Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-96-101
I. Zatsepina
Pear is a seed crop that grows and is consumed all over the world, grows on trees and is harvested in the Northern Hemisphere from late summer to October. Plant growth regulators are such chemicals that are capable of various green and lignified cuttings to increase the root system, they are also able to increase yields. Kornevin is an effective plant growth regulator (phytohormone). It is a biological product that stimulates root formation. The drug has a mild effect, is not phytotoxic, eliminates overdoses. It has a long-lasting prolonged effect. Green pear cuttings K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II had the greatest rootability when using the plant growth regulator kornevin (30.0 mg/l) (from 85.0 to 87.7%). Without the use of plant growth regulators, the forms K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II had high rooting rates of green pear cuttings (from 70.5 to 75.9%). The highest growth height when using the plant growth regulator kornevin (30.0 mg/l) was possessed by the rootstock forms of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II, this indicator varied from 12.5 to 14.0 cm. The largest diameter of the conditional root neck (from 1.3 to 1.6 cm) had the forms of pears Caucasian, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Pervomayskaya’, ‘Yakovlevskaya’, ‘Avgustovskaya Rosa’, ‘Irista’, ‘Chudesnitsa’, ‘Fevral'skiy Suvenir’. The largest number of roots (from 7.5 to 8.5 pcs.) were demonstrated by the forms of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II. The largest root length (from 9.0 to 9.8 cm) was possessed by the rootstocks of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Nika’, ‘Avgustovskaya Rosa’, ‘Irista’, ‘Fevral'skiy Suvenir’. Without the use of plant growth regulators, the largest plant height (from 10.0 to 12.0 cm) was possessed by the forms of Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II. The largest number of roots (from 5.0 to 6.6 pcs.) had pear shapes 4-39, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Svetlyanka (k)’, ‘Nika’, ‘Pervomayskaya’. The largest root length without the use of plant growth regulators was characterized by the forms of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Nika’, ‘Fevral'skiy Suvenir’, this indicator varied from 7.0 to 7.8 cm.
梨是一种在世界各地生长和食用的种子作物，生长在树上，在北半球的夏末至十月收获。植物生长调节剂是一种化学物质，能够使各种绿色和木质化的插条增加根系，还能提高产量。Kornevin 是一种有效的植物生长调节剂（植物激素）。它是一种刺激根系形成的生物制品。药效温和，无植物毒性，不会过量使用。它具有持久的延长效果。绿梨插条 K-1、K-2、OHF 333、Piro II 在使用植物生长调节剂高尼温（30.0 毫克/升）时生根率最高（从 85.0% 到 87.7%）。在不使用植物生长调节剂的情况下，K-1、K-2、OHF 333 和 Piro II 型青梨插条的生根率较高（从 70.5% 到 75.9%）。高加索梨砧木 4-26、4-39、K-1、K-2、OHF 333 和 Piro II 在使用植物生长调节剂考尼温（30.0 毫克/升）时生长高度最高，该指标从 12.5 厘米到 14.0 厘米不等。高加索梨、4-26、4-39、K-1、K-2、OHF 333、Piro II 和品种'Pervomayskaya'、'Yakovlevskaya'、'Avgustovskaya Rosa'、'Irista'、'Chudesnitsa'、'Fevral'skiy Suvenir'的条件根颈直径最大（从 1.3 厘米到 1.6 厘米）。高加索梨、4-26、4-39、K-1、K-2、OHF 333、Piro II 的根系数量最多（7.5 至 8.5 条）。高加索梨、4-26、4-39、K-1、K-2、OHF 333、Piro II 的砧木和'Nika'、'Avgustovskaya Rosa'、'Irista'、'Fevral'skiy Suvenir'等品种的根长最大（从 9.0 厘米到 9.8 厘米）。在不使用植物生长调节剂的情况下，植株高度最大（从 10.0 厘米到 12.0 厘米）的品种是高加索梨、4-26、4-39、K-1、K-2、OHF 333 和 Piro II。梨树 4-39、K-2、OHF 333、Piro II 和品种 "Svetlyanka (k)"、"Nika"、"Pervomayskaya "的根数最多（5.0 至 6.6 根）。在不使用植物生长调节剂的情况下，根长最大的是高加索梨、4-26、4-39、K-1、K-2、OHF 333、Piro II 和品种'Nika'、'Fevral'skiy Suvenir'，该指标在 7.0 至 7.8 厘米之间。
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF THE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR KORNEVIN ON THE ROOTABILITY OF PEAR VARIETIES AND FORMS IN CONDITIONS OF ARTIFICIAL FOG","authors":"I. Zatsepina","doi":"10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-96-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-96-101","url":null,"abstract":"Pear is a seed crop that grows and is consumed all over the world, grows on trees and is harvested in the Northern Hemisphere from late summer to October. Plant growth regulators are such chemicals that are capable of various green and lignified cuttings to increase the root system, they are also able to increase yields. Kornevin is an effective plant growth regulator (phytohormone). It is a biological product that stimulates root formation. The drug has a mild effect, is not phytotoxic, eliminates overdoses. It has a long-lasting prolonged effect. Green pear cuttings K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II had the greatest rootability when using the plant growth regulator kornevin (30.0 mg/l) (from 85.0 to 87.7%). Without the use of plant growth regulators, the forms K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II had high rooting rates of green pear cuttings (from 70.5 to 75.9%). The highest growth height when using the plant growth regulator kornevin (30.0 mg/l) was possessed by the rootstock forms of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II, this indicator varied from 12.5 to 14.0 cm. The largest diameter of the conditional root neck (from 1.3 to 1.6 cm) had the forms of pears Caucasian, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Pervomayskaya’, ‘Yakovlevskaya’, ‘Avgustovskaya Rosa’, ‘Irista’, ‘Chudesnitsa’, ‘Fevral'skiy Suvenir’. The largest number of roots (from 7.5 to 8.5 pcs.) were demonstrated by the forms of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II. The largest root length (from 9.0 to 9.8 cm) was possessed by the rootstocks of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Nika’, ‘Avgustovskaya Rosa’, ‘Irista’, ‘Fevral'skiy Suvenir’. Without the use of plant growth regulators, the largest plant height (from 10.0 to 12.0 cm) was possessed by the forms of Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II. The largest number of roots (from 5.0 to 6.6 pcs.) had pear shapes 4-39, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Svetlyanka (k)’, ‘Nika’, ‘Pervomayskaya’. The largest root length without the use of plant growth regulators was characterized by the forms of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Nika’, ‘Fevral'skiy Suvenir’, this indicator varied from 7.0 to 7.8 cm.","PeriodicalId":507799,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-67-71
A. F. Galiev, V.R. Karimov, M.S. Ishmukhametov, N.S. Bulankin
It is known that the supramolecular structure of organic materials can have a significant effect on the conductivity of polymer films in both constant and alternating fields. In particular, the presence of associative supramolecular formations can lead to a significant increase in the local dielectric constant. At the same time, the presence of different types of supramolecular ordering can lead to the predominance of certain charge transfer mechanisms in polymer films, and, consequently, to the presence of a dependence of conductivity on the electric field strength. The degree of molecular ordering, both on the surface and in the bulk of a polymer film, can also have a significant effect on polarization. In this regard, studying the influence of the supramolecular structure on the conductivity of polymer films in an alternating electric field is an urgent task.Previously, using various methods, it was established that the supramolecular structure of films with a thickness of more than 300 nm is determined mainly by supramolecular formations of an associative structure. The structure of films with a thickness of 100 to 300 nm is determined by the mixed structure of globular and associative formations. The structure of films less than 100 nm thick is determined by supramolecular formations of a globular. It was also established by the method of thermally stimulated depolarization that three regions are observed on the dependence of the activation energy of capture centers on the thickness of the polymer film, corre- sponding to different supramolecular organizations.In this work, the dependence of the conductivity of poly (diphenylene phthalide) films in an alternating electric field in the low-frequency range from 0.1 to 106 Hz on the supramolecular structure of polymer films was studied. It was found that the type of dependence of the conductivity of polymer films on the frequency of an alternating field depends on the thickness and supramolecular structure of the polymer films, as well as the electric field strength. The applicability of the Jonsher’s model, which describes the conductivity of amorphous materials in an alternating electric field, for thin polymer films is discussed. A correlation between the power-law dependence index and the supramolecular structure of the polymer film and the influence of dipole polarization and injection of charge carriers into the bulk of the polymer film on the conductivity of the polymer film have been revealed.
{"title":"JONESHER’S UNIVERSAL DYNAMIC RESPONSE IN POLY(DIPHENYLENE PHTHALIDE) THIN FILMS","authors":"A. F. Galiev, V.R. Karimov, M.S. Ishmukhametov, N.S. Bulankin","doi":"10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-67-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-67-71","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that the supramolecular structure of organic materials can have a significant effect on the conductivity of polymer films in both constant and alternating fields. In particular, the presence of associative supramolecular formations can lead to a significant increase in the local dielectric constant. At the same time, the presence of different types of supramolecular ordering can lead to the predominance of certain charge transfer mechanisms in polymer films, and, consequently, to the presence of a dependence of conductivity on the electric field strength. The degree of molecular ordering, both on the surface and in the bulk of a polymer film, can also have a significant effect on polarization. In this regard, studying the influence of the supramolecular structure on the conductivity of polymer films in an alternating electric field is an urgent task.Previously, using various methods, it was established that the supramolecular structure of films with a thickness of more than 300 nm is determined mainly by supramolecular formations of an associative structure. The structure of films with a thickness of 100 to 300 nm is determined by the mixed structure of globular and associative formations. The structure of films less than 100 nm thick is determined by supramolecular formations of a globular. It was also established by the method of thermally stimulated depolarization that three regions are observed on the dependence of the activation energy of capture centers on the thickness of the polymer film, corre- sponding to different supramolecular organizations.In this work, the dependence of the conductivity of poly (diphenylene phthalide) films in an alternating electric field in the low-frequency range from 0.1 to 106 Hz on the supramolecular structure of polymer films was studied. It was found that the type of dependence of the conductivity of polymer films on the frequency of an alternating field depends on the thickness and supramolecular structure of the polymer films, as well as the electric field strength. The applicability of the Jonsher’s model, which describes the conductivity of amorphous materials in an alternating electric field, for thin polymer films is discussed. A correlation between the power-law dependence index and the supramolecular structure of the polymer film and the influence of dipole polarization and injection of charge carriers into the bulk of the polymer film on the conductivity of the polymer film have been revealed.","PeriodicalId":507799,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140251173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-85-90
I.F. Rakhmatullina, Ya.P. Mineev, B.R. Kuluev
Stemmacantha serratuloides (Georgi) M. Dittrich is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant, a source of a number of phytoecdysteroids with adaptogenic, anabolic and tonic effects. Due to the rarity of this plant species and the strong dependence of its seed productivity on weather conditions, the relevance of research aimed at its biotechnological cultivation and reproduction is high. The aim of this study was to introduce S. serratuloides plants from the Cis-Ural population of the Republic of Bashkortostan into in vitro culture and to develop an effective protocol for micropropagation of this species. It was shown that an effective method of preparing seeds for in vitro culture is their successive sterilization with 96% ethanol (1 min) and 20% bleach (20 min), as well as me- chanical scarification, without a preliminary stratification step. When using 1 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1.5 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine on Murashige-Skoog medium, no regeneration of shoots on explants of cotyledons and hypocotyls occurred. Shoot regeneration was induced from root explants using Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine and indoleacetic acid at concentrations of 1 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l, respectively. Rooting of shoots was carried out on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/L IAA. This micropropagation technology can be used for rapid propagation of plants for various biotechnological purposes, for example, for further transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and creating of hairy root cultures.
{"title":"ASEPTIC GERMINATION AND MICROPROPAGATION OF STEMMACANTHA SERRATULOIDES (GEORGI) M. DITTRICH","authors":"I.F. Rakhmatullina, Ya.P. Mineev, B.R. Kuluev","doi":"10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-85-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-85-90","url":null,"abstract":"Stemmacantha serratuloides (Georgi) M. Dittrich is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant, a source of a number of phytoecdysteroids with adaptogenic, anabolic and tonic effects. Due to the rarity of this plant species and the strong dependence of its seed productivity on weather conditions, the relevance of research aimed at its biotechnological cultivation and reproduction is high. The aim of this study was to introduce S. serratuloides plants from the Cis-Ural population of the Republic of Bashkortostan into in vitro culture and to develop an effective protocol for micropropagation of this species. It was shown that an effective method of preparing seeds for in vitro culture is their successive sterilization with 96% ethanol (1 min) and 20% bleach (20 min), as well as me- chanical scarification, without a preliminary stratification step. When using 1 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1.5 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine on Murashige-Skoog medium, no regeneration of shoots on explants of cotyledons and hypocotyls occurred. Shoot regeneration was induced from root explants using Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine and indoleacetic acid at concentrations of 1 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l, respectively. Rooting of shoots was carried out on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/L IAA. This micropropagation technology can be used for rapid propagation of plants for various biotechnological purposes, for example, for further transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and creating of hairy root cultures.","PeriodicalId":507799,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140251221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-5-17
Sh.U. Galiev
A few months ago, the Max Planck Institute (Dresden, Germany) organized an International Seminar for outstanding researchers of such a remarkable phenomenon as “extreme waves”. The seminar was led by such famous professors as Nail Akhdiev (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) [1], Helmut Brand (University of Bayreuth, Germany) [2] and Amin Chabchub (Kyoto University, Japan) [3]. Thе phenomenon of "Extreme waves" is remarkable since widely spread in Nature, and at the same time it is used widely in technology. In particular it is used in modern optical communications (nonlinear optics). The results of the Workshop are widely discussed by experts. They preview promising new directions springing from group efforts. This article is a review of my seminar presentation. At the same time, it includes some results of my book, which is being prepared for publication. The main outlines of this book are outlined by Marat Aksanovich Ilgamov in his article [5]. The book is devoted to multivalued waves existing in various scalar fields. An attempt is made to describe, on this basis, the entire variety of fundamental physical phenomena of the world around us, starting with quantum phenomena and ending with the emergence and initial development of the Universe. It is known that Einstein tried to build a unified (interdisciplinary) field theory that would unite all interactions in nature into a single system. My report to Dresden made an attempt to use this idea, which was developed in the mentioned book and this article. The first three parts of this article examine the stability of Richtmyer–Meshkov and Faraday waves. The last part discusses the theory of the origin of the Universe proposed in [4, 12]. The birth of galaxies in the first moments of the process of spherical expansion of our Universe is associated with the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability.
几个月前，马克斯-普朗克研究所（德国德累斯顿）为研究 "极端波 "这一非凡现象的杰出研究人员举办了一次国际研讨会。研讨会由 Nail Akhdiev（澳大利亚堪培拉澳大利亚国立大学）[1]、Helmut Brand（德国拜罗伊特大学）[2]和 Amin Chabchub（日本京都大学）[3]等著名教授主持。极端波 "现象在自然界中广泛传播，同时也被广泛应用于科技领域。特别是在现代光通信（非线性光学）中的应用。专家们对研讨会的成果进行了广泛讨论。这些成果预示了在集体努力下有望出现的新方向。本文是对我在研讨会上发言的回顾。同时，它还包括我正在准备出版的新书的一些成果。马拉特-阿克萨诺维奇-伊尔加莫夫在他的文章[5]中概述了这本书的主要内容。本书专门讨论存在于各种标量场中的多值波。本书试图在此基础上描述我们周围世界的各种基本物理现象，从量子现象开始，直至宇宙的出现和最初的发展。众所周知，爱因斯坦试图建立一个统一的（跨学科的）场论，将自然界中的所有相互作用统一到一个单一的系统中。我在德累斯顿的报告中尝试使用了这一思想，并在上述书籍和本文中得到了发展。本文前三部分探讨了里氏-梅什科夫波和法拉第波的稳定性。最后一部分讨论了[4, 12]中提出的宇宙起源理论。在宇宙球形膨胀过程的最初时刻，星系的诞生与里氏-梅什科夫不稳定性有关。
{"title":"MULTIVALUED WAVES AND THE RICHTMYER–MESHKOV INSTABILITY AS THE CAUSES OF THE FORMATION OF GALAXIES","authors":"Sh.U. Galiev","doi":"10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-5-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-5-17","url":null,"abstract":"A few months ago, the Max Planck Institute (Dresden, Germany) organized an International Seminar for outstanding researchers of such a remarkable phenomenon as “extreme waves”. The seminar was led by such famous professors as Nail Akhdiev (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) [1], Helmut Brand (University of Bayreuth, Germany) [2] and Amin Chabchub (Kyoto University, Japan) [3]. Thе phenomenon of \"Extreme waves\" is remarkable since widely spread in Nature, and at the same time it is used widely in technology. In particular it is used in modern optical communications (nonlinear optics). The results of the Workshop are widely discussed by experts. They preview promising new directions springing from group efforts. This article is a review of my seminar presentation. At the same time, it includes some results of my book, which is being prepared for publication. The main outlines of this book are outlined by Marat Aksanovich Ilgamov in his article [5]. The book is devoted to multivalued waves existing in various scalar fields. An attempt is made to describe, on this basis, the entire variety of fundamental physical phenomena of the world around us, starting with quantum phenomena and ending with the emergence and initial development of the Universe. It is known that Einstein tried to build a unified (interdisciplinary) field theory that would unite all interactions in nature into a single system. My report to Dresden made an attempt to use this idea, which was developed in the mentioned book and this article. The first three parts of this article examine the stability of Richtmyer–Meshkov and Faraday waves. The last part discusses the theory of the origin of the Universe proposed in [4, 12]. The birth of galaxies in the first moments of the process of spherical expansion of our Universe is associated with the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability.","PeriodicalId":507799,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-18-23
G. Tuleganova, R.Kh. Karimov, A.M. Shihova
The paper studies a potentially observable effect – relative time delay– on the background of the rotating accelerating black holes, called the C-metric. The C-metric proposed by Griffiths and Podolsky is an exact solution to Einstein's equations. The metric is characterized by mass, angular momentum and acceleration parameter, and is reduced to Kerr's solution when the acceleration parameter is zero. Relative time delay occurs if two light beams come from a variable source located behind a rotating gravitational lens. Passing on opposite sides of the lens, the rays arrive at the observer with a time difference. The time difference arises due to the frame dragging effect. Black holes described by the C-metric have the angular momentum which is necessary to occur the relative time delay. To calculate the relative delay of signals, the Dymnikova method was used. The xpression for the relative delay was expanded into a series to determine the influence of the acceleration parameter of the C-metric. It was found that the relative time delay in the leading order for the C-metric does not depend on the mass of black holes and the acceleration parameter, but depends only on the angular momentum. In the corrections, the relative time delay for the C-metric differs from the corrections to the delay in the Kerr solution by the influence of the free parameter of the C-metric. To estimate the influence of the acceleration parameter on the relative time delay, numerical delay values were obtained for a range of accelerations. Numerical values were calculated by substituting observed data from realistic pulsar–black hole configurations into the expression for the relative signal delay. The obtained numerical estimates show that the magnitude of the relative time delay in the first order is measurable with the capabilities of modern technology. Considering that all previously studied solutions of objects using relative delay had the influ- ence of mass, the numerical values of the delay in the C-metric are significantly different. Therefore, black holes described by the C-metric can be distinguished from previously studied black hole solutions using potential observations of relative time delay. However, the corrections containing the influence of the acceleration parameter are too small to take their influence into account.
这篇论文研究了旋转加速黑洞背景上一种潜在的可观测效应--相对时间延迟，称为C度量。格里菲斯和波多尔斯基提出的 C 度量是爱因斯坦方程的精确解。该公制以质量、角动量和加速度参数为特征，当加速度参数为零时，该公制简化为克尔解。如果两束光来自位于旋转引力透镜后的可变光源，就会发生相对时间延迟。光线从透镜的两侧相对而过，到达观察者时会产生时间差。时间差的产生是由于框架拖曳效应。用 C-度量法描述的黑洞具有角动量，这是产生相对时间延迟的必要条件。为了计算信号的相对延迟，使用了 Dymnikova 方法。相对延迟的表达式被扩展成一个系列，以确定 C 度量加速度参数的影响。结果发现，C-度量的前阶相对时延并不取决于黑洞质量和加速度参数，而只取决于角动量。在修正中，C-度量的相对时间延迟与克尔解的延迟修正不同，它受到 C-度量自由参数的影响。为了估算加速度参数对相对时间延迟的影响，我们获得了一系列加速度的数值延迟值。数值是将脉冲星-黑洞配置的观测数据代入相对信号延迟表达式中计算得出的。所获得的数值估计表明，以现代技术的能力，一阶相对时间延迟的大小是可以测量的。考虑到之前研究的所有使用相对延迟的物体解决方案都受到质量的影响，C-度量中的延迟数值有很大不同。因此，利用相对时间延迟的潜在观测结果，可以将 C-度量描述的黑洞与之前研究的黑洞方案区分开来。然而，包含加速度参数影响的修正值太小，无法将其影响考虑在内。
{"title":"RELATIVE TIME DELAY IN ACCELERATING ROTATING BLACKHOLE SPACETIME","authors":"G. Tuleganova, R.Kh. Karimov, A.M. Shihova","doi":"10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-18-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-18-23","url":null,"abstract":"The paper studies a potentially observable effect – relative time delay– on the background of the rotating accelerating black holes, called the C-metric. The C-metric proposed by Griffiths and Podolsky is an exact solution to Einstein's equations. The metric is characterized by mass, angular momentum and acceleration parameter, and is reduced to Kerr's solution when the acceleration parameter is zero. Relative time delay occurs if two light beams come from a variable source located behind a rotating gravitational lens. Passing on opposite sides of the lens, the rays arrive at the observer with a time difference. The time difference arises due to the frame dragging effect. Black holes described by the C-metric have the angular momentum which is necessary to occur the relative time delay. To calculate the relative delay of signals, the Dymnikova method was used. The xpression for the relative delay was expanded into a series to determine the influence of the acceleration parameter of the C-metric. It was found that the relative time delay in the leading order for the C-metric does not depend on the mass of black holes and the acceleration parameter, but depends only on the angular momentum. In the corrections, the relative time delay for the C-metric differs from the corrections to the delay in the Kerr solution by the influence of the free parameter of the C-metric. To estimate the influence of the acceleration parameter on the relative time delay, numerical delay values were obtained for a range of accelerations. Numerical values were calculated by substituting observed data from realistic pulsar–black hole configurations into the expression for the relative signal delay. The obtained numerical estimates show that the magnitude of the relative time delay in the first order is measurable with the capabilities of modern technology. Considering that all previously studied solutions of objects using relative delay had the influ- ence of mass, the numerical values of the delay in the C-metric are significantly different. Therefore, black holes described by the C-metric can be distinguished from previously studied black hole solutions using potential observations of relative time delay. However, the corrections containing the influence of the acceleration parameter are too small to take their influence into account.","PeriodicalId":507799,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-35-40
R. Karimov, R.N. Izmailov
Recently, Glavan and Lin proposed a new four-dimensional theory of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity by rescaling the Gauss-Bonnet (GB) coupling constant ߙ→ ܦ(/ߙ− 4) and adopting the ܦ→ 4 constraint at the level of the equations of motion. The GB coupling constant contributes to the field equations and thus bypasses Lovelock's theorem. This theory preserves the number of degrees of freedom and avoids Ostrogradsky instability. Glavan and Lin obtained an exact solution for nonsingular static and spherically symmetric black holes in the four-dimensional EGB theory of gravity. Later, Kumar and Ghosh applied the Newman-Janis algorithm to the static solution and constructed a solution for a rotating black hole in the 4-dimensional EGB theory of gravity. Since the theory solves many observational problems in astrophysics and is promising for research, the influence of the GB coupling parameter on astrophysical effects is actively studied in the literature. However, this theory has not been tested previously using time effects. The work examines one of the most interesting time effects – the Sagnac effect. Thus, the goal of the work is to study the Sagnac effect in the space-time of a rotating black hole in the four-dimensional EGB theory and obtain a constraint on the GB coupling parameter using observational data of the Sagnac effect. In the most general case, the Sagnac effect is understood as the difference in the time it takes light beams moving in opposite directions to pass through a closed circle. The effect has many applications, is observable on Earth and is taken into account in satellite navigation systems (GPS, GLONASS) when synchronizing time signals.
{"title":"SAGNAC EFFECT IN THE ROTATING BLACK HOLE SPACE-TIME IN THE FOUR-DIMENSIONAL EINSTEIN-GAUSS-BONNET THEORY","authors":"R. Karimov, R.N. Izmailov","doi":"10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-35-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-35-40","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, Glavan and Lin proposed a new four-dimensional theory of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity by rescaling the Gauss-Bonnet (GB) coupling constant ߙ→ ܦ(/ߙ− 4) and adopting the ܦ→ 4 constraint at the level of the equations of motion. The GB coupling constant contributes to the field equations and thus bypasses Lovelock's theorem. This theory preserves the number of degrees of freedom and avoids Ostrogradsky instability. Glavan and Lin obtained an exact solution for nonsingular static and spherically symmetric black holes in the four-dimensional EGB theory of gravity. Later, Kumar and Ghosh applied the Newman-Janis algorithm to the static solution and constructed a solution for a rotating black hole in the 4-dimensional EGB theory of gravity. Since the theory solves many observational problems in astrophysics and is promising for research, the influence of the GB coupling parameter on astrophysical effects is actively studied in the literature. However, this theory has not been tested previously using time effects. The work examines one of the most interesting time effects – the Sagnac effect. Thus, the goal of the work is to study the Sagnac effect in the space-time of a rotating black hole in the four-dimensional EGB theory and obtain a constraint on the GB coupling parameter using observational data of the Sagnac effect. In the most general case, the Sagnac effect is understood as the difference in the time it takes light beams moving in opposite directions to pass through a closed circle. The effect has many applications, is observable on Earth and is taken into account in satellite navigation systems (GPS, GLONASS) when synchronizing time signals.","PeriodicalId":507799,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-41-48
V. Kornilov, D. D. Karamov, A.Yu. Kokhov, E.O. Kvashnina, I.P. Ilyin, A.R. Islamgulov
Currently, there is an increasing interest in the study of polymers in a nanodisperse state. Since polymer materials, as a rule, are heterogeneous systems with a sufficiently variable surface, a correct assessment of their chemical structure, physical properties and morphology is of great scientific and practical importance. Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) have been successfully studied for a long time as nanoscale colloidal particles obtained from polymers. Research on HDPE is most intensively conducted in the field of nanomedicine, and the possible application of HDPE in the field of optoelectronics, photonics, gadgets, sensors, sensors, and new nanocomposites is of great interest to researchers. An independent task is to compare the properties of the HDPE with the properties of a bulk polymer, including the features of its supramolecular structure. Previous studies of the supramolecular structure of PDFs have suggested that charge transfer in the polymer during resistive switching occurs along the grids of intergranular boundaries. This paper presents the results of an experimental study of polymer nanoparticles on different substrates by atomic force microscopy. The main metrological parameters of polymer nanoparticles were determined, the results were compared with the available data on the supramolecular structure of polymer films. The possibility of using atomic force microscopy techniques to visualize polymer nanoparticles on dif- ferent substrates has been demonstrated. Using the AFM method with a conductive probe, it was found that in some cases, during the aggregation of nanoparticles on a metal substrate, charge transfer is realized along separate nanometer-sized sections. The conducting channels in the current image have the form of separate points with a height corresponding to the locally flowing current. It was found that the arrangement of the observed channels correlates well with the model of conductivity along the grain boundaries of the supramolecular structure of the polymer. The issues of interpretation of current images of polymer nanoparticles and the physical model of charge transfer in polymer nanostructures are discussed. The work was carried out with the support of the Mirror Labora- tories project of the National Research University Higher School of Economics and an intra-university grant from the Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla.
目前，人们对纳米分散状态聚合物的研究兴趣与日俱增。由于聚合物材料通常是表面变化很大的异质系统，因此正确评估其化学结构、物理性质和形态具有重要的科学和实际意义。聚合物纳米粒子（PNPs）作为从聚合物中获得的纳米级胶体粒子，已经成功研究了很长时间。高密度聚乙烯的研究在纳米医学领域开展得最为深入，而高密度聚乙烯在光电子学、光子学、小工具、传感器、感应器和新型纳米复合材料领域的可能应用也引起了研究人员的极大兴趣。一项独立的任务是将高密度聚乙烯的特性与块状聚合物的特性进行比较，包括其超分子结构的特征。以往对 PDF 超分子结构的研究表明，在电阻转换过程中，聚合物中的电荷转移是沿着晶间界的网格进行的。本文介绍了利用原子力显微镜对不同基底上的聚合物纳米颗粒进行实验研究的结果。确定了聚合物纳米粒子的主要计量参数，并将结果与现有的聚合物薄膜超分子结构数据进行了比较。使用原子力显微镜技术对不同基底上的聚合物纳米粒子进行可视化的可能性已经得到证实。使用带有导电探针的原子力显微镜方法发现，在某些情况下，纳米粒子在金属基底上聚集时，电荷会沿着独立的纳米尺寸部分转移。电流图像中的导电通道呈现出独立点的形式，其高度与局部流动的电流相对应。研究发现，观察到的通道排列与沿聚合物超分子结构晶界的导电模型十分吻合。讨论了聚合物纳米粒子电流图像的解释问题和聚合物纳米结构中电荷转移的物理模型。这项工作是在国立研究大学高等经济学院 "镜像实验室 "项目和以 M. Akmulla 命名的巴什基尔国立师范大学的校内资助下完成的。
{"title":"PREPARATION AND STUDY OF POLYMER NANOPARTICLES","authors":"V. Kornilov, D. D. Karamov, A.Yu. Kokhov, E.O. Kvashnina, I.P. Ilyin, A.R. Islamgulov","doi":"10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-41-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-41-48","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, there is an increasing interest in the study of polymers in a nanodisperse state. Since polymer materials, as a rule, are heterogeneous systems with a sufficiently variable surface, a correct assessment of their chemical structure, physical properties and morphology is of great scientific and practical importance. Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) have been successfully studied for a long time as nanoscale colloidal particles obtained from polymers. Research on HDPE is most intensively conducted in the field of nanomedicine, and the possible application of HDPE in the field of optoelectronics, photonics, gadgets, sensors, sensors, and new nanocomposites is of great interest to researchers. An independent task is to compare the properties of the HDPE with the properties of a bulk polymer, including the features of its supramolecular structure. Previous studies of the supramolecular structure of PDFs have suggested that charge transfer in the polymer during resistive switching occurs along the grids of intergranular boundaries. This paper presents the results of an experimental study of polymer nanoparticles on different substrates by atomic force microscopy. The main metrological parameters of polymer nanoparticles were determined, the results were compared with the available data on the supramolecular structure of polymer films. The possibility of using atomic force microscopy techniques to visualize polymer nanoparticles on dif- ferent substrates has been demonstrated. Using the AFM method with a conductive probe, it was found that in some cases, during the aggregation of nanoparticles on a metal substrate, charge transfer is realized along separate nanometer-sized sections. The conducting channels in the current image have the form of separate points with a height corresponding to the locally flowing current. It was found that the arrangement of the observed channels correlates well with the model of conductivity along the grain boundaries of the supramolecular structure of the polymer. The issues of interpretation of current images of polymer nanoparticles and the physical model of charge transfer in polymer nanostructures are discussed. The work was carried out with the support of the Mirror Labora- tories project of the National Research University Higher School of Economics and an intra-university grant from the Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla.","PeriodicalId":507799,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-61-66
V.Kh. Ilyasov, A. N. Lachinov, D. D. Karamov
The depolarization currents of multilayer polymer films of polydiphenylene phthalide were measured using the thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) method in the range from 170 to 400 K. The solution concentration was 2.5 and 5 wt.%. Each layer of polymer film was pre-dried at room temperature, then annealed in an oven. The number of layers of polymer film was 1, 2, 3 and 7 layers for 2.5 wt.%. and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 layers for 5 wt.%. The polarizing electric field strength was 2.5 × 105 V/cm. The rate of temperature change was 5 K/min. Based on experimental data, the dependence of the temperature of the position of the maximum peak of the depolarization current, the maximum values of the peaks of the depolarization currents, the values of the released charge and the activation energy of relaxation processes on the number of layers of the polymer film is shown. The temperature dependences of depolarization currents revealed two regions for a solution concentration of 2.5 wt.%. and one area for 5 wt.%. The first region is interpreted in the dipole charge approximation. The second region is explained by the presence of a wide distribution of traps occupied by injected charges. Interlayer polarization is observed in inhomogeneous dielectrics and is caused by differences in the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of individual particles (or microparticles) of the dielectric. In such dielectrics, when an electric field is applied at the interface between its various components, charge will accumulate, which is equivalent to the creation of polarization. The results for the temperature dependences of the TSD currents of the samples showed that the total accumulated charge in the volume increases as the number of polymer layers increases. The reason for such a high concentration of trapped charges is most likely due to the presence of a wide distribution of traps occupied by injected charges. Moreover, the magnitude of the released charge is greater for samples prepared from a polymer solution with 2.5 wt. % This effect depends on the thickness of the polymer films. Namely, the thinner the films, the more charged particles penetrate the interface between the films.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF THE THICKNESS OF POLYDIPHENYLENE PHTHALIDE FILMS ON THE SPECTRUM OF DEPOLARIZATION CURRENTS OF MULTILAYER STRUCTURES","authors":"V.Kh. Ilyasov, A. N. Lachinov, D. D. Karamov","doi":"10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-61-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-61-66","url":null,"abstract":"The depolarization currents of multilayer polymer films of polydiphenylene phthalide were measured using the thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) method in the range from 170 to 400 K. The solution concentration was 2.5 and 5 wt.%. Each layer of polymer film was pre-dried at room temperature, then annealed in an oven. The number of layers of polymer film was 1, 2, 3 and 7 layers for 2.5 wt.%. and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 layers for 5 wt.%. The polarizing electric field strength was 2.5 × 105 V/cm. The rate of temperature change was 5 K/min. Based on experimental data, the dependence of the temperature of the position of the maximum peak of the depolarization current, the maximum values of the peaks of the depolarization currents, the values of the released charge and the activation energy of relaxation processes on the number of layers of the polymer film is shown. The temperature dependences of depolarization currents revealed two regions for a solution concentration of 2.5 wt.%. and one area for 5 wt.%. The first region is interpreted in the dipole charge approximation. The second region is explained by the presence of a wide distribution of traps occupied by injected charges. Interlayer polarization is observed in inhomogeneous dielectrics and is caused by differences in the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of individual particles (or microparticles) of the dielectric. In such dielectrics, when an electric field is applied at the interface between its various components, charge will accumulate, which is equivalent to the creation of polarization. The results for the temperature dependences of the TSD currents of the samples showed that the total accumulated charge in the volume increases as the number of polymer layers increases. The reason for such a high concentration of trapped charges is most likely due to the presence of a wide distribution of traps occupied by injected charges. Moreover, the magnitude of the released charge is greater for samples prepared from a polymer solution with 2.5 wt. % This effect depends on the thickness of the polymer films. Namely, the thinner the films, the more charged particles penetrate the interface between the films.","PeriodicalId":507799,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-49-54
G. Baibulova, D. D. Karamov, A. F. Galiev, A.B. Chebotareva, V. Shaposhnikova, S. Salazkin, A. N. Lachinov
In this work model compounds for copolymers of polyarylene ether ketones (co-PAEK) were modeled and analyzed, and optical and electrophysical studies were carried out. Quantum chemical calculations of the structures were carried out using the density functional theory (DFT) method in the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) approximation. The optical properties of the films were studied using the optical absorption method in the UV-visible region. The study of the current-voltage characteristics and time dependences was carried out on the MPI ETS50 probe station.
{"title":"STUDY OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF COPOLYARYLENE ETHER KETONE","authors":"G. Baibulova, D. D. Karamov, A. F. Galiev, A.B. Chebotareva, V. Shaposhnikova, S. Salazkin, A. N. Lachinov","doi":"10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-49-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-49-54","url":null,"abstract":"In this work model compounds for copolymers of polyarylene ether ketones (co-PAEK) were modeled and analyzed, and optical and electrophysical studies were carried out. Quantum chemical calculations of the structures were carried out using the density functional theory (DFT) method in the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) approximation. The optical properties of the films were studied using the optical absorption method in the UV-visible region. The study of the current-voltage characteristics and time dependences was carried out on the MPI ETS50 probe station.","PeriodicalId":507799,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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