useful function is essentially derived from the needs of the human operator, that is, AHTK is a subsystem relative to the anthropometric system. Using the list of standard operators for the resolution of physical contradictions applied the operator of improvement (Q-innovation) of the technical system for the separation of contradictory properties in space and established "free" resources (R-innovation) for the implementation of the operator, which allowed for the synthesis of the new technical system AHTC. The economic efficiency of the newly built system has been determined, which is ensured by reducing the cooling temperature of the circulating gas by an average of 3 ℃. Due to this decrease, the annual operating costs of natural gas by almost 1 million. m3.
{"title":"METHODOLOGY OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN SOLVING TECHNICAL CONTRADICTIONS OF REFRIGERATION COMPLEXES OF AMMONIA PRODUCTION","authors":"A. Babichenko, I. Krasnikov, J. Babichenko, Y. Kravchenko, I. Lysachenko, V. O. Panasenko","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"The features of the energy technological design of the secondary condensation unit of ammonia production are considered, in which absorption and refrigeration technological complexes (AHTK) are used for cooling circulating gas. \u0000Defects in the functioning of AHTC have been identified, which cause violation of the cooling regime of the circulating gas under conditions of change of temperature of the atmospheric air. The article formulates the direction of research of AHTC as a technical system from the standpoint of system analysis and offers main directions of improvement, which ensure stabilization of temperature of cooling of circulating gas in evaporators at the minimum possible level, and hence, improving the energy efficiency of ammonia production. \u0000The article provides element-by-element analysis of AHTC with definition of their useful functions and connections between them, which provided possibility of detection of undesirable effects, establishment of the main useful function and, consequently, administrative, technical and physical contradictions. The main attention is paid to the occurrence of a situation of inconsistency of the target parameter and the properties of the technical system, as well as why there are contradictory requirements to such parameter as condensation pressure. It is shown that the main useful function is essentially derived from the needs of the human operator, that is, AHTK is a subsystem relative to the anthropometric system. \u0000Using the list of standard operators for the resolution of physical contradictions applied the operator of improvement (Q-innovation) of the technical system for the separation of contradictory properties in space and established \"free\" resources (R-innovation) for the implementation of the operator, which allowed for the synthesis of the new technical system AHTC. The economic efficiency of the newly built system has been determined, which is ensured by reducing the cooling temperature of the circulating gas by an average of 3 ℃. Due to this decrease, the annual operating costs of natural gas by almost 1 million. m3.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141674048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.11
I. P. Petik, A. M. Dikhtyar, S. S. Andrieieva, D. Shapovalenko, A. Kariyk, N. Y. Kibenko
A way to solve the problem of stabilizing hemp oil from oxidative spoilage while maintaining its nutritional value is considered. The peculiarity of the work lies in the development of a flavored oil composition based on hemp oil, which is highly resistant to oxidation. The object of the study is the composition indicators and the induction period of accelerated oxidation of a blend of refined hemp and corn oils, depending on their ratio in the oil composition. It was established that samples of selected oils (hemp and corn) meet the requirements of regulatory documentation according to the studied physicochemical parameters and fatty acid composition (CAS 89958-21-4; CAS 8001-30-7, respectively). The induction period of accelerated oxidation at 80 ⁰C for hemp oil was 2.8 ± 0.1 hours, and for corn oil – 5.5 ± 0.2 hours. The sum of tocopherol isomers in hemp oil is 688±27.5 mg/l, for corn oil – 6509±260.36 mg/l. A rational ratio of hemp and corn oils in the oil composition was established, which was 6:4, respectively. The consumer properties of such a mixture are: the induction period of accelerated oxidation is 4.0 hours, the content of α-linolenic fatty acid is 10.6 % of the total amount of fatty acids. A feature of the results obtained is the possibility of increasing the shelf life of an oil composition based on hemp oil, which allows expanding the range of its consumer properties. From a practical point of view, the development makes it possible to increase shelf life and generate additional income from the sale of new high-quality, competitive products for health purposes. An applied aspect of using the scientific result is the possibility of creating an assortment of oil salad compositions based on valuable hemp oil, depending on the ratio of the components.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF A FLAVORED OIL COMPOSITION BASED ON HEMP OIL STABILIZED AGAINST OXIDATION","authors":"I. P. Petik, A. M. Dikhtyar, S. S. Andrieieva, D. Shapovalenko, A. Kariyk, N. Y. Kibenko","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"A way to solve the problem of stabilizing hemp oil from oxidative spoilage while maintaining its nutritional value is considered. The peculiarity of the work lies in the development of a flavored oil composition based on hemp oil, which is highly resistant to oxidation. The object of the study is the composition indicators and the induction period of accelerated oxidation of a blend of refined hemp and corn oils, depending on their ratio in the oil composition. It was established that samples of selected oils (hemp and corn) meet the requirements of regulatory documentation according to the studied physicochemical parameters and fatty acid composition (CAS 89958-21-4; CAS 8001-30-7, respectively). The induction period of accelerated oxidation at 80 ⁰C for hemp oil was 2.8 ± 0.1 hours, and for corn oil – 5.5 ± 0.2 hours. The sum of tocopherol isomers in hemp oil is 688±27.5 mg/l, for corn oil – 6509±260.36 mg/l. A rational ratio of hemp and corn oils in the oil composition was established, which was 6:4, respectively. The consumer properties of such a mixture are: the induction period of accelerated oxidation is \u00004.0 hours, the content of α-linolenic fatty acid is 10.6 % of the total amount of fatty acids. A feature of the results obtained is the possibility of increasing the shelf life of an oil composition based on hemp oil, which allows expanding the range of its consumer properties. From a practical point of view, the development makes it possible to increase shelf life and generate additional income from the sale of new high-quality, competitive products for health purposes. An applied aspect of using the scientific result is the possibility of creating an assortment of oil salad compositions based on valuable hemp oil, depending on the ratio of the components.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141675996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.05
V. Pavlova, O. Koshelnik, T. Pugacheva, O. Kruglyakova
The processes of boiling solutions with soluble salts release are widely used in various industries. The technological features of the evaporation process and the requirements for the product being processed determine the choice of a specific type of evaporation unit. Film evaporators, in which heat exchange processes take place in a turbulent flowing film, are the most effective both from an economic reason and finished product quality. The use of film evaporators is usually limited by the purity of the solution being processed. However, expanding the scope of application of this type of apparatus is possible if the initial solution contains a small number of particles of salts (liquid suspension). Thus, the study of heat and mass transfer processes in a turbulent film of a multiphase flowing liquid suspension and the development of their mathematical description is of theoretical and practical interest. A mathematical model of film flow of a three-phase suspension is presented in this work. The initial assumptions were as follows. A liquid suspension consists of liquid and solid phases. The liquid phase is a multicomponent system that contains a solvent and components that crystallize and do not crystallize. The flow of a film of a flowing liquid suspension occurs under the influence of gravitational forces and surface tension forces at the suspension-vapor boundary (the movement of the vapor coincides with the movement of the film). The relative speed of movement of solid particles in a film of a continuous flowing medium can be neglected due to their chaotic movement, while the flow rate of the film can be considered constant. The flowing film is turbulent along its entire length, which is caused by the chaotic movement of the dispersed phase. Thus, the temperatures of the liquid and solid phases, as well as the thermophysical parameters in the cross section of the film, are the same. When a liquid suspension flows along a heated surface, a change in the concentrations of the liquid phase and the amount of the solid phase occurs on the surface of the film due to the removal of the solvent during boiling. The amount of the newly formed solid phase is significantly less than the total mass of crystals in suspension. The model presented in the work reflects the physical essence of the evaporation process in a flowing film of a multiphase suspension and contains equations of motion, continuity, energy, equations for changes in phase concentrations and heat transfer.
{"title":"CALCULATION OF STEAM AND CRYSTAL FORMATION PROCESSES FOR HEAT EXCHANGE IN FILM EVAPORATORS","authors":"V. Pavlova, O. Koshelnik, T. Pugacheva, O. Kruglyakova","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"The processes of boiling solutions with soluble salts release are widely used in various industries. The technological features of the evaporation process and the requirements for the product being processed determine the choice of a specific type of evaporation unit. Film evaporators, in which heat exchange processes take place in a turbulent flowing film, are the most effective both from an economic reason and finished product quality. The use of film evaporators is usually limited by the purity of the solution being processed. However, expanding the scope of application of this type of apparatus is possible if the initial solution contains a small number of particles of salts (liquid suspension). Thus, the study of heat and mass transfer processes in a turbulent film of a multiphase flowing liquid suspension and the development of their mathematical description is of theoretical and practical interest. \u0000A mathematical model of film flow of a three-phase suspension is presented in this work. The initial assumptions were as follows. A liquid suspension consists of liquid and solid phases. The liquid phase is a multicomponent system that contains a solvent and components that crystallize and do not crystallize. The flow of a film of a flowing liquid suspension occurs under the influence of gravitational forces and surface tension forces at the suspension-vapor boundary (the movement of the vapor coincides with the movement of the film). The relative speed of movement of solid particles in a film of a continuous flowing medium can be neglected due to their chaotic movement, while the flow rate of the film can be considered constant. The flowing film is turbulent along its entire length, which is caused by the chaotic movement of the dispersed phase. Thus, the temperatures of the liquid and solid phases, as well as the thermophysical parameters in the cross section of the film, are the same. When a liquid suspension flows along a heated surface, a change in the concentrations of the liquid phase and the amount of the solid phase occurs on the surface of the film due to the removal of the solvent during boiling. The amount of the newly formed solid phase is significantly less than the total mass of crystals in suspension. The model presented in the work reflects the physical essence of the evaporation process in a flowing film of a multiphase suspension and contains equations of motion, continuity, energy, equations for changes in phase concentrations and heat transfer.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141675657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.09
A. V. Kryvobok
The development of electronic and electrical equipment leaves a trace in the form of negative effects of unwanted electromagnetic radiation, from which protection in Ukraine is rare and is not actually regulated. In many countries, there are requirements for electromagnetic compatibility that apply to technical equipment that is exposed to and a source of electromagnetic interference. A growing number of technical devices, such as radios, radars, high-voltage power lines, and others, require effective protection against electromagnetic radiation. This is especially important in the context of the development of microelectronics and information technology, which are highly sensitive to such interference. In addition, unwanted electromagnetic radiation can be harmful to human health, contributing to the development of cancer. To protect against unwanted radiation, radio-absorbing materials are used, among which ferrite materials are effective. In particular, Ni-Zn ferrites show good results in absorbing radiation in the range from 50 MHz to 1 GHz. Nowadays, there is a growing demand for materials with high magnetic and dielectric constant to reduce the power of reflected radiation in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 50 MHz. An analysis of foreign scientific publications has shown that the dielectric constant of ferrites can be increased by increasing the barrier capacity due to an increase in the electrical resistance of grain boundaries. In this work, the influence of modifying additives and technological parameters of manufacturing nickel-zinc ferrite Ni0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 for radio-absorbing materials was investigated. The optimal parameters of mixing and grinding of the material at the first and second stages have been established, which ensures the production of fired samples with a density close to the theoretical one. To explain the obtained properties of ferrites under the influence of modifying additives, the Okazaki model is presented, according to which the difference in the electrical conductivity of grains and the grain boundary layer in the high frequency region forms the barrier capacity. It has been experimentally established that an increase in the Fe2O3 content in the basic composition beyond the stoichiometry, as well as modification of the studied ferrite composition with calcium and titanium oxides, provides an increase in the dielectric constant, which contributes to the production of ferrites with a high absorption level in the frequency range up to 50 MHz.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF NICKEL-ZINC FERRITE COMPOSITIONS WITH HIGH DIELECTRIC CONSTANT FOR RADIO-ABSORBING MATERIALS","authors":"A. V. Kryvobok","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.09","url":null,"abstract":"The development of electronic and electrical equipment leaves a trace in the form of negative effects of unwanted electromagnetic radiation, from which protection in Ukraine is rare and is not actually regulated. In many countries, there are requirements for electromagnetic compatibility that apply to technical equipment that is exposed to and a source of electromagnetic interference. A growing number of technical devices, such as radios, radars, high-voltage power lines, and others, require effective protection against electromagnetic radiation. This is especially important in the context of the development of microelectronics and information technology, which are highly sensitive to such interference. In addition, unwanted electromagnetic radiation can be harmful to human health, contributing to the development of cancer. To protect against unwanted radiation, radio-absorbing materials are used, among which ferrite materials are effective. In particular, Ni-Zn ferrites show good results in absorbing radiation in the range from 50 MHz to 1 GHz. Nowadays, there is a growing demand for materials with high magnetic and dielectric constant to reduce the power of reflected radiation in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 50 MHz. An analysis of foreign scientific publications has shown that the dielectric constant of ferrites can be increased by increasing the barrier capacity due to an increase in the electrical resistance of grain boundaries. \u0000In this work, the influence of modifying additives and technological parameters of manufacturing nickel-zinc ferrite Ni0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 for radio-absorbing materials was investigated. The optimal parameters of mixing and grinding of the material at the first and second stages have been established, which ensures the production of fired samples with a density close to the theoretical one. \u0000To explain the obtained properties of ferrites under the influence of modifying additives, the Okazaki model is presented, according to which the difference in the electrical conductivity of grains and the grain boundary layer in the high frequency region forms the barrier capacity. It has been experimentally established that an increase in the Fe2O3 content in the basic composition beyond the stoichiometry, as well as modification of the studied ferrite composition with calcium and titanium oxides, provides an increase in the dielectric constant, which contributes to the production of ferrites with a high absorption level in the frequency range up to 50 MHz.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141676556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.04
O. Anipko, D. Baulin
The stability of nitrocellulose plays a decisive role in determining its service life. As a result of physicochemical processes of interaction of nitrogen and its compounds with chemical elements and compounds found in the environment, nitric and nitrous acids have a negative effect on nitrocellulose. This is due to the drop in its energy value. An analysis of the studies showed the possibility of restoring the properties of nitrocellu- lose-based powder charges by treating them with hydrogen peroxide. However, the process of regenerating powder charges on an industrial scale to obtain the best effect is not given. Material balance equations and a molecular diffusion mass transfer model are presented. To assess the degree of hydrogen sorption by nitrocellulose, an indicator has been introduced - the reagent utilization factor. It shows what part of the peroxide of the substance for this concentration has joined the nitrocellulose. Factors influencing the energy characteristics of nitrocellulose are presented. It has been determined that at the longest stage of the life cycle of nitrocellulose powders - the storage stage, the main factors determining the resistance of gunpowders are: their composition, the quality of the starting materials, the production method, impurities in the gunpowder, storage conditions. It is indicated what changes and processes occur in the nitrocellulose layers of powder elements. The process of nitrogen mass transfer from the deep layers of the powder element to its surface by molecular diffusion is considered. As part of the complex problem of operating powder charges, a mathematical model of diffusion mass transfer is considered to determine the nitrogen content depending on time and taking into account the influence of storage temperature. This model is of practical interest for creating an industrial apparatus and determining its main design dimensions and performance. Based on the results of the experimental study, the mass transfer coefficient and the surface area involved in the regeneration process were determined. A diagram of the technological process for regenerating nitrocellulose powder charges and the design elements of the apparatus are presented.
{"title":"MASS TRANSFER MODEL, SOME FEATURES OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAIN PARAMETERS OF THE APPARATUS FOR THE REGENERATION OF NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS","authors":"O. Anipko, D. Baulin","doi":"10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of nitrocellulose plays a decisive role in determining its service life. As a result of physicochemical processes of interaction of nitrogen and its compounds with chemical elements and compounds found in the environment, nitric and nitrous acids have a negative effect on nitrocellulose. This is due to the drop in its energy value. \u0000An analysis of the studies showed the possibility of restoring the properties of nitrocellu- lose-based powder charges by treating them with hydrogen peroxide. However, the process of regenerating powder charges on an industrial scale to obtain the best effect is not given. \u0000Material balance equations and a molecular diffusion mass transfer model are presented. To assess the degree of hydrogen sorption by nitrocellulose, an indicator has been introduced - the reagent utilization factor. It shows what part of the peroxide of the substance for this concentration has joined the nitrocellulose. \u0000Factors influencing the energy characteristics of nitrocellulose are presented. It has been determined that at the longest stage of the life cycle of nitrocellulose powders - the storage stage, the main factors determining the resistance of gunpowders are: their composition, the quality of the starting materials, the production method, impurities in the gunpowder, storage conditions. It is indicated what changes and processes occur in the nitrocellulose layers of powder elements. \u0000The process of nitrogen mass transfer from the deep layers of the powder element to its surface by molecular diffusion is considered. \u0000As part of the complex problem of operating powder charges, a mathematical model of diffusion mass transfer is considered to determine the nitrogen content depending on time and taking into account the influence of storage temperature. This model is of practical interest for creating an industrial apparatus and determining its main design dimensions and performance. \u0000Based on the results of the experimental study, the mass transfer coefficient and the surface area involved in the regeneration process were determined. \u0000A diagram of the technological process for regenerating nitrocellulose powder charges and the design elements of the apparatus are presented.","PeriodicalId":506630,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141674719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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