首页 > 最新文献

Combustion Theory and Modelling最新文献

英文 中文
Sliding mode control for longitudinal oscillating combustion 纵向振荡燃烧的滑模控制
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2197409
Long Zhang, Xingyu Su, Hua Zhou, Z. Ren
Considerable research has been reported on developing effective active control means to suppress oscillating combustion. The typical pressure oscillation can be divided into linear growth, transition and saturation stages. In this study, a sliding mode control strategy, consisting of a state estimate model, disturbance observers and a sliding mode controller, is proposed to suppress the longitudinal oscillating combustion. The control strategy is first tested with a nonlinear 0D state space model as the controlled plant. Results show that the state estimate model combined with the singular spectrum analysis (SSA) method can accurately estimate the system state quantities by grouping the SSA modes according to the frequency difference and calculating mode envelopes. To ensure the estimate accuracy, the number of truncated SSA modes varies according to the oscillation stage. The disturbance observers are designed to improve the robustness of the controller by introducing broadband spectrum disturbance to account for the external noise in the observed values. The sliding mode controller can limit the disturbance amplitude, and effectively suppress the pressure oscillation. A 1D Rijke tube acoustic network is also tested to further validate the controller adaptability. With this controller, the Rijke tube pressure oscillation can be effectively eliminated when control starts at the linear growth, transition, or saturation stages.
在开发有效的抑制振荡燃烧的主动控制手段方面,已有大量的研究报道。典型的压力振荡可分为线性生长阶段、过渡阶段和饱和阶段。本文提出了一种由状态估计模型、扰动观测器和滑模控制器组成的滑模控制策略来抑制纵向振荡燃烧。首先以非线性0维状态空间模型作为被控对象,对该控制策略进行了验证。结果表明,结合奇异谱分析(SSA)方法的状态估计模型可以根据频率差对SSA模式进行分组并计算模式包络,从而准确地估计系统的状态量。为了保证估计的准确性,截断的SSA模态个数随振荡阶段的不同而变化。干扰观测器的设计是为了提高控制器的鲁棒性,通过引入宽带频谱干扰来抵消观测值中的外部噪声。滑模控制器可以限制扰动幅度,有效抑制压力振荡。为了进一步验证控制器的适应性,还对一维Rijke管声网络进行了测试。使用该控制器,当控制开始于线性增长、过渡或饱和阶段时,可以有效地消除Rijke管压力振荡。
{"title":"Sliding mode control for longitudinal oscillating combustion","authors":"Long Zhang, Xingyu Su, Hua Zhou, Z. Ren","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2197409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2197409","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable research has been reported on developing effective active control means to suppress oscillating combustion. The typical pressure oscillation can be divided into linear growth, transition and saturation stages. In this study, a sliding mode control strategy, consisting of a state estimate model, disturbance observers and a sliding mode controller, is proposed to suppress the longitudinal oscillating combustion. The control strategy is first tested with a nonlinear 0D state space model as the controlled plant. Results show that the state estimate model combined with the singular spectrum analysis (SSA) method can accurately estimate the system state quantities by grouping the SSA modes according to the frequency difference and calculating mode envelopes. To ensure the estimate accuracy, the number of truncated SSA modes varies according to the oscillation stage. The disturbance observers are designed to improve the robustness of the controller by introducing broadband spectrum disturbance to account for the external noise in the observed values. The sliding mode controller can limit the disturbance amplitude, and effectively suppress the pressure oscillation. A 1D Rijke tube acoustic network is also tested to further validate the controller adaptability. With this controller, the Rijke tube pressure oscillation can be effectively eliminated when control starts at the linear growth, transition, or saturation stages.","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"653 - 684"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47937817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of artificial flame front thickening on intermediate minor species prediction using the LES–FGM method 人工火焰锋增稠对LES–FGM方法预测中小物种的影响
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2195375
Weijie Zhang, Quan Zhou, Jinhua Wang, Zuohua Huang
Two stratified premixed Cambridge/Sandia flames SwB1 and SwB9 are modelled using the Flamelet-Generated Manifold in the context of Large-eddy Simulation. Two kinds of sub-grid closure models are adopted and systematically compared, that is, the Dynamically Thickened Flame (DTF) and the Presumed Probable Density Function (PPDF) models, in order to study the effects of artificial flame front thickening introduced by the DTF on the intermediate minor species prediction. It is found that the two methods lead to similar modelling of velocity, temperature, mixture fraction and major species (e.g. CH , O , CO and H O). However, the intermediate minor species CO and H can be over-predicted using the DTF model compared to the PPDF. A correction method proposed recently by Gruhlke et al. is validated in this work to improve the CO/H predictions of DTF. The corrected CO/H mass fractions are nearly consistent with the results of PPDF. It is examined that the Gruhlke-correction performs better if the wrinkling factor is used directly without modification. Meanwhile, the correction exhibits similar good performance with different level of flame front thickening and mixture stratification. The correction is also addressed to correct the species only in the flame front. The results are significant in high-fidelity simulation of intermediate species using the DTF model.
在大涡模拟的背景下,使用小火焰生成歧管对两个分层预混剑桥/桑迪亚火焰SwB1和SwB9进行建模。采用动态增稠火焰(DTF)和假定概率密度函数(PPDF)两种亚网格闭合模型,并对其进行了系统的比较,以研究DTF引入的人工火焰锋增稠对中、微量物种预测的影响。研究发现,这两种方法对速度、温度、混合物分数和主要物质(如CH、O、CO和HO)进行了相似的建模。然而,与PPDF相比,使用DTF模型可以过度预测中间次要物种CO和H。Gruhlke等人最近提出的一种校正方法在这项工作中得到了验证,以改进DTF的CO/H预测。校正后的CO/H质量分数与PPDF的结果几乎一致。检验表明,如果直接使用褶皱因子而不进行修改,Gruhlke校正效果更好。同时,在不同程度的火焰锋增稠和混合物分层的情况下,修正表现出相似的良好性能。校正也被处理为仅在火焰前沿校正物种。该结果对使用DTF模型的中间物种的高保真度模拟具有重要意义。
{"title":"Effects of artificial flame front thickening on intermediate minor species prediction using the LES–FGM method","authors":"Weijie Zhang, Quan Zhou, Jinhua Wang, Zuohua Huang","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2195375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2195375","url":null,"abstract":"Two stratified premixed Cambridge/Sandia flames SwB1 and SwB9 are modelled using the Flamelet-Generated Manifold in the context of Large-eddy Simulation. Two kinds of sub-grid closure models are adopted and systematically compared, that is, the Dynamically Thickened Flame (DTF) and the Presumed Probable Density Function (PPDF) models, in order to study the effects of artificial flame front thickening introduced by the DTF on the intermediate minor species prediction. It is found that the two methods lead to similar modelling of velocity, temperature, mixture fraction and major species (e.g. CH , O , CO and H O). However, the intermediate minor species CO and H can be over-predicted using the DTF model compared to the PPDF. A correction method proposed recently by Gruhlke et al. is validated in this work to improve the CO/H predictions of DTF. The corrected CO/H mass fractions are nearly consistent with the results of PPDF. It is examined that the Gruhlke-correction performs better if the wrinkling factor is used directly without modification. Meanwhile, the correction exhibits similar good performance with different level of flame front thickening and mixture stratification. The correction is also addressed to correct the species only in the flame front. The results are significant in high-fidelity simulation of intermediate species using the DTF model.","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"627 - 644"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44905471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the numerical approach to the prediction of flame spread over non-planar surface of solid combustibles 固体可燃物非平面表面火焰蔓延预测的数值方法
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2197408
A. Shaklein, A. Karpov
The flame spread over a non-planar surface of solid fuel has been studied numerically by the coupled model of heat transfer using the proposed approach for the evaluation of burning surface regression. The boundary conditions for the surface regression rate are formulated by the combination of flame spread modes over the vertical and horizontal surfaces resulted from the staircase shape of the burning surface. Numerical results showed a good agreement with the experiment on surface regression profile and mass loss of PMMA solid fuel.
利用本文提出的燃烧面回归评价方法,利用传热耦合模型对固体燃料非平面表面上火焰的扩散进行了数值研究。燃烧面阶梯状的火焰在垂直表面和水平表面上的传播模式结合,形成了表面回归率的边界条件。PMMA固体燃料的表面回归曲线和质量损失的数值计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。
{"title":"On the numerical approach to the prediction of flame spread over non-planar surface of solid combustibles","authors":"A. Shaklein, A. Karpov","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2197408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2197408","url":null,"abstract":"The flame spread over a non-planar surface of solid fuel has been studied numerically by the coupled model of heat transfer using the proposed approach for the evaluation of burning surface regression. The boundary conditions for the surface regression rate are formulated by the combination of flame spread modes over the vertical and horizontal surfaces resulted from the staircase shape of the burning surface. Numerical results showed a good agreement with the experiment on surface regression profile and mass loss of PMMA solid fuel.","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"645 - 652"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43883187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A theoretical study on the relationship between pressure rise and the Damköhler number of end-gas auto-ignition in spark-ignited engines 火花点火发动机压力上升与末端气体自动点火Damköhler次数关系的理论研究
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2188259
Shinji Hayashi, Yasuyuki Sakai, Kotaro Tanaka
The pressure rise caused by end-gas auto-ignition in spark-ignited engines is discussed using numerical simulation and theoretical approaches. The main objective of this study is to explain the mechanism by which the end-gas expansion during auto-ignition suppresses the pressure rise in spark-ignited engines, and theoretically to demonstrate using asymptotic analysis that the pressure rise depends on the Damköhler number. A one-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) of end-gas auto-ignition is performed, and the modelling assumptions for it are discussed based on the DNS results. The Damköhler number, defined as the acoustic time scale and the characteristic time scale of the chemical reaction, is introduced in the modelling. The end-gas auto-ignition model is solved numerically, and it is shown that the pressure rise increases with the Damköhler number. Additionally, it is shown that the tendency of the pressure rise is due to the balance between the propagation rate of the expansion wave generated in the end gas and the reaction rate at auto-ignition, which varies with the Damköhler number. To derive the analytical solution of the relationship between the pressure rise and Damköhler number, the end-gas auto-ignition model is simplified based on the numerical results. The simplified model for end-gas auto-ignition is then solved using Newton’s method, and the analytical solution of the pressure rise is derived.
采用数值模拟和理论方法对火花点火发动机末端气体自燃引起的压力上升问题进行了讨论。本研究的主要目的是解释自动点火过程中末端气体膨胀抑制火花点火发动机压力上升的机制,并在理论上使用渐近分析证明压力上升取决于Damköhler数。对燃气自燃过程进行了一维直接数值模拟,并在此基础上讨论了该过程的建模假设。建模中引入了Damköhler数,定义为声学时间尺度和化学反应的特征时间尺度。对末端气体自燃模型进行了数值求解,结果表明压力上升随Damköhler数的增加而增大。此外,压力上升的趋势是由于末端气体中产生的膨胀波传播速率与自燃反应速率之间的平衡,该平衡随Damköhler数的变化而变化。为了得到压力升与Damköhler数之间关系的解析解,在此基础上对末端气体自燃模型进行了简化。然后用牛顿法求解了末端气体自燃的简化模型,并推导了压力上升的解析解。
{"title":"A theoretical study on the relationship between pressure rise and the Damköhler number of end-gas auto-ignition in spark-ignited engines","authors":"Shinji Hayashi, Yasuyuki Sakai, Kotaro Tanaka","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2188259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2188259","url":null,"abstract":"The pressure rise caused by end-gas auto-ignition in spark-ignited engines is discussed using numerical simulation and theoretical approaches. The main objective of this study is to explain the mechanism by which the end-gas expansion during auto-ignition suppresses the pressure rise in spark-ignited engines, and theoretically to demonstrate using asymptotic analysis that the pressure rise depends on the Damköhler number. A one-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) of end-gas auto-ignition is performed, and the modelling assumptions for it are discussed based on the DNS results. The Damköhler number, defined as the acoustic time scale and the characteristic time scale of the chemical reaction, is introduced in the modelling. The end-gas auto-ignition model is solved numerically, and it is shown that the pressure rise increases with the Damköhler number. Additionally, it is shown that the tendency of the pressure rise is due to the balance between the propagation rate of the expansion wave generated in the end gas and the reaction rate at auto-ignition, which varies with the Damköhler number. To derive the analytical solution of the relationship between the pressure rise and Damköhler number, the end-gas auto-ignition model is simplified based on the numerical results. The simplified model for end-gas auto-ignition is then solved using Newton’s method, and the analytical solution of the pressure rise is derived.","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"605 - 626"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44865124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modelling of acetaldehyde and acetic acid combustion 乙醛和乙酸燃烧模拟
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2178973
Fekadu Mosisa Wako, G. Pio, E. Salzano
Despite the beneficial impact of biofuels on most regulated pollutants and carbon dioxide emissions, their combustion results in the generation of undesired pollutants, such as acetaldehyde and acetic acid. To better understand the chemistry of these species, detailed chemical kinetic models deriving from two alternative strategies for mechanism generation were developed and validated against available data. The first model represents a semi-lumped mechanism comprising 89 species and 366 reactions, whereas the latter is automatically generated to aggregate elemental steps based on a rate-based algorithm, and it contains 541 species and 27,334 reactions. Under the studied conditions, the two kinetic models fairly predicted ignition delay times and laminar burning velocity data of acetic acid and acetaldehyde. Few discrepancies were observed for ignition delay time at temperatures lower than 1300 K. However, the overall agreement between experimental measurements and numerical estimations allowed for the use of the two kinetic models to unravel the chemistry of the investigated species. Highlights Identification of key primary reactions for acetic acid and acetaldehyde Integration of an existing kinetic mechanism with selected reactions Development of a detailed kinetic mechanism through an automated algorithm Comparison of experimental and numerical data for overall reactivity Analysis of the chemistry of acetic acid and acetaldehyde
尽管生物燃料对大多数受管制的污染物和二氧化碳排放产生了有益的影响,但它们的燃烧会产生不需要的污染物,如乙醛和乙酸。为了更好地了解这些物种的化学性质,从两种机制生成的替代策略中推导出了详细的化学动力学模型,并根据现有数据进行了验证。第一个模型代表了一个半集总机制,包括89个物种和366个反应,而后者是基于基于速率的算法自动生成的,以聚合元素步骤,它包含541个物种和27334个反应。在所研究的条件下,两个动力学模型较好地预测了乙酸和乙醛的点火延迟时间和层流燃烧速度数据。在低于1300的温度下,几乎没有观察到点火延迟时间的差异 K.然而,实验测量和数值估计之间的总体一致性允许使用两个动力学模型来揭示所研究物种的化学性质。亮点乙酸和乙醛关键初级反应的识别现有动力学机制与选定反应的集成通过自动化算法开发详细的动力学机制总体反应性实验和数值数据的比较乙酸和乙醛化学分析
{"title":"Modelling of acetaldehyde and acetic acid combustion","authors":"Fekadu Mosisa Wako, G. Pio, E. Salzano","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2178973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2178973","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the beneficial impact of biofuels on most regulated pollutants and carbon dioxide emissions, their combustion results in the generation of undesired pollutants, such as acetaldehyde and acetic acid. To better understand the chemistry of these species, detailed chemical kinetic models deriving from two alternative strategies for mechanism generation were developed and validated against available data. The first model represents a semi-lumped mechanism comprising 89 species and 366 reactions, whereas the latter is automatically generated to aggregate elemental steps based on a rate-based algorithm, and it contains 541 species and 27,334 reactions. Under the studied conditions, the two kinetic models fairly predicted ignition delay times and laminar burning velocity data of acetic acid and acetaldehyde. Few discrepancies were observed for ignition delay time at temperatures lower than 1300 K. However, the overall agreement between experimental measurements and numerical estimations allowed for the use of the two kinetic models to unravel the chemistry of the investigated species. Highlights Identification of key primary reactions for acetic acid and acetaldehyde Integration of an existing kinetic mechanism with selected reactions Development of a detailed kinetic mechanism through an automated algorithm Comparison of experimental and numerical data for overall reactivity Analysis of the chemistry of acetic acid and acetaldehyde","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"536 - 557"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42987792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Efficient two-dimension particle element method of interior ballistic two-phase flow 内弹道两相流的高效二维粒子元法
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2178974
Chen Shenshen, Tao Ruyi, Lu Xinggan, Xue Shao, Jiang Kun
Reducing the calculation cost is of great importance as the demand for interior ballistic calculation is increasing. The key factor of interior ballistic simulation is the quest to develop a more efficient method. In this paper, an efficient two-dimension particle element method (PEM) is proposed to simulate the detailed multidimensional flow of the gas and propellant particle in the chamber. Firstly, several real particles are packed as the particle element to reduce the calculation of the solid phase. In particular, the particle element matrix is established to describe the distribution of particle parameters. Secondly, the particle element boundary is adjusted according to the particle’s movement to reduce the computational cost of grid generation. Besides, the dynamic self-adapting mesh map method is adopted to realise the coupling computation between gas phase and the particle element. The application of a standard virtual gun as a standard benchmark for interior ballistic codes is used to validate the accuracy and reliability with 1.68% error. The particle element model accurately describes the distribution of flow field in the chamber. Compared with the two-fluid method, the PEM significantly improves the computational efficiency by 21.7%. The PEM may be promising for the rapid simulation of two-phase flow in interior ballistic.
随着内弹道计算需求的增加,降低计算成本具有重要意义。寻求一种更有效的内弹道仿真方法是内弹道仿真的关键。本文提出了一种高效的二维粒子单元法(PEM)来模拟气体和推进剂颗粒在燃烧室内的多维流动。首先,将几个真实粒子作为粒子单元进行填充,以减少固相的计算量。特别地,建立了粒子元矩阵来描述粒子参数的分布。其次,根据粒子的运动调整粒子元边界,减少网格生成的计算成本;采用动态自适应网格映射法实现气相与粒子元的耦合计算。采用标准虚拟枪作为内弹道码的标准基准,在误差为1.68%的情况下验证了该方法的准确性和可靠性。颗粒单元模型准确地描述了腔室内流场的分布。与双流体方法相比,PEM计算效率显著提高21.7%。PEM在快速模拟内弹道两相流中具有广阔的应用前景。
{"title":"Efficient two-dimension particle element method of interior ballistic two-phase flow","authors":"Chen Shenshen, Tao Ruyi, Lu Xinggan, Xue Shao, Jiang Kun","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2178974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2178974","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing the calculation cost is of great importance as the demand for interior ballistic calculation is increasing. The key factor of interior ballistic simulation is the quest to develop a more efficient method. In this paper, an efficient two-dimension particle element method (PEM) is proposed to simulate the detailed multidimensional flow of the gas and propellant particle in the chamber. Firstly, several real particles are packed as the particle element to reduce the calculation of the solid phase. In particular, the particle element matrix is established to describe the distribution of particle parameters. Secondly, the particle element boundary is adjusted according to the particle’s movement to reduce the computational cost of grid generation. Besides, the dynamic self-adapting mesh map method is adopted to realise the coupling computation between gas phase and the particle element. The application of a standard virtual gun as a standard benchmark for interior ballistic codes is used to validate the accuracy and reliability with 1.68% error. The particle element model accurately describes the distribution of flow field in the chamber. Compared with the two-fluid method, the PEM significantly improves the computational efficiency by 21.7%. The PEM may be promising for the rapid simulation of two-phase flow in interior ballistic.","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"558 - 583"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41750572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A thick reaction zone model for premixed flames in two-dimensional channels 二维通道中预混火焰的厚反应区模型
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2174046
P. Rajamanickam, J. Daou
Direct interactions between the flow field and the chemical reaction in premixed flames occur when the reaction zone thickness is comparable to, or greater than flow length scales. To study such interactions, a laminar model is considered that has direct bearings to steadily propagating deflagrations in a Hele-Shaw channel with a background plane Poiseuille flow. The study employs asymptotic analyses, pertaining to large activation energy and lubrication theories and considers a distinguished limit where the channel width is comparable to the reaction zone thickness, with account being taken of thermal-expansion and heat-loss effects. The reaction zone structure and burning rates depend on three parameters, namely, the Peclet number, , the Lewis number, and the ratio of channel half-width to reaction zone thickness, . In particular, when the parameter is small wherein the reaction zone is thick, transport processes are found to be controlled by Taylor's dispersion mechanism and an explicit formula for the effective burning speed is obtained. The formula indicates that for , which interestingly coincides with a recent experimental prediction of the turbulent flame speed in a highly turbulent jet flame. The results suggest that the role played by differential diffusion effects is significant both in the laminar and turbulent cases. The reason for the peculiar dependence can be attributed, at least in our laminar model, to Taylor dispersion. Presumably, this dependence may be attributed to a similar but more general mechanism in the turbulent distributed reaction zone regime, rather than to diffusive-thermal curvature effects. The latter effects play however an important role in determining the effective propagation speed for thinner reaction zones, in particular, when is large in our model. It is found that the magnitude of heat losses at extinction, which directly affects the mixture flammability limits, is multiplied by a factor in comparison with those corresponding to the no-flow case in narrow channels.
当反应区厚度与流动长度尺度相当或大于流动长度尺度时,预混合火焰中的流场和化学反应之间会发生直接相互作用。为了研究这种相互作用,考虑了一个层流模型,该模型与具有背景平面Poiseuille流的Hele-Shaw通道中稳定传播的爆燃有直接关系。该研究采用了与大活化能和润滑理论有关的渐近分析,并考虑了通道宽度与反应区厚度相当的区别极限,同时考虑了热膨胀和热损失效应。反应区的结构和燃烧速率取决于三个参数,即Peclet数、Lewis数和通道半宽与反应区厚度之比。特别地,当反应区较厚的参数较小时,发现传输过程受泰勒分散机制控制,并获得了有效燃烧速度的显式公式。该公式表明,对于,有趣的是,这与最近对高湍流射流火焰中湍流火焰速度的实验预测相吻合。结果表明,微分扩散效应在层流和湍流情况下都起着重要作用。这种特殊依赖性的原因可以归因于泰勒色散,至少在我们的层流模型中是这样。据推测,这种依赖性可能归因于湍流分布反应区区域中类似但更普遍的机制,而不是扩散热曲率效应。然而,后一种效应在确定较薄反应区的有效传播速度方面起着重要作用,特别是在我们的模型中较大时。研究发现,与狭窄通道中无流动情况下的热损失相比,直接影响混合物可燃性极限的消光热损失幅度乘以一个因子。
{"title":"A thick reaction zone model for premixed flames in two-dimensional channels","authors":"P. Rajamanickam, J. Daou","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2174046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2174046","url":null,"abstract":"Direct interactions between the flow field and the chemical reaction in premixed flames occur when the reaction zone thickness is comparable to, or greater than flow length scales. To study such interactions, a laminar model is considered that has direct bearings to steadily propagating deflagrations in a Hele-Shaw channel with a background plane Poiseuille flow. The study employs asymptotic analyses, pertaining to large activation energy and lubrication theories and considers a distinguished limit where the channel width is comparable to the reaction zone thickness, with account being taken of thermal-expansion and heat-loss effects. The reaction zone structure and burning rates depend on three parameters, namely, the Peclet number, , the Lewis number, and the ratio of channel half-width to reaction zone thickness, . In particular, when the parameter is small wherein the reaction zone is thick, transport processes are found to be controlled by Taylor's dispersion mechanism and an explicit formula for the effective burning speed is obtained. The formula indicates that for , which interestingly coincides with a recent experimental prediction of the turbulent flame speed in a highly turbulent jet flame. The results suggest that the role played by differential diffusion effects is significant both in the laminar and turbulent cases. The reason for the peculiar dependence can be attributed, at least in our laminar model, to Taylor dispersion. Presumably, this dependence may be attributed to a similar but more general mechanism in the turbulent distributed reaction zone regime, rather than to diffusive-thermal curvature effects. The latter effects play however an important role in determining the effective propagation speed for thinner reaction zones, in particular, when is large in our model. It is found that the magnitude of heat losses at extinction, which directly affects the mixture flammability limits, is multiplied by a factor in comparison with those corresponding to the no-flow case in narrow channels.","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"487 - 507"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46994718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Analysis of an innovative sampling strategy based on k-means clustering algorithm for POD and POD-DEIM reduced order models of a 2-D reaction-diffusion system 二维反应扩散系统POD和POD- deim降阶模型的k-means聚类创新采样策略分析
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2174451
E. A. Cutillo, Gianmarco Petito, K. Bizon, G. Continillo
In this work, a model-order reduction methodology based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and Galërkin projection is presented and applied to the simulation of the self-ignition of a stockpile of solid fuel. Self-ignition is a phenomenon associated with steep changes in space and time, yielding high gradients of state variables which demand grid refinement and, thus, increase of the computational burden. To cope with this difficulty, first, a full order model (FOM), generated by finite-difference discretisation of the PDEs constituting the differential model, is employed to generate reference solutions. Two different POD-based formulations are proposed: the classical POD-Galërkin is employed to generate reduced order models (ROM), then discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM) is employed to deal with nonlinearities in a more efficient manner. These reduction techniques are further supplemented with an innovative sampling approach based on k-means clustering. The resulting agile ROM is validated against the FOM. Both model-order reduction strategies, particularly the POD-DEIM model, reproduce the FOM solutions with high accuracy and much lower computational cost: The results of the application of a combination of the DEIM algorithm and k-means clustering show that the computational time for the calculation of one solution reduces up to 1020 times, while remaining able to reproduce all bifurcation points found with the FOM, thus demonstrating quantitative and qualitative agreement.
在这项工作中,提出了一种基于适当正交分解(POD)和Galërkin投影的模型降阶方法,并将其应用于固体燃料堆自燃的模拟。自燃是一种与空间和时间的急剧变化相关的现象,产生了高梯度的状态变量,需要网格细化,从而增加了计算负担。为了应对这一困难,首先,通过构成微分模型的偏微分方程的有限差分离散化生成的全阶模型(FOM)被用于生成参考解。提出了两种不同的基于POD的公式:采用经典的POD Galërkin生成降阶模型(ROM),然后采用离散经验插值方法(DEIM)以更有效的方式处理非线性。这些约简技术进一步补充了一种基于k均值聚类的创新采样方法。由此产生的敏捷ROM根据FOM进行验证。两种模型降阶策略,特别是POD-DEIM模型,都以高精度和低得多的计算成本再现了FOM解:DEIM算法和k-means聚类相结合的应用结果表明,计算一个解的计算时间减少了1020倍,同时仍然能够再现FOM发现的所有分叉点,从而证明定量和定性一致。
{"title":"Analysis of an innovative sampling strategy based on k-means clustering algorithm for POD and POD-DEIM reduced order models of a 2-D reaction-diffusion system","authors":"E. A. Cutillo, Gianmarco Petito, K. Bizon, G. Continillo","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2174451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2174451","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a model-order reduction methodology based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and Galërkin projection is presented and applied to the simulation of the self-ignition of a stockpile of solid fuel. Self-ignition is a phenomenon associated with steep changes in space and time, yielding high gradients of state variables which demand grid refinement and, thus, increase of the computational burden. To cope with this difficulty, first, a full order model (FOM), generated by finite-difference discretisation of the PDEs constituting the differential model, is employed to generate reference solutions. Two different POD-based formulations are proposed: the classical POD-Galërkin is employed to generate reduced order models (ROM), then discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM) is employed to deal with nonlinearities in a more efficient manner. These reduction techniques are further supplemented with an innovative sampling approach based on k-means clustering. The resulting agile ROM is validated against the FOM. Both model-order reduction strategies, particularly the POD-DEIM model, reproduce the FOM solutions with high accuracy and much lower computational cost: The results of the application of a combination of the DEIM algorithm and k-means clustering show that the computational time for the calculation of one solution reduces up to 1020 times, while remaining able to reproduce all bifurcation points found with the FOM, thus demonstrating quantitative and qualitative agreement.","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"508 - 535"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46915190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Simulation and performance improvement of an industrial steam methane reformer: depreciation and ceramic coating effects 工业蒸汽甲烷重整器的模拟和性能改进:折旧和陶瓷涂层效应
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2169636
Saeedeh Hamoudi, A. Mirvakili, A. Jamekhorshid, Mohamad Gholipour
In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) is applied to compare the performance of an industrial reformer furnace in four cases. The first and tenth years of operation are two cases with different emissivity factors and fuel components. The results are validated with industrial data and with other CFD simulation typical plants reported in the SMR literature. The results show that a 10% increase in fuel consumption in the tenth year cannot compensate for all temperature drop in skin tubes, and there is still a 14 K temperature drop, leading to a 5% decrease in hydrogen production in tubes. This is due to the different fuel components of the tenth year compared to the first year. To examine the effect of fuel change more closely, the third case is defined with the fuel components of the tenth year and the emissivity factor of the first year. The comparison of this case with others shows that fuel components have a high effect on system performance. The major reason for efficiency reduction between the first and tenth years correlates to a 50% decline in the wall surface emissivity factor. Finally, in the fourth case, applying a ceramic coating with a high emissivity factor is considered via the CFD model for the reformer in the tenth year. This change leads to an increase of about 19 K in tube temperature in the tenth year, which is 3 K more than that in the first year. It can be concluded that the ceramic coating application in the wall of the refractory of the reformer can reduce 14% fuel consumption and enhance hydrogen production.
本文采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对某工业转化炉在四种工况下的性能进行了比较。运行的第1年和第10年是两种不同的发射率系数和燃料成分的情况。结果与工业数据和SMR文献中报道的其他典型工厂的CFD模拟进行了验证。结果表明,第10年燃料消耗增加10%并不能弥补皮管中的所有温度下降,并且仍然有14 K的温度下降,导致管中的氢气产量下降5%。这是由于与第一年相比,第十年的燃料成分不同。为了更密切地考察燃料变化的影响,用第10年的燃料成分和第1年的发射系数来定义第三种情况。与其他实例的比较表明,燃料成分对系统性能有很大的影响。第1年到第10年期间效率下降的主要原因与壁面发射系数下降50%有关。最后,在第四种情况下,通过计算流体力学模型,考虑了采用高发射系数的陶瓷涂层对重整器进行第10年的改造。这一变化导致第10年管温升高了约19 K,比第1年增加了3 K。结果表明,陶瓷涂层应用于重整炉耐火材料内壁,可降低14%的燃料消耗,提高产氢率。
{"title":"Simulation and performance improvement of an industrial steam methane reformer: depreciation and ceramic coating effects","authors":"Saeedeh Hamoudi, A. Mirvakili, A. Jamekhorshid, Mohamad Gholipour","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2169636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2169636","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) is applied to compare the performance of an industrial reformer furnace in four cases. The first and tenth years of operation are two cases with different emissivity factors and fuel components. The results are validated with industrial data and with other CFD simulation typical plants reported in the SMR literature. The results show that a 10% increase in fuel consumption in the tenth year cannot compensate for all temperature drop in skin tubes, and there is still a 14 K temperature drop, leading to a 5% decrease in hydrogen production in tubes. This is due to the different fuel components of the tenth year compared to the first year. To examine the effect of fuel change more closely, the third case is defined with the fuel components of the tenth year and the emissivity factor of the first year. The comparison of this case with others shows that fuel components have a high effect on system performance. The major reason for efficiency reduction between the first and tenth years correlates to a 50% decline in the wall surface emissivity factor. Finally, in the fourth case, applying a ceramic coating with a high emissivity factor is considered via the CFD model for the reformer in the tenth year. This change leads to an increase of about 19 K in tube temperature in the tenth year, which is 3 K more than that in the first year. It can be concluded that the ceramic coating application in the wall of the refractory of the reformer can reduce 14% fuel consumption and enhance hydrogen production.","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"418 - 440"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45428193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Comprehensive influence of uncertainty propagation of chemical kinetic parameters on laminar flame speed prediction: a case study of dimethyl ether 化学动力学参数不确定度传播对层流火焰速度预测的综合影响——以二甲醚为例
IF 1.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/13647830.2023.2169637
Yachao Chang, Pengzhi Wang, Shuai Huang, Xu Han, Ming-lei Jia
The uncertainties existing in the parameters of chemical kinetic models have a non-negligible influence on the model predictions. It is necessary to conduct a quantitative uncertainty analysis to explore the influence of each parameter on chemical mechanism predictions. To comprehensively consider the effect of the uncertainties of reaction rate parameters, thermodynamic parameters, and transport parameters on model predictions, local sensitivity analysis, local-sensitivity-based uncertainty analysis (LSUA), and random-sampling high dimensional model representation (RS-HDMR) method were coupled to investigate the uncertainty propagation of the chemical kinetic parameters to the calculated laminar flame speed of dimethyl ether under a wide range of conditions using a detailed mechanism. First, the uncertainty analysis was conducted using the local sensitivity analysis and the LSUA method under a wide range of operating conditions to identify the important operating conditions and chemical kinetic parameters. It is found that the prediction uncertainty of laminar flame speed is more obvious under the conditions of high dilution ratio, high pressure, and large equivalence ratio than that under other conditions. According to the results of LSUA, the prediction uncertainty is mainly from the reaction rate coefficients and thermodynamic data. Then, the uncertainty propagation from the significant parameters to the calculated laminar flame speed under important conditions was analysed using the RS-HDMR method. To reduce the huge computational cost of the RS-HDMR method, the backpropagation artificial neural network was employed. The RS-HDMR results indicate that the reaction H + O2 = O + OH has the highest sensitivity coefficient under the whole investigated conditions, which is different from the results using the LSUA method. The non-linear relationship between the rate coefficient and the predicted laminar flame speed is responsible for the discrepancy. Furthermore, it is found that the sensitivity coefficient of the input parameters strongly depends on the operating conditions.
化学动力学模型参数中存在的不确定性对模型预测有着不可忽略的影响。有必要进行定量的不确定性分析,以探索每个参数对化学机理预测的影响。为了综合考虑反应速率参数、热力学参数和输运参数的不确定性对模型预测的影响,进行了局部灵敏度分析、基于局部灵敏度的不确定性分析(LSUA),和随机采样高维模型表示(RS-HDMR)方法相结合,利用详细的机制研究了化学动力学参数在宽范围条件下对计算的二甲醚层流火焰速度的不确定性传播。首先,在广泛的操作条件下,使用局部灵敏度分析和LSUA方法进行不确定性分析,以确定重要的操作条件和化学动力学参数。研究发现,在高稀释比、高压和大当量比条件下,层流火焰速度的预测不确定性比其他条件下更明显。根据LSUA的结果,预测的不确定性主要来自反应速率系数和热力学数据。然后,使用RS-HDMR方法分析了重要条件下从重要参数到计算层流火焰速度的不确定性传播。为了降低RS-HDMR方法的巨大计算成本,采用了反向传播人工神经网络。RS-HDMR结果表明反应H + 氧气 = O + OH在整个研究条件下具有最高的灵敏度系数,这与使用LSUA方法的结果不同。速率系数和预测的层流火焰速度之间的非线性关系是造成这种差异的原因。此外,还发现输入参数的灵敏度系数与操作条件密切相关。
{"title":"Comprehensive influence of uncertainty propagation of chemical kinetic parameters on laminar flame speed prediction: a case study of dimethyl ether","authors":"Yachao Chang, Pengzhi Wang, Shuai Huang, Xu Han, Ming-lei Jia","doi":"10.1080/13647830.2023.2169637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2023.2169637","url":null,"abstract":"The uncertainties existing in the parameters of chemical kinetic models have a non-negligible influence on the model predictions. It is necessary to conduct a quantitative uncertainty analysis to explore the influence of each parameter on chemical mechanism predictions. To comprehensively consider the effect of the uncertainties of reaction rate parameters, thermodynamic parameters, and transport parameters on model predictions, local sensitivity analysis, local-sensitivity-based uncertainty analysis (LSUA), and random-sampling high dimensional model representation (RS-HDMR) method were coupled to investigate the uncertainty propagation of the chemical kinetic parameters to the calculated laminar flame speed of dimethyl ether under a wide range of conditions using a detailed mechanism. First, the uncertainty analysis was conducted using the local sensitivity analysis and the LSUA method under a wide range of operating conditions to identify the important operating conditions and chemical kinetic parameters. It is found that the prediction uncertainty of laminar flame speed is more obvious under the conditions of high dilution ratio, high pressure, and large equivalence ratio than that under other conditions. According to the results of LSUA, the prediction uncertainty is mainly from the reaction rate coefficients and thermodynamic data. Then, the uncertainty propagation from the significant parameters to the calculated laminar flame speed under important conditions was analysed using the RS-HDMR method. To reduce the huge computational cost of the RS-HDMR method, the backpropagation artificial neural network was employed. The RS-HDMR results indicate that the reaction H + O2 = O + OH has the highest sensitivity coefficient under the whole investigated conditions, which is different from the results using the LSUA method. The non-linear relationship between the rate coefficient and the predicted laminar flame speed is responsible for the discrepancy. Furthermore, it is found that the sensitivity coefficient of the input parameters strongly depends on the operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":50665,"journal":{"name":"Combustion Theory and Modelling","volume":"27 1","pages":"441 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43665867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Combustion Theory and Modelling
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1