Closure timing of the northeastern Proto-Tethyan Ocean between the Qilian-Qinling Terranes and the North China Block remains unsolved, with assumptions ranging from end-Ordovician to the Devonian. To address this issue, integrated studies of stratigraphy and geochronology were conducted on Late Ordovician strata in the southwestern Ordos, which recorded the earliest tectonic transition from passive margin to foreland basin in the westernmost North China Block. Stratigraphic and paleontologic syntheses demonstrate that pre-Katian strata are shallow-marine deposits dominated by benthonic faunas. Meanwhile, Katian successions above a paraconformity are characterized by deep-water debrites and turbidites containing abundant planktonic graptolites. Provenance analysis reveals an evolving source from the North China Block basement to the Qilian-Qinling arc terranes at the beginning of Katian (ca. 450 Ma). Detrital zircons from pre-Katian quartz arenites yield ages of ca. 1600–2800 Ma, significantly older than their depositional timing. In contrast, Katian turbidites in the southwestern Ordos and the North Qilian Orogen display similar age patterns dominated by ca. 450–900 Ma ages. These clues imply a basin-filling shift from passive margin to underfilled foreland, separated by forebulge unconformity formation at Sandbian-Katian boundary. Stratigraphic correlation further suggests that sequence of foreland basin-infill transitions was broadly simultaneous along strike more than ~1200 km across the southwestern North China Block, including forebulge flexural uplift, followed by rapid shallow shelf drowning to abyssal plain, until arrival and superimposition of arc-derived turbidites. Along-strike synchronicity of orogenic activities implies that closure of the northeastern Proto-Tethys was nearly synchronous. The L-shaped orogen-parallel foreland encompassing the southwestern North China Block unveils oroclinal bending of the Qilian-Qinling collision belt, which still dominates the geology of present northeastern Tibet. Our new insights provide a stratigraphic constraint for the timing and mode of the initial elimination of the northeastern Proto-Tethys.
祁连-秦岭地块与华北地块之间的原泰西洋东北部的封闭时间仍未解决，其假设范围从奥陶纪末到泥盆纪。为了解决这个问题，我们对鄂尔多斯西南部的晚奥陶世地层进行了地层学和地质年代学的综合研究，该地层记录了华北地块最西部从被动边缘到前陆盆地的最早构造转变。地层学和古生物学综合研究表明，前卡蒂期地层是以底栖动物为主的浅海沉积。与此同时，在一个准地层之上的卡蒂亚期演替则以深水碎屑岩和浊积岩为特征，其中含有丰富的浮游爬行动物。成因分析表明，在片纪初期（约450Ma），华北地块基底到祁连-秦岭弧地层的来源不断演化。前喀斯特石英围岩的锆英石年龄约为1600-2800Ma，明显早于其沉积时间。相比之下，鄂尔多斯西南部和北祁连造山带的喀斯特浊积岩显示出类似的年龄模式，以约 450-900 Ma 的年龄为主。这些线索暗示了盆地充填从被动边缘向充填不足的前陆转变，并在沙北-喀梯边界被前陆不整合的形成所分隔。地层相关性进一步表明，前陆盆地-充填转换的序列在华北西南地块沿走向超过约1200千米的范围内大体上是同步进行的，包括前陆弯曲隆起，随后浅海陆架迅速淹没至深海平原，直至弧源浊积岩的出现和叠加。造山活动的沿线同步性意味着原特提斯山脉东北部的闭合几乎是同步的。包括华北西南地块在内的 "L "形造山运动平行前陆揭示了祁连-秦岭碰撞带的拗陷，而祁连-秦岭碰撞带在目前西藏东北部的地质中仍占主导地位。我们的新发现为原特提斯山脉东北部最初消亡的时间和模式提供了地层学上的约束。
{"title":"Foreland basin development in response to Proto-Tethyan Ocean closure, western North China Block","authors":"Jiaopeng Sun, Yunpeng Dong","doi":"10.1130/ges02725.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02725.1","url":null,"abstract":"Closure timing of the northeastern Proto-Tethyan Ocean between the Qilian-Qinling Terranes and the North China Block remains unsolved, with assumptions ranging from end-Ordovician to the Devonian. To address this issue, integrated studies of stratigraphy and geochronology were conducted on Late Ordovician strata in the southwestern Ordos, which recorded the earliest tectonic transition from passive margin to foreland basin in the westernmost North China Block. Stratigraphic and paleontologic syntheses demonstrate that pre-Katian strata are shallow-marine deposits dominated by benthonic faunas. Meanwhile, Katian successions above a paraconformity are characterized by deep-water debrites and turbidites containing abundant planktonic graptolites. Provenance analysis reveals an evolving source from the North China Block basement to the Qilian-Qinling arc terranes at the beginning of Katian (ca. 450 Ma). Detrital zircons from pre-Katian quartz arenites yield ages of ca. 1600–2800 Ma, significantly older than their depositional timing. In contrast, Katian turbidites in the southwestern Ordos and the North Qilian Orogen display similar age patterns dominated by ca. 450–900 Ma ages. These clues imply a basin-filling shift from passive margin to underfilled foreland, separated by forebulge unconformity formation at Sandbian-Katian boundary. Stratigraphic correlation further suggests that sequence of foreland basin-infill transitions was broadly simultaneous along strike more than ~1200 km across the southwestern North China Block, including forebulge flexural uplift, followed by rapid shallow shelf drowning to abyssal plain, until arrival and superimposition of arc-derived turbidites. Along-strike synchronicity of orogenic activities implies that closure of the northeastern Proto-Tethys was nearly synchronous. The L-shaped orogen-parallel foreland encompassing the southwestern North China Block unveils oroclinal bending of the Qilian-Qinling collision belt, which still dominates the geology of present northeastern Tibet. Our new insights provide a stratigraphic constraint for the timing and mode of the initial elimination of the northeastern Proto-Tethys.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140717816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Dong, Zhongfa Zhou, Heng Zhang, Xiaohu Gong, S. Ding, Dan Su, Lihui Yan, Yong Xiong
Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in aquatic environments and is an essential component in the carbon cycle in karst areas. To improve understanding of the carbon cycle in karst caves with heterogeneous hydrological processes, we examined the spatiotemporal variability of DOM composition and further uncovered its source and fate. Results may also provide insights into the feedbacks of organic carbon to carbon sinks in karst regions. In this study, concentrations and compositions of DOM, partial pressure of aqueous carbon dioxide (pCO2), dissolved inorganic carbon, and other physicochemical parameters were investigated in a karst cave at Mahuang, Southwest China. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy was coupled with multiple statistical analyses to identify the compositional variations and potential fates of DOM in cave waters. The results showed that DOM dynamics were regulated by both terrigenous and biogenic drivers under the control of meteorological conditions. With higher air temperature, precipitation, and microbial activity, fulvic fractions were consumed to generate CO2, leading to the accumulation of refractory DOM in cave waters and changing the hydrochemical features. When temperature and precipitation decreased, DOM was dominated by lignin fractions, which served as an indicator of terrestrial inputs and vascular plants, suggesting variation in the preferential fraction of biological consumption. In addition, different hydrological path patterns influenced DOM properties in cave waters due to differences in recharging, the leaching process, and subsurface reworking. Thus, hydrology could serve as an important constraint on the coupling between dissolved organic and inorganic carbon.
天然溶解有机物（DOM）在水生环境中无处不在，是岩溶地区碳循环的重要组成部分。为了更好地了解具有异质水文过程的岩溶洞穴中的碳循环，我们研究了溶解有机物成分的时空变异性，并进一步揭示了其来源和归宿。研究结果还有助于深入了解岩溶地区有机碳对碳汇的反馈作用。本研究调查了中国西南部麻黄岩溶洞穴中DOM的浓度和组成、水体二氧化碳分压（pCO2）、溶解无机碳以及其他物理化学参数。紫外-可见吸收光谱与多种统计分析相结合，确定了溶洞水体中 DOM 的组成变化和潜在命运。结果表明，在气象条件的控制下，溶解氧的动态受土著和生物驱动因素的调节。随着气温、降水量和微生物活动的增加，富里酸组分被消耗，生成二氧化碳，导致难溶解 DOM 在洞穴水体中积累，并改变了水化学特征。当温度和降水量降低时，DOM 以木质素部分为主，而木质素是陆地输入和维管植物的指标，这表明生物消耗的优先部分存在差异。此外，由于补给、浸出过程和地下再加工的不同，不同的水文路径模式影响了洞穴水体中 DOM 的性质。因此，水文可能是溶解有机碳和无机碳之间耦合的重要制约因素。
{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of dissolved organic matter in subtropical karst cave waters identified by optical properties","authors":"Hui Dong, Zhongfa Zhou, Heng Zhang, Xiaohu Gong, S. Ding, Dan Su, Lihui Yan, Yong Xiong","doi":"10.1130/ges02724.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02724.1","url":null,"abstract":"Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in aquatic environments and is an essential component in the carbon cycle in karst areas. To improve understanding of the carbon cycle in karst caves with heterogeneous hydrological processes, we examined the spatiotemporal variability of DOM composition and further uncovered its source and fate. Results may also provide insights into the feedbacks of organic carbon to carbon sinks in karst regions. In this study, concentrations and compositions of DOM, partial pressure of aqueous carbon dioxide (pCO2), dissolved inorganic carbon, and other physicochemical parameters were investigated in a karst cave at Mahuang, Southwest China. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy was coupled with multiple statistical analyses to identify the compositional variations and potential fates of DOM in cave waters. The results showed that DOM dynamics were regulated by both terrigenous and biogenic drivers under the control of meteorological conditions. With higher air temperature, precipitation, and microbial activity, fulvic fractions were consumed to generate CO2, leading to the accumulation of refractory DOM in cave waters and changing the hydrochemical features. When temperature and precipitation decreased, DOM was dominated by lignin fractions, which served as an indicator of terrestrial inputs and vascular plants, suggesting variation in the preferential fraction of biological consumption. In addition, different hydrological path patterns influenced DOM properties in cave waters due to differences in recharging, the leaching process, and subsurface reworking. Thus, hydrology could serve as an important constraint on the coupling between dissolved organic and inorganic carbon.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140716469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian D. Rodriguez, D. Yager, Eric D. Anderson, Bennett E. Hoogenboom, Robert L. Runkel, Bruce D. Smith, M. Deszcz-Pan
Magnetotelluric (MT) and audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) data are used to better understand the subsurface geology and mineral resources in the San Juan–Silverton caldera complex located near Silverton, Colorado, western United States, as part of the extensive southern Rocky Mountains volcanic field that covers much of southwestern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Seven MT and AMT profiles of varying lengths image resistivity structure to depths of ~5 km. The AMT inversion models characterize geophysical responses of near-surface lithologies, structures, and mineralized systems and also help corroborate airborne electromagnetic data at shallow levels. The MT inversion models extend our depth of investigation from near the surface to great depths (~5 km) and help to form hypotheses about roots of the hydrothermal plumbing that fed shallower mineralized systems. Subsurface high resistivities occur beneath intermediate-composition lava flows and Proterozoic units. Subsurface moderate- to low-resistivity values may reflect hydrothermal plumbing that served as flow paths for mineralizing fluids and metallic ore formation. The model interpretations presented in this study could be utilized in remediation planning or mineral resource applications. The methods used could be applied to other watersheds with similar volcanic environments containing acid-generating historical mines or hydrothermally altered and mineralized source rocks.
{"title":"Deep resistivity geophysics of the San Juan–Silverton caldera complex, San Juan County, Colorado (USA)","authors":"Brian D. Rodriguez, D. Yager, Eric D. Anderson, Bennett E. Hoogenboom, Robert L. Runkel, Bruce D. Smith, M. Deszcz-Pan","doi":"10.1130/ges02550.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02550.1","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetotelluric (MT) and audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) data are used to better understand the subsurface geology and mineral resources in the San Juan–Silverton caldera complex located near Silverton, Colorado, western United States, as part of the extensive southern Rocky Mountains volcanic field that covers much of southwestern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Seven MT and AMT profiles of varying lengths image resistivity structure to depths of ~5 km. The AMT inversion models characterize geophysical responses of near-surface lithologies, structures, and mineralized systems and also help corroborate airborne electromagnetic data at shallow levels. The MT inversion models extend our depth of investigation from near the surface to great depths (~5 km) and help to form hypotheses about roots of the hydrothermal plumbing that fed shallower mineralized systems. Subsurface high resistivities occur beneath intermediate-composition lava flows and Proterozoic units. Subsurface moderate- to low-resistivity values may reflect hydrothermal plumbing that served as flow paths for mineralizing fluids and metallic ore formation. The model interpretations presented in this study could be utilized in remediation planning or mineral resource applications. The methods used could be applied to other watersheds with similar volcanic environments containing acid-generating historical mines or hydrothermally altered and mineralized source rocks.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":"2005 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140718598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spatial skills, which represent the ability to visualize and imagine manipulating objects in one’s mind, are necessary for success in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and are particularly relied upon by geoscientists. Although scholars recognize the importance of these skills, explicit training is inconsistently offered throughout courses. Furthermore, the relationship between spatial training and students’ perspectives on STEM fields is underexplored. To address this, we developed a case study that included over 700 students enrolled in introductory geology classes over three semesters. These students were randomly divided into control and experimental groups; the experimental group completed 10 spatial training assignments, and the control group completed the course as usual. We relied on situated expectancy-value theory to interpret changes in students’ perceptions of both the course and science overall, and asked the following research questions: (1) Do students who complete the spatial training assignments (i.e., the experimental group) have a statistically significant improvement in their final course grade, self-efficacy, and/or value when compared to the control group? (2) If so, what are the effect sizes of these changes? (3) Is there a minimum number of trainings that need to be completed to achieve this effect? (4) Is there a maximum number of spatial training assignments where we stop seeing improvement (ceiling effect)? We surveyed all students enrolled using 38-question pre- and post-assessments of their self-efficacy, defined as a belief in their ability to succeed, and value. We found that between the control and experimental groups, there were significant differences in students’ pre- to post-changes in perception of science self-efficacy, class self-efficacy, and class value. We found non-significant between-group differences in final grade and science value. We interpret this to mean that using weekly spatial training assignments could increase students’ perceived self-efficacy in their introductory geology course as well as in science more broadly, potentially having ripple effects that support students’ long-term engagement with the sciences. Findings suggest that practitioners should include explicit spatial training in their courses to improve students’ perceptions of the course and science overall. Building on this work may include describing to students the purpose of spatial training (which was deliberately avoided in this study) and outlining the research that supports the relationship between spatial skills and success in STEM fields. Future directions may also include longitudinal tracking of spatial and related skill development throughout students’ college careers.
{"title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial training for introductory geology students","authors":"Annie Klyce, K. Ryker","doi":"10.1130/ges02663.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02663.1","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial skills, which represent the ability to visualize and imagine manipulating objects in one’s mind, are necessary for success in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and are particularly relied upon by geoscientists. Although scholars recognize the importance of these skills, explicit training is inconsistently offered throughout courses. Furthermore, the relationship between spatial training and students’ perspectives on STEM fields is underexplored. To address this, we developed a case study that included over 700 students enrolled in introductory geology classes over three semesters. These students were randomly divided into control and experimental groups; the experimental group completed 10 spatial training assignments, and the control group completed the course as usual. We relied on situated expectancy-value theory to interpret changes in students’ perceptions of both the course and science overall, and asked the following research questions: (1) Do students who complete the spatial training assignments (i.e., the experimental group) have a statistically significant improvement in their final course grade, self-efficacy, and/or value when compared to the control group? (2) If so, what are the effect sizes of these changes? (3) Is there a minimum number of trainings that need to be completed to achieve this effect? (4) Is there a maximum number of spatial training assignments where we stop seeing improvement (ceiling effect)?\u0000 We surveyed all students enrolled using 38-question pre- and post-assessments of their self-efficacy, defined as a belief in their ability to succeed, and value. We found that between the control and experimental groups, there were significant differences in students’ pre- to post-changes in perception of science self-efficacy, class self-efficacy, and class value. We found non-significant between-group differences in final grade and science value. We interpret this to mean that using weekly spatial training assignments could increase students’ perceived self-efficacy in their introductory geology course as well as in science more broadly, potentially having ripple effects that support students’ long-term engagement with the sciences.\u0000 Findings suggest that practitioners should include explicit spatial training in their courses to improve students’ perceptions of the course and science overall. Building on this work may include describing to students the purpose of spatial training (which was deliberately avoided in this study) and outlining the research that supports the relationship between spatial skills and success in STEM fields. Future directions may also include longitudinal tracking of spatial and related skill development throughout students’ college careers.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":"47 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140077167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Bailey, P. Reiners, G. Ferguson, Jennifer McIntosh, Ji‐Hyun Kim, Sidney Hemming
Erosion may modify the architecture of subsurface flow systems by removing confining units and changing topography to influence patterns of fluid circulation or by inducing gas exsolution from subsurface fluids, influencing compositional and buoyancy patterns in flow systems. Here, we examine the geologic record of subsurface flow in the sedimentary rocks of the Paradox Basin in the Colorado Plateau (southwestern USA), including the distribution and ages of Fe- and Mn-oxide deposits and bleached, former red-bed sandstones. We compare our results to those of previous geo- and thermochronology studies that documented as much as 2 km of erosional exhumation at ca. 3–4 Ma and Fe-and Mn-oxide precipitation at 3.6 Ma along fault zones in the region. We used (U-Th)/He and K-Ar dating to document two new records of subsurface flow of reduced fluids between 3 and 4 Ma. The first is precipitation of Mn-oxides along the Moab fault (Utah, USA) at 3.9 ± 0.2 Ma. The second is clay mineralization associated with laterally extensive bleaching in the Curtis Formation, which we dated using K-Arillite age analysis to 3.60 ± 0.03 Ma. The coincidence of the timing of bleaching, Fe- and Mn-oxide formation in multiple locations, and erosional exhumation at 3–4 Ma raises the question of how surface erosion may have induced a phase of fluid flow in the subsurface. We suggest that recent erosion of the Colorado Plateau created steep topographic gradients that enhanced regional groundwater flow, whereby meteoric water circulation flushed reduced fluids toward discharge zones. Dissolved gases, transported from hydrocarbon reservoirs, also may have been exsolved by rapid depressurization.
{"title":"Pliocene subsurface fluid flow driven by rapid erosional exhumation of the Colorado Plateau, southwestern USA","authors":"L. Bailey, P. Reiners, G. Ferguson, Jennifer McIntosh, Ji‐Hyun Kim, Sidney Hemming","doi":"10.1130/ges02634.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02634.1","url":null,"abstract":"Erosion may modify the architecture of subsurface flow systems by removing confining units and changing topography to influence patterns of fluid circulation or by inducing gas exsolution from subsurface fluids, influencing compositional and buoyancy patterns in flow systems. Here, we examine the geologic record of subsurface flow in the sedimentary rocks of the Paradox Basin in the Colorado Plateau (southwestern USA), including the distribution and ages of Fe- and Mn-oxide deposits and bleached, former red-bed sandstones. We compare our results to those of previous geo- and thermochronology studies that documented as much as 2 km of erosional exhumation at ca. 3–4 Ma and Fe-and Mn-oxide precipitation at 3.6 Ma along fault zones in the region.\u0000 We used (U-Th)/He and K-Ar dating to document two new records of subsurface flow of reduced fluids between 3 and 4 Ma. The first is precipitation of Mn-oxides along the Moab fault (Utah, USA) at 3.9 ± 0.2 Ma. The second is clay mineralization associated with laterally extensive bleaching in the Curtis Formation, which we dated using K-Arillite age analysis to 3.60 ± 0.03 Ma. The coincidence of the timing of bleaching, Fe- and Mn-oxide formation in multiple locations, and erosional exhumation at 3–4 Ma raises the question of how surface erosion may have induced a phase of fluid flow in the subsurface. We suggest that recent erosion of the Colorado Plateau created steep topographic gradients that enhanced regional groundwater flow, whereby meteoric water circulation flushed reduced fluids toward discharge zones. Dissolved gases, transported from hydrocarbon reservoirs, also may have been exsolved by rapid depressurization.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":"42 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140076976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catheryn H. Ryan, Mariek E. Schmidt, Gordon R. Osinski, Erica A. Massey
Basaltic hydrovolcanic environments on Earth produce abundant glass (sideromelane), which readily alters and acts as an important source of chemical energy for lithotrophic microorganisms; as such, these sites are significant for potential origins-of-life and early life research. Similar environments were identified on Mars and should be considered potential targets for astrobiological investigation. Pleistocene to recent phreatomagmatic and glaciovolcanic structures on Earth include tuff cones, tuff rings, maars, tuyas, and tindars. Such hydrovolcanic deposits contain abundant glass that is variably hydrothermally altered, and some areas contain published evidence of putative microbial habitation and microbially mediated alteration, including microtubules and granular alteration. We analyzed the literature on terrestrial hydrovolcanic environments and created a global database of 45 volcanic fields on Earth with compositions, alteration histories, and structures relevant to Mars. These sites have geochemistry, mineralogy, and syn- and post-eruptive environmental conditions that make them suitable targets for Mars-analogue astrobiological research. Relevant alteration products include palagonite, zeolites, clays, and calcite. Seven of these sites have evidence of microbially mediated alteration, which could be considered a useful biosignature in a Mars-analogue context. The sites are Wells Gray–Clearwater Volcanic Field, Canada; Fort Rock Volcanic Field, Western Snake River Plain Volcanic Field, and Upsal Hogback, USA; Reykjanes Volcanic Field and Western Volcanic Zone, Iceland; and Carapace Nunatak, Antarctica. Based on the properties of these already confirmed sites, along with comparing the remaining 38 Earth volcanic fields to volcanic rocks on Mars, we recommend 11 volcanic fields in particular from our database for future investigations: Auckland and South Auckland volcanic fields, New Zealand; O’ahu, Black Rock Desert, and Black Point, USA; Tuya Volcanic Field, Canada; Karapınar Volcanic Field, Türkiye; Vestmannaeyjar Archipelago, Iceland; Llancanelo Volcanic Field, Argentina; São Miguel Volcanic Field, Azores; and Icefall Nunatak, Antarctica. We recommend reviewing palagonitized tuff samples from these sites for evidence of microbial alteration, in addition to performing geochemical and mineralogical analyses to constrain their magmatic and alteration properties. By studying the rock record of hydrovolcanic environments on Earth to infer habitability and biological alteration, we contribute to establishing the conditions favorable for the origination, survival, and proliferation of life in a Mars-relevant setting.
{"title":"A global database of Mars-relevant hydrovolcanic environments on Earth with potential biosignature preservation","authors":"Catheryn H. Ryan, Mariek E. Schmidt, Gordon R. Osinski, Erica A. Massey","doi":"10.1130/ges02712.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02712.1","url":null,"abstract":"Basaltic hydrovolcanic environments on Earth produce abundant glass (sideromelane), which readily alters and acts as an important source of chemical energy for lithotrophic microorganisms; as such, these sites are significant for potential origins-of-life and early life research. Similar environments were identified on Mars and should be considered potential targets for astrobiological investigation. Pleistocene to recent phreatomagmatic and glaciovolcanic structures on Earth include tuff cones, tuff rings, maars, tuyas, and tindars. Such hydrovolcanic deposits contain abundant glass that is variably hydrothermally altered, and some areas contain published evidence of putative microbial habitation and microbially mediated alteration, including microtubules and granular alteration. We analyzed the literature on terrestrial hydrovolcanic environments and created a global database of 45 volcanic fields on Earth with compositions, alteration histories, and structures relevant to Mars. These sites have geochemistry, mineralogy, and syn- and post-eruptive environmental conditions that make them suitable targets for Mars-analogue astrobiological research. Relevant alteration products include palagonite, zeolites, clays, and calcite.\u0000 Seven of these sites have evidence of microbially mediated alteration, which could be considered a useful biosignature in a Mars-analogue context. The sites are Wells Gray–Clearwater Volcanic Field, Canada; Fort Rock Volcanic Field, Western Snake River Plain Volcanic Field, and Upsal Hogback, USA; Reykjanes Volcanic Field and Western Volcanic Zone, Iceland; and Carapace Nunatak, Antarctica. Based on the properties of these already confirmed sites, along with comparing the remaining 38 Earth volcanic fields to volcanic rocks on Mars, we recommend 11 volcanic fields in particular from our database for future investigations: Auckland and South Auckland volcanic fields, New Zealand; O’ahu, Black Rock Desert, and Black Point, USA; Tuya Volcanic Field, Canada; Karapınar Volcanic Field, Türkiye; Vestmannaeyjar Archipelago, Iceland; Llancanelo Volcanic Field, Argentina; São Miguel Volcanic Field, Azores; and Icefall Nunatak, Antarctica.\u0000 We recommend reviewing palagonitized tuff samples from these sites for evidence of microbial alteration, in addition to performing geochemical and mineralogical analyses to constrain their magmatic and alteration properties. By studying the rock record of hydrovolcanic environments on Earth to infer habitability and biological alteration, we contribute to establishing the conditions favorable for the origination, survival, and proliferation of life in a Mars-relevant setting.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139595062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Abdelhaleem, Wanda J. Taylor, Andrew Reid, Nathan G. Reed
The interactions among dip-slip and strike-slip faults are critical features in rift segmentation, including strain and slip transfer between faults of different rift segments. Here, we focused on the influence of factors such as fault and fracture geometries, kinematics, and local stress fields on the interaction and linkage of synchronous strike-slip and normal faults. Well-exposed faults along the tectonically active boundary between the central and northern Basin and Range provided for both reliable geometric data and consideration of rift segment development. We documented relative ages and distributions of Quaternary deposits, scarps, and geometries of three ~20–65-km-long Quaternary faults: the N-striking, normal Coyote Spring fault; the ENE-striking, left-lateral Kane Springs Wash fault; and the N-striking, normal Wildcat Wash fault. The normal faults bend to accommodate slip-type differences across linkage zones, with the strike-slip fault and local processes influencing interactions. Influenced by the local stress field of the Kane Springs Wash fault, the Coyote Spring fault bends SE as it approaches and links to the Kane Springs Wash fault. Influenced by the off-fault or process-zone fractures of the Kane Springs Wash fault, the Wildcat Wash fault bends NE and links with the Kane Springs Wash fault. The Kane Springs Wash fault continues beyond the normal fault terminations, suggesting slip transfer between them via the Kane Springs Wash fault. These relations and the ages of offset units suggest that activity on the faults was approximately synchronous despite slip-type differences. Consequently, in slip transfer, the local strike-slip stress environment and off-fault fractures influenced the geometry of the normal fault terminations; the strike-slip fault formed a boundary to dip-slip fault propagation; and this boundary facilitated kinematic and geodetic segmentation, forming a Basin and Range rift segment boundary.
倾滑断层和走向滑动断层之间的相互作用是断裂分段的关键特征，包括不同断裂段断层之间的应变和滑移传递。在此，我们重点研究了断层和断裂几何形状、运动学和局部应力场等因素对同步走向滑动断层和正断层的相互作用和联系的影响。盆地和山脉中部与北部之间构造活跃边界沿线的断层暴露良好，这为我们提供了可靠的几何数据，并考虑了裂谷段的发展。我们记录了三条长约 20-65 千米的第四纪断层的相对年龄、第四纪沉积分布、疤痕和几何形状：北向走向的正断层 Coyote Spring 断层；ENE 走向的左侧 Kane Springs Wash 断层；以及北向走向的正断层 Wildcat Wash 断层。正断层弯曲以适应各连接区的滑动类型差异，而走向滑动断层和当地过程则影响着相互作用。受 Kane Springs Wash 断层当地应力场的影响，Coyote Spring 断层在接近 Kane Springs Wash 断层并与之相连时向东南弯曲。受凯恩泉冲洗断层的断层外或加工带断裂的影响，野猫泉冲洗断层向东北弯曲，并与凯恩泉冲洗断层相连。Kane Springs Wash 断层一直延伸到正常断层末端之外，这表明它们之间的滑移是通过 Kane Springs Wash 断层进行的。这些关系和偏移单元的年龄表明，尽管滑动类型不同，但断层上的活动大致同步。因此，在滑移转移过程中，当地的走向滑动应力环境和断层外断裂影响了正断层终端的几何形状；走向滑动断层形成了倾覆滑动断层传播的边界；这一边界促进了运动学和大地测量的分段，形成了盆地和山脉裂谷分段边界。
{"title":"Geometry, kinematics, and mechanics of the interaction between strike-slip and normal faults in active rifts: An example from the Quaternary-active Kane Springs Wash fault zone, Nevada, USA","authors":"S. Abdelhaleem, Wanda J. Taylor, Andrew Reid, Nathan G. Reed","doi":"10.1130/ges02646.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02646.1","url":null,"abstract":"The interactions among dip-slip and strike-slip faults are critical features in rift segmentation, including strain and slip transfer between faults of different rift segments. Here, we focused on the influence of factors such as fault and fracture geometries, kinematics, and local stress fields on the interaction and linkage of synchronous strike-slip and normal faults. Well-exposed faults along the tectonically active boundary between the central and northern Basin and Range provided for both reliable geometric data and consideration of rift segment development. We documented relative ages and distributions of Quaternary deposits, scarps, and geometries of three ~20–65-km-long Quaternary faults: the N-striking, normal Coyote Spring fault; the ENE-striking, left-lateral Kane Springs Wash fault; and the N-striking, normal Wildcat Wash fault.\u0000 The normal faults bend to accommodate slip-type differences across linkage zones, with the strike-slip fault and local processes influencing interactions. Influenced by the local stress field of the Kane Springs Wash fault, the Coyote Spring fault bends SE as it approaches and links to the Kane Springs Wash fault. Influenced by the off-fault or process-zone fractures of the Kane Springs Wash fault, the Wildcat Wash fault bends NE and links with the Kane Springs Wash fault. The Kane Springs Wash fault continues beyond the normal fault terminations, suggesting slip transfer between them via the Kane Springs Wash fault. These relations and the ages of offset units suggest that activity on the faults was approximately synchronous despite slip-type differences. Consequently, in slip transfer, the local strike-slip stress environment and off-fault fractures influenced the geometry of the normal fault terminations; the strike-slip fault formed a boundary to dip-slip fault propagation; and this boundary facilitated kinematic and geodetic segmentation, forming a Basin and Range rift segment boundary.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":"114 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139615634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Di Li, Yigui Han, Dengfa He, Shuoqin Hou, Yu Zhen, Hao Yang
Arc-arc amalgamation occurs during the evolution of composite orogens at convergent plate margins and plays a critical role in controlling accretionary patterns and processes. The eastern Junggar terrane in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt underwent a long-lived subduction-accretion process in the Paleozoic, but whether and how the Yemaquan and Dananhu-Harlik arcs were amalgamated remain debatable. A systematic U-Pb–Hf-O isotopic study was conducted on zircons from Silurian granitic rocks in the Yemaquan arc. The U-Pb dating results suggest that these rocks were emplaced at 433–422 Ma and inherited abundant 536–435 Ma zircons representing a predominant magmatic episode in the Yemaquan arc. Their positive εHf(t) values and young Hf model ages indicate that the Yemaquan arc is dominated by juvenile basement with significant crustal growth during the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic. The variations in zircon Eu/Eu*, εHf(t), and δ18O values reveal that the Yemaquan arc experienced remarkable crustal thickening and remobilization at ca. 450 Ma, similar to the northern Dananhu-Harlik arc, and this was followed by extension that initiated at ca. 420 Ma. These features support the amalgamation of these two arcs occurring ca. 450–420 Ma. Integrated with regional data, we correlated this amalgamation event in the eastern Junggar terrane with the orogenic event in the Chinese Altai terrane, and we propose a middle Paleozoic tectonic evolution model in the eastern Junggar–Altai area from arc assembly to dispersal in association with a transition in accretionary mode. This scenario probably took place as a response to plate reorganization during the breakup of the northern margin of Gondwana.
弧-弧混杂发生在板块边缘汇聚的复合造山带演化过程中，在控制增生模式和过程方面起着至关重要的作用。中亚造山带南部准噶尔地块东部在古生代经历了漫长的俯冲-增生过程，但叶马泉弧和大南湖-哈里克弧是否以及如何汞齐化仍存在争议。对来自野马泉弧志留纪花岗岩的锆石进行了系统的 U-Pb-Hf-O 同位素研究。U-Pb年代测定结果表明，这些岩石成岩于433-422Ma，并继承了大量的536-435Ma锆石，代表了叶马泉弧的主要岩浆活动。这些岩石的εHf(t)正值和年轻的Hf模型年龄表明，在新近纪至古生代早期，野马泉弧以幼年基底为主，地壳生长显著。锆石Eu/Eu*、εHf(t)和δ18O值的变化揭示了野马泉弧在约450Ma时经历了显著的地壳增厚和再动化过程，与丹霞山北麓相似。450 Ma时经历了明显的地壳增厚和再动化，这与大南湖-哈里克弧北部的情况相似，随后在约420 Ma时开始延伸。420 Ma 开始的延伸。这些特征支持了这两个弧在约 450-420 Ma 时的合并。结合区域数据，我们将准噶尔东部地层的这一汞齐事件与中国阿尔泰地层的造山事件联系起来，提出了准噶尔-阿尔泰东部地区中古生代构造演化模式，即从弧形组装到分散，并伴随着增生模式的转变。这种情况很可能是冈瓦纳北缘断裂期间板块重组的反应。
{"title":"Arc-arc amalgamation during accretionary orogenesis: Insights from mid-Paleozoic tectono-magmatic records in eastern Junggar, NW China","authors":"Di Li, Yigui Han, Dengfa He, Shuoqin Hou, Yu Zhen, Hao Yang","doi":"10.1130/ges02694.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02694.1","url":null,"abstract":"Arc-arc amalgamation occurs during the evolution of composite orogens at convergent plate margins and plays a critical role in controlling accretionary patterns and processes. The eastern Junggar terrane in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt underwent a long-lived subduction-accretion process in the Paleozoic, but whether and how the Yemaquan and Dananhu-Harlik arcs were amalgamated remain debatable. A systematic U-Pb–Hf-O isotopic study was conducted on zircons from Silurian granitic rocks in the Yemaquan arc. The U-Pb dating results suggest that these rocks were emplaced at 433–422 Ma and inherited abundant 536–435 Ma zircons representing a predominant magmatic episode in the Yemaquan arc. Their positive εHf(t) values and young Hf model ages indicate that the Yemaquan arc is dominated by juvenile basement with significant crustal growth during the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic. The variations in zircon Eu/Eu*, εHf(t), and δ18O values reveal that the Yemaquan arc experienced remarkable crustal thickening and remobilization at ca. 450 Ma, similar to the northern Dananhu-Harlik arc, and this was followed by extension that initiated at ca. 420 Ma. These features support the amalgamation of these two arcs occurring ca. 450–420 Ma. Integrated with regional data, we correlated this amalgamation event in the eastern Junggar terrane with the orogenic event in the Chinese Altai terrane, and we propose a middle Paleozoic tectonic evolution model in the eastern Junggar–Altai area from arc assembly to dispersal in association with a transition in accretionary mode. This scenario probably took place as a response to plate reorganization during the breakup of the northern margin of Gondwana.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stacey H. Gerasimov, E. Hodgin, James L Crowley, N. Swanson‐Hysell
Miocene strata of the Claremont, Orinda, and Moraga formations of the Berkeley Hills (California Coast Ranges, USA) record sedimentation and volcanism during the passage of the Mendocino triple junction and early evolution of the San Andreas fault system. Detrital zircon laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) age spectra indicate a change in sedimentary provenance between the marine Claremont formation (Monterey Group) and the terrestrial Orinda and Moraga Formations associated with uplift of Franciscan Complex lithologies. A sandstone from the Claremont formation produced a detrital zircon chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) maximum depositional age of 13.298 ± 0.046 Ma, indicating younger Claremont deposition than previously interpreted. A trachydacite tuff clast within the uppermost Orinda Formation yielded a CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon date of 10.094 ± 0.018 Ma, and a dacitic tuff within the Moraga Formation produced a CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon date of 9.974 ± 0.014 Ma. These results indicate rapid progression from subsidence in which deep-water siliceous sediments of the Claremont formation were deposited to uplift that was followed by subsidence during deposition of terrestrial sediments of the Orinda Formation and subsequent eruption of the Moraga Formation volcanics. We associate the Orinda tuff clast and Moraga volcanics with slab-gap volcanism that followed the passage of the Mendocino triple junction. Given the necessary time lag between triple junction passage and the removal of the slab that led to this volcanism, subsidence associated with ca. 13 Ma Claremont sedimentation and subsequent Orinda to Moraga deposition can be attributed to basin formation along the newly arrived transform boundary.
{"title":"Chronostratigraphy of Miocene strata in the Berkeley Hills (California Coast Ranges, USA) and the arrival of the San Andreas transform boundary","authors":"Stacey H. Gerasimov, E. Hodgin, James L Crowley, N. Swanson‐Hysell","doi":"10.1130/ges02650.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02650.1","url":null,"abstract":"Miocene strata of the Claremont, Orinda, and Moraga formations of the Berkeley Hills (California Coast Ranges, USA) record sedimentation and volcanism during the passage of the Mendocino triple junction and early evolution of the San Andreas fault system. Detrital zircon laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) age spectra indicate a change in sedimentary provenance between the marine Claremont formation (Monterey Group) and the terrestrial Orinda and Moraga Formations associated with uplift of Franciscan Complex lithologies. A sandstone from the Claremont formation produced a detrital zircon chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) maximum depositional age of 13.298 ± 0.046 Ma, indicating younger Claremont deposition than previously interpreted. A trachydacite tuff clast within the uppermost Orinda Formation yielded a CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon date of 10.094 ± 0.018 Ma, and a dacitic tuff within the Moraga Formation produced a CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon date of 9.974 ± 0.014 Ma. These results indicate rapid progression from subsidence in which deep-water siliceous sediments of the Claremont formation were deposited to uplift that was followed by subsidence during deposition of terrestrial sediments of the Orinda Formation and subsequent eruption of the Moraga Formation volcanics. We associate the Orinda tuff clast and Moraga volcanics with slab-gap volcanism that followed the passage of the Mendocino triple junction. Given the necessary time lag between triple junction passage and the removal of the slab that led to this volcanism, subsidence associated with ca. 13 Ma Claremont sedimentation and subsequent Orinda to Moraga deposition can be attributed to basin formation along the newly arrived transform boundary.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139445841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiannan Yang, D. Xin, Chuandong Xue, Mengmeng Dong, Lili Jiang
The processes by which lamprophyres and associated carbonatites are generated remain subject to debate. The Wase Basin on the SE Tibetan Plateau contains trachytes, rhyolites, and minor carbonatites that were emplaced at 37–36 Ma. Coeval lamprophyre dikes are widespread in the adjacent regions. Geochemically and petrographically, both the extrusive trachytes and dikes can be classified as lamprophyre. The numerous millimeter-sized SiO2-rich and calcite-rich ocelli that occur within the trachytes and dikes are solidified pseudomorphs of felsic and calcic melt drops, respectively. These ocelli combined with inherited granitic zircons suggest magma mixing between the calcic melt or felsic melt and basaltic melt. Petrographic evidence, mineral compositions, and zircon textures and U-Pb ages (827–682 Ma) suggest that the felsic melt and the calcic melt were generated by rapid H2O-saturated partial melting of Neoproterozoic granite and limestone, respectively, at >800 °C and <2 kbar, according to available experimental data. These melts were separated from each other and were stored at upper crustal depths, forming a zone of transient magma lenses or parcels. Melts mixed when an ascending basaltic magma intersected this zone. Reaction between the basaltic melt and the calcic melt occurred when they mixed, which formed clinopyroxene of predominantly diopside-hedenbergite solid solution. The observed heterogeneity of the upper crust combined with the variable degrees of magma mixing account for the great chemical diversity of the lamprophyres of SE Tibet. This model sheds new light on the petrogenesis of other lamprophyre-carbonatite associations elsewhere.
{"title":"A late Eocene lamprophyre-carbonatite association in the SE Tibetan Plateau: Rapid basalt-induced H2O-saturated partial melting of the upper crust","authors":"Tiannan Yang, D. Xin, Chuandong Xue, Mengmeng Dong, Lili Jiang","doi":"10.1130/ges02639.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02639.1","url":null,"abstract":"The processes by which lamprophyres and associated carbonatites are generated remain subject to debate. The Wase Basin on the SE Tibetan Plateau contains trachytes, rhyolites, and minor carbonatites that were emplaced at 37–36 Ma. Coeval lamprophyre dikes are widespread in the adjacent regions. Geochemically and petrographically, both the extrusive trachytes and dikes can be classified as lamprophyre. The numerous millimeter-sized SiO2-rich and calcite-rich ocelli that occur within the trachytes and dikes are solidified pseudomorphs of felsic and calcic melt drops, respectively. These ocelli combined with inherited granitic zircons suggest magma mixing between the calcic melt or felsic melt and basaltic melt. Petrographic evidence, mineral compositions, and zircon textures and U-Pb ages (827–682 Ma) suggest that the felsic melt and the calcic melt were generated by rapid H2O-saturated partial melting of Neoproterozoic granite and limestone, respectively, at >800 °C and <2 kbar, according to available experimental data. These melts were separated from each other and were stored at upper crustal depths, forming a zone of transient magma lenses or parcels. Melts mixed when an ascending basaltic magma intersected this zone. Reaction between the basaltic melt and the calcic melt occurred when they mixed, which formed clinopyroxene of predominantly diopside-hedenbergite solid solution. The observed heterogeneity of the upper crust combined with the variable degrees of magma mixing account for the great chemical diversity of the lamprophyres of SE Tibet. This model sheds new light on the petrogenesis of other lamprophyre-carbonatite associations elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":507979,"journal":{"name":"Geosphere","volume":"22 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139445539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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