Gennady G. Onishenko, Igor A. Kirillov, S. Borisevich, T. E. Sizikova, V. T. Krotkov
Discontinuation of vaccination after the completion of Smallpox global eradication program led to a sharp decrease in the level of collective immunity not only to smallpox but also to other orthopoxvirus infections. Over the past 10–15 years, the world has seen an increase in the frequency of diseases caused by smallpox viruses of cows, buffaloes, camels. The outbreak of mpox (a disease caused by the monkey pox virus) occurred in 2022–2023. Analysis of the literature data on the organization of the orthopoxvirus genome suggest that smallpox could have occurred in the past as a result of evolutionary changes in the zoonotic progenitor virus. In this regard, there is a threat of a new particularly dangerous anthropozoonosis, the pathogen of which can occur both naturally and artificially. The aim of the review is to analyze open science published data on aerobiological research with OPVs conducted by the U.S. Department of Defense from 1994-2013, which was a period of restricted research and storage of smallpox virus samples. The authors did not find any publications of the results of aerobiological research with orthopoxviruses conducted by the US Department of Defense after 2013 in open scientific sources. The review presents a data analysis in Russian and English-speaking scientist publication as well as those posted on the Internet. The presented results of aerobiological studies with orthopoxviruses indicate the interest of the US military department in carrying out experimental work of dual use, including monitoring of the properties of orthopoxviruses and a possible change in their pathogenicity for humans, selection of optimal laboratory models for studying the properties of orthopoxviruses, and the possibility of modeling the properties of the smallpox virus when using other orthopoxviruses (cowpox virus, rabbit pox virus, monkey pox virus), modeling of the main characteristics of the disease caused by the smallpox virus in humans and evaluation of the effectiveness of existing and newly developed vaccines against smallpox, comparative study of effectiveness of antiviral drugs for regular or post-exposure prophylaxis of naturally occurring smallpox and monkey smallpox.
{"title":"Analysis of aerobiological studies with orthopoxviruses by U.S. Department of Defense","authors":"Gennady G. Onishenko, Igor A. Kirillov, S. Borisevich, T. E. Sizikova, V. T. Krotkov","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-522","url":null,"abstract":"Discontinuation of vaccination after the completion of Smallpox global eradication program led to a sharp decrease in the level of collective immunity not only to smallpox but also to other orthopoxvirus infections. Over the past 10–15 years, the world has seen an increase in the frequency of diseases caused by smallpox viruses of cows, buffaloes, camels. The outbreak of mpox (a disease caused by the monkey pox virus) occurred in 2022–2023. Analysis of the literature data on the organization of the orthopoxvirus genome suggest that smallpox could have occurred in the past as a result of evolutionary changes in the zoonotic progenitor virus. In this regard, there is a threat of a new particularly dangerous anthropozoonosis, the pathogen of which can occur both naturally and artificially. \u0000The aim of the review is to analyze open science published data on aerobiological research with OPVs conducted by the U.S. Department of Defense from 1994-2013, which was a period of restricted research and storage of smallpox virus samples. The authors did not find any publications of the results of aerobiological research with orthopoxviruses conducted by the US Department of Defense after 2013 in open scientific sources. \u0000The review presents a data analysis in Russian and English-speaking scientist publication as well as those posted on the Internet. \u0000The presented results of aerobiological studies with orthopoxviruses indicate the interest of the US military department in carrying out experimental work of dual use, including monitoring of the properties of orthopoxviruses and a possible change in their pathogenicity for humans, selection of optimal laboratory models for studying the properties of orthopoxviruses, and the possibility of modeling the properties of the smallpox virus when using other orthopoxviruses (cowpox virus, rabbit pox virus, monkey pox virus), modeling of the main characteristics of the disease caused by the smallpox virus in humans and evaluation of the effectiveness of existing and newly developed vaccines against smallpox, comparative study of effectiveness of antiviral drugs for regular or post-exposure prophylaxis of naturally occurring smallpox and monkey smallpox.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Voronina, E. A. Koroleva, M. Kunda, N. Ryzhova, E. Aksenova, L. N. Kapotina, S. A. Nelubina, Anna V. Lazareva, Nailya A. Zigangirova
Introduction. Infections of the lower respiratory tract by bacteria of the Pseudomonadota phylum: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia spp., Achromobacter spp. are critical to the quality and life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). When the infection is chronic, eradication of bacteria with existing antibacterial drugs is practically impossible. To explore alternative drugs, trials are needed on bacteria isolated from CF patients and characterized using genomic approaches. The objective of our study was a comparative analysis of virulence factors of 6 isolates of bacteria of the Pseudomonadota phylum and testing the efficacy of the innovative drug Fluorothiazinone (FT) in suppressing the pathogenicity of bacteria in vitro. Materials and methods. Isolates of A. ruhlandii ST36, A. xylosoxidans ST555, B. cepacia ST2140, B. gladioli ST2141, P. aeruginosa ST859 and ST198 were examined using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to search for resistance and virulence determinants. The FT drug was tested for its effect on bacteria in in vitro experiments on cytotoxicity on HeLa cells, motility and biofilm formation. Results. Genomic studies have confirmed the arsenal of resistance determinants, especially the efflux systems of bacteria isolated from patients with CF, and the diversity of virulence factors, among which we identified factors in the categories of motility, signals of quorum-sensing systems, secretion systems, exotoxins, as the most essential for the adaptation of bacteria to conditions of the lower respiratory tract. In vitro tests of the FT drug showed its effectiveness in suppressing cytotoxicity (2.6–4.0 times), motility (2.0–3.6 times) and the process of biofilm formation (2.0–7.7 times). Conclusion. For the first time, the effectiveness of the innovative antibacterial drug Fluorothiazinone has been shown against bacteria of the Pseudomonadota phylum, isolated from chronically infected patients with CF, with the described potential of virulence factors.
导言。假单胞菌门细菌（铜绿假单胞菌、伯克霍尔德氏菌属、阿克罗莫氏菌属）感染下呼吸道对囊性纤维化（CF）患者的生活质量和预期寿命至关重要。如果是慢性感染，用现有的抗菌药物根除细菌几乎是不可能的。为了探索替代药物，需要对从 CF 患者体内分离出来的细菌进行试验，并利用基因组学方法对其进行鉴定。我们的研究目的是比较分析假单胞菌门 6 株分离细菌的致病因子，并测试创新药物氟噻嗪酮（FT）在体外抑制细菌致病性的功效。材料和方法通过全基因组测序和生物信息学分析，对 A. ruhlandii ST36、A. xylosoxidans ST555、B. cepacia ST2140、B. gladioli ST2141、P. aeruginosa ST859 和 ST198 的分离株进行了检测，以寻找耐药性和毒力决定因素。在体外实验中测试了 FT 药物对 HeLa 细胞的细胞毒性、运动性和生物膜形成对细菌的影响。结果。基因组研究证实了抗药性决定因素的多样性，特别是从 CF 患者体内分离出的细菌的外排系统，以及毒力因子的多样性，其中我们确定了运动性、定量感应系统信号、分泌系统、外毒素等类别的因子是细菌适应下呼吸道条件的最基本要素。对 FT 药物的体外测试表明，它能有效抑制细胞毒性（2.6-4.0 倍）、运动性（2.0-3.6 倍）和生物膜形成过程（2.0-7.7 倍）。结论创新抗菌药物氟噻嗪酮对从慢性感染的 CF 患者体内分离出的假单胞菌门细菌的有效性首次得到证实。
{"title":"The influence of an innovative antibacterial drug of the thiadiazinone class on the virulence factors of bacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota, which chronically infect patients with cystic fibrosis","authors":"O. Voronina, E. A. Koroleva, M. Kunda, N. Ryzhova, E. Aksenova, L. N. Kapotina, S. A. Nelubina, Anna V. Lazareva, Nailya A. Zigangirova","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-499","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Infections of the lower respiratory tract by bacteria of the Pseudomonadota phylum: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia spp., Achromobacter spp. are critical to the quality and life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). When the infection is chronic, eradication of bacteria with existing antibacterial drugs is practically impossible. To explore alternative drugs, trials are needed on bacteria isolated from CF patients and characterized using genomic approaches. \u0000The objective of our study was a comparative analysis of virulence factors of 6 isolates of bacteria of the Pseudomonadota phylum and testing the efficacy of the innovative drug Fluorothiazinone (FT) in suppressing the pathogenicity of bacteria in vitro. \u0000Materials and methods. Isolates of A. ruhlandii ST36, A. xylosoxidans ST555, B. cepacia ST2140, B. gladioli ST2141, P. aeruginosa ST859 and ST198 were examined using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to search for resistance and virulence determinants. The FT drug was tested for its effect on bacteria in in vitro experiments on cytotoxicity on HeLa cells, motility and biofilm formation. \u0000Results. Genomic studies have confirmed the arsenal of resistance determinants, especially the efflux systems of bacteria isolated from patients with CF, and the diversity of virulence factors, among which we identified factors in the categories of motility, signals of quorum-sensing systems, secretion systems, exotoxins, as the most essential for the adaptation of bacteria to conditions of the lower respiratory tract. In vitro tests of the FT drug showed its effectiveness in suppressing cytotoxicity (2.6–4.0 times), motility (2.0–3.6 times) and the process of biofilm formation (2.0–7.7 times). \u0000Conclusion. For the first time, the effectiveness of the innovative antibacterial drug Fluorothiazinone has been shown against bacteria of the Pseudomonadota phylum, isolated from chronically infected patients with CF, with the described potential of virulence factors.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":" 71","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olga A. Osadchaya, Dmitry E. Kireev, Darya Saleeva, Alina A. Kirichenko, I. Lapovok, A. Lopatukhin, Anastasia Shlykova, Leila F. Makhmudova, N. Ladnaya, Ermis M. Hovakimyan, Siranush V. Martoyan, Hovsep K. Kazaryan, Tamara V. Hovsepyan, Narina K. Sargsiants, Vadim V. Pokrovsky
Background. The increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage of patients in the absence of routine drug resistance (DR) tests highlight the importance of HIV-1 drug resistance surveillance in Armenia. Aim. The aim of this study was a determination of the prevalence of HIV-1 DR on a large-scale cohort of HIV-infected citizens of the Republic of Armenia who had no experience of taking antiretroviral drugs. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on a cohort of more than 20% of PLHIV in the Republic of Armenia. The resulting 982 nucleotide sequences of the HIV-1 pol gene fragment, encoding the protease and reverse transcriptase region, as well as 367 sequences of the integrase gene, were analyzed using the Stanford University database and the CPR tool for the presence of drug resistance mutations and determination of the resistance level to ARV drugs. The HIV-1 subtype was determined using the Stanford University database and confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Results. The overall prevalence of HIV DR to ARV drugs in naïve patients was 13.8%. Resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was 11.2%, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors — 1.4%, protease inhibitors — 2.0% and integrase inhibitors — 0.5%. The predominant genetic variant among viruses containing DR mutations was subtype B. Resistance was most often recorded among men who have sex with men living in Yerevan. Conclusion. In our study, prevalence of DR was high only for the NNRTI drugs. The results show that the first-line ARV drugs recommended in current national guidelines are highly likely to be effective. The analysis was carried out on a significant proportion of HIV-infected citizens of the Republic of Armenia, which increases the reliability and accuracy of the data obtained.
背景。在没有常规耐药性检测的情况下，抗逆转录病毒疗法（ART）患者覆盖率的增加凸显了亚美尼亚进行 HIV-1 耐药性监测的重要性。目的。本研究的目的是确定亚美尼亚共和国大规模人群中未服用过抗逆转录病毒药物的 HIV 感染者的 HIV-1 DR 患病率。材料和方法。研究对象是亚美尼亚共和国超过 20% 的艾滋病毒感染者。利用斯坦福大学数据库和 CPR 工具分析了编码蛋白酶和逆转录酶区域的 HIV-1 pol 基因片段的 982 个核苷酸序列以及整合酶基因的 367 个序列，以确定是否存在耐药性突变以及对抗逆转录病毒药物的耐药性水平。利用斯坦福大学数据库确定了 HIV-1 亚型，并通过系统发育分析进行了确认。结果在新感染者中，HIV DR 对抗逆录酶病毒药物的总体耐药性发生率为 13.8%。对非核苷酸逆转录酶抑制剂的耐药性为 11.2%，对核苷酸逆转录酶抑制剂的耐药性为 1.4%，对蛋白酶抑制剂的耐药性为 2.0%，对整合酶抑制剂的耐药性为 0.5%。在含有 DR 突变的病毒中，最主要的基因变异是 B 亚型。结论在我们的研究中，只有 NNRTI 药物的 DR 感染率较高。研究结果表明，现行国家指导方针推荐的一线抗逆转录病毒药物极有可能是有效的。我们对亚美尼亚共和国相当一部分感染艾滋病毒的公民进行了分析，从而提高了所获数据的可靠性和准确性。
{"title":"HIV-1 drug resistance among naïve patients in Armenia in 2017–2021","authors":"Olga A. Osadchaya, Dmitry E. Kireev, Darya Saleeva, Alina A. Kirichenko, I. Lapovok, A. Lopatukhin, Anastasia Shlykova, Leila F. Makhmudova, N. Ladnaya, Ermis M. Hovakimyan, Siranush V. Martoyan, Hovsep K. Kazaryan, Tamara V. Hovsepyan, Narina K. Sargsiants, Vadim V. Pokrovsky","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-398","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage of patients in the absence of routine drug resistance (DR) tests highlight the importance of HIV-1 drug resistance surveillance in Armenia. \u0000Aim. The aim of this study was a determination of the prevalence of HIV-1 DR on a large-scale cohort of HIV-infected citizens of the Republic of Armenia who had no experience of taking antiretroviral drugs. \u0000Materials and methods. The study was carried out on a cohort of more than 20% of PLHIV in the Republic of Armenia. The resulting 982 nucleotide sequences of the HIV-1 pol gene fragment, encoding the protease and reverse transcriptase region, as well as 367 sequences of the integrase gene, were analyzed using the Stanford University database and the CPR tool for the presence of drug resistance mutations and determination of the resistance level to ARV drugs. The HIV-1 subtype was determined using the Stanford University database and confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. \u0000Results. The overall prevalence of HIV DR to ARV drugs in naïve patients was 13.8%. Resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was 11.2%, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors — 1.4%, protease inhibitors — 2.0% and integrase inhibitors — 0.5%. The predominant genetic variant among viruses containing DR mutations was subtype B. Resistance was most often recorded among men who have sex with men living in Yerevan. \u0000Conclusion. In our study, prevalence of DR was high only for the NNRTI drugs. The results show that the first-line ARV drugs recommended in current national guidelines are highly likely to be effective. The analysis was carried out on a significant proportion of HIV-infected citizens of the Republic of Armenia, which increases the reliability and accuracy of the data obtained.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":" 67","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kartashov, Evgenii G. Volchev, E. I. Krivosheina, K. A. Svirin, Vladimir A. Ternovoi, V. Loktev
Background. Tick-borne bacterial and protozoal pathogens pose a significant public health problem. The aim of this study was to detect and genotype Borrelia, Rickettsia and Anaplasma in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected in the Kaliningrad region in 2021–2022. Materials and methods. The study included 862 I. ricinus and 803 D. reticulatus ticks (1665 in total) collected in 33 biotopes of the Kaliningrad region. Detection of the DNA of tick-borne pathogens was carried out in individual ticks by PCR using a set of specific primers, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results. The level of infection of I. ricinus ticks with Borrelia was 15.5%, and genotyping by the p66 gene sequence showed the presence of genetic material from four species: B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. valaisiana, and B. lusitaniae. In D. reticulatus ticks, no Borrelia genetic material was detected. The Rickettsia DNA has been found in both tick species. Moreover, the infection rate of I. ricinus ticks was 2.6%, and D. reticulatus — 21.2%. R. helvetica were found in I. ricinus ticks, and R. raoultii in meadow ticks when genotyping by gltA gene. Genetic markers of Anaplasma phagocytophilum have been found in I. ricinus and D. reticulatus ticks. Cases of co-infection of an individual tick have also been identified. Conclusion. Six different species of tick-borne pathogens were found in the I. ricinus and D. reticulatus ticks collected in the Kaliningrad region and R. helvetica, R. raoultii and A. phagocytophilum were identified for the first time.
背景。蜱传细菌和原生动物病原体是一个严重的公共卫生问题。本研究的目的是检测 2021-2022 年在加里宁格勒地区采集的蓖麻弓形虫和网斑蜱中的鲍氏、立克次体和阿纳普拉斯原虫，并对其进行基因分型。材料和方法研究包括在加里宁格勒地区 33 个生物群落中采集的 862 头蓖麻蜱和 803 头网斑蜱（共 1665 头）。使用一组特异引物通过 PCR 对蜱虫个体进行蜱传病原体 DNA 检测，然后进行测序和系统进化分析。结果显示根据 p66 基因序列进行的基因分型显示，存在来自四个物种的遗传物质：根据 p66 基因序列进行的基因分型显示，存在来自四个物种的遗传物质：B. afzelii、B. garinii、B. valaisiana 和 B. lusitaniae。在 D. reticulatus 蜱中，没有检测到包柔氏螺旋体的遗传物质。在两种蜱虫中都发现了立克次体 DNA。此外，蓖麻蜱的感染率为 2.6%，网纹蜱的感染率为 21.2%。通过 gltA 基因进行基因分型，在蓖麻蜱中发现了 R. helvetica，在草甸蜱中发现了 R. raoultii。在 I. ricinus 和 D. reticulatus 两种蜱虫中发现了噬细胞蝇疟原虫的基因标记。还发现了个别蜱虫合并感染的病例。结论在加里宁格勒地区采集的蓖麻蜱和网纹蜱中发现了六种不同的蜱媒病原体，并首次鉴定出了R. helvetica、R. raoultii和A. phagocytophilum。
{"title":"Genotyping of Borrelia, Rickettsia and Anaplasma in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in the Kaliningrad region","authors":"M. Kartashov, Evgenii G. Volchev, E. I. Krivosheina, K. A. Svirin, Vladimir A. Ternovoi, V. Loktev","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-503","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Tick-borne bacterial and protozoal pathogens pose a significant public health problem. The aim of this study was to detect and genotype Borrelia, Rickettsia and Anaplasma in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected in the Kaliningrad region in 2021–2022. \u0000Materials and methods. The study included 862 I. ricinus and 803 D. reticulatus ticks (1665 in total) collected in 33 biotopes of the Kaliningrad region. Detection of the DNA of tick-borne pathogens was carried out in individual ticks by PCR using a set of specific primers, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. \u0000Results. The level of infection of I. ricinus ticks with Borrelia was 15.5%, and genotyping by the p66 gene sequence showed the presence of genetic material from four species: B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. valaisiana, and B. lusitaniae. In D. reticulatus ticks, no Borrelia genetic material was detected. The Rickettsia DNA has been found in both tick species. Moreover, the infection rate of I. ricinus ticks was 2.6%, and D. reticulatus — 21.2%. R. helvetica were found in I. ricinus ticks, and R. raoultii in meadow ticks when genotyping by gltA gene. Genetic markers of Anaplasma phagocytophilum have been found in I. ricinus and D. reticulatus ticks. Cases of co-infection of an individual tick have also been identified. \u0000Conclusion. Six different species of tick-borne pathogens were found in the I. ricinus and D. reticulatus ticks collected in the Kaliningrad region and R. helvetica, R. raoultii and A. phagocytophilum were identified for the first time.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":" 56","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. I. Eremenko, A. Ryazanova, Grigorii A. Pechkovskii, S. Pisarenko, D. A. Kovalev, L. Aksenova, O. V. Semenova, A. Kulichenko
Introduction. The genetic structure of the global population of Bacillus anthracis characterized by an unequal distribution of isolates of the main genetic lineages A, B and C, the reason for which is unknown. Determining the characteristics of genes encoding factors that determine the existence of this pathogen at the intra- and extra organismal stages of the life cycle, which can influence the prevalence of strains, is relevant. Aim — сharacterization of the genes and proteins of spore germination in strains of the anthrax pathogen of different genetic lineages. Materials and methods. Whole genome sequences of 46 B. anthracis strains and the CI strain of B. cereus biovar anthracis from the NCBI GenBank database studied. In silico analysis carried out using the programs “BLASTn”, “MEGA X”, “Tandem Repeat Finder”. Results. The number of SNPs, indels and pseudogenes in B. anthracis strains of line B was 2,7–25,6 times higher, in line C 2–23,5 times, and in the B. cereus biovar anthracis strain was 20–2841 times higher than in strains of line A. Significant substitutions in genes leading to changes in the amino acid composition of 10 germination receptor proteins were also significantly more common in B. anthracis strains of lines B, C and the B. cereus biovar anthracis strain. Undescribed VNTRs within the gerHA gene with repeat units of 78 and 117 bp identified, varying between and within isolates of different genetic lineages. Six germination receptor genes have been shown to have rare starting codons. Conclusion. A larger number of non-synonymous SNPs in the genes of spore germination receptors with changes in the amino acid composition of proteins in B. anthracis strains of the main genetic lines B, C and B. cereus biovar anthracis than in strains of line A suggests their limited adaptive capabilities and may be one of the explanations for the lower prevalence compared to line A. Differences in the gerHA and gerM genes make it possible to differentiate the major B and C genetic lineages from A.
导言。炭疽杆菌全球种群的遗传结构特点是主要遗传系 A、B 和 C 的分离株分布不均，其原因尚不清楚。确定编码决定这种病原体在生命周期的生物体内和生物体外阶段存在的因素的基因的特征，这可能会影响菌株的流行，因此具有重要意义。目的--确定不同遗传系炭疽病原体菌株中孢子萌发基因和蛋白质的特征。材料和方法。从 NCBI GenBank 数据库中研究了 46 株炭疽杆菌菌株和炭疽蜡状芽孢杆菌 CI 菌株的全基因组序列。使用 "BLASTn"、"MEGA X "和 "串联重复搜索器 "程序进行硅分析。结果。在 B、C 和 B. cereus biovar anthracis 株系中，导致 10 种萌发受体蛋白氨基酸组成发生变化的基因的显著替代也明显更常见。在 gerHA 基因中发现了重复单位为 78 和 117 bp 的未描述的 VNTR，在不同基因系的分离株之间和分离株内部存在差异。六个萌发受体基因具有罕见的起始密码子。结论与 A 系菌株相比，主要遗传系 B、C 和 B. cereus biovar anthracis 菌株中孢子萌发受体基因的非同义 SNPs 数量较多，且蛋白质的氨基酸组成发生了变化，这表明它们的适应能力有限，这可能是与 A 系相比发病率较低的原因之一。
{"title":"Polymorphism of spore germination receptor genes in Bacillus anthracis strains of major genetic lineages","authors":"E. I. Eremenko, A. Ryazanova, Grigorii A. Pechkovskii, S. Pisarenko, D. A. Kovalev, L. Aksenova, O. V. Semenova, A. Kulichenko","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-483","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The genetic structure of the global population of Bacillus anthracis characterized by an unequal distribution of isolates of the main genetic lineages A, B and C, the reason for which is unknown. Determining the characteristics of genes encoding factors that determine the existence of this pathogen at the intra- and extra organismal stages of the life cycle, which can influence the prevalence of strains, is relevant. \u0000Aim — сharacterization of the genes and proteins of spore germination in strains of the anthrax pathogen of different genetic lineages. \u0000Materials and methods. Whole genome sequences of 46 B. anthracis strains and the CI strain of B. cereus biovar anthracis from the NCBI GenBank database studied. In silico analysis carried out using the programs “BLASTn”, “MEGA X”, “Tandem Repeat Finder”. \u0000Results. The number of SNPs, indels and pseudogenes in B. anthracis strains of line B was 2,7–25,6 times higher, in line C 2–23,5 times, and in the B. cereus biovar anthracis strain was 20–2841 times higher than in strains of line A. Significant substitutions in genes leading to changes in the amino acid composition of 10 germination receptor proteins were also significantly more common in B. anthracis strains of lines B, C and the B. cereus biovar anthracis strain. \u0000Undescribed VNTRs within the gerHA gene with repeat units of 78 and 117 bp identified, varying between and within isolates of different genetic lineages. Six germination receptor genes have been shown to have rare starting codons. \u0000Conclusion. A larger number of non-synonymous SNPs in the genes of spore germination receptors with changes in the amino acid composition of proteins in B. anthracis strains of the main genetic lines B, C and B. cereus biovar anthracis than in strains of line A suggests their limited adaptive capabilities and may be one of the explanations for the lower prevalence compared to line A. Differences in the gerHA and gerM genes make it possible to differentiate the major B and C genetic lineages from A.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":" 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olga S. Bondareva, A. A. Baturin, Anna V. Mironova
Isothermal amplification techniques have been actively developed in recent years and are gradually introduced into the range of methods for infectious disease diagnostics. One of the fastest isothermal methods is recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). This review contains information about the principle of RPA, the role of individual reaction components and primer design considerations. It provides information on characteristics of various methods of RPA results detection, effects of inhibitors, temperature and agitation on the efficiency of reaction. Approaches to quantitative and multiplex RPA are described, as well as some variants of portable devices designed to identify infectious agents. The conclusion summarizes advantages and disadvantages of RPA in comparison with other amplification methods.
{"title":"Recombinase polymerase amplification: method’s characteristics and applications in diagnostics of infectious diseases","authors":"Olga S. Bondareva, A. A. Baturin, Anna V. Mironova","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-470","url":null,"abstract":"Isothermal amplification techniques have been actively developed in recent years and are gradually introduced into the range of methods for infectious disease diagnostics. One of the fastest isothermal methods is recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). This review contains information about the principle of RPA, the role of individual reaction components and primer design considerations. It provides information on characteristics of various methods of RPA results detection, effects of inhibitors, temperature and agitation on the efficiency of reaction. Approaches to quantitative and multiplex RPA are described, as well as some variants of portable devices designed to identify infectious agents. The conclusion summarizes advantages and disadvantages of RPA in comparison with other amplification methods.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. N. Nikishov, A. A. Kuzin, I. Lavrentieva, A. Y. Antipova, S. N. Nikishov
Parvovirus B19 infection (PVI) is one of the relatively new problems in infectology, data on the study of its prevalence in our country began to appear only at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The article presents the results of an analysis of studies from available literature sources highlighting the prevalence of PVI markers at the population level among different social groups of the population at the present stage. The clinical manifestations of PVI are diverse, which requires differential diagnosis, both with exanthemic infectious diseases and with non-infectious pathology. Due to the peculiarity of PVI pathogenesis, it is relevant for various socially significant populations, primarily patients with exanthemic manifestations of various diseases, persons from among blood donors, pregnant women and women planning pregnancy. Furthermore, unlike most countries, our country does not have a system for PVI detecting and reporting in the system of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which makes it difficult to conduct research on this topic.
{"title":"Parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics of population immunity in the world","authors":"O. N. Nikishov, A. A. Kuzin, I. Lavrentieva, A. Y. Antipova, S. N. Nikishov","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-492","url":null,"abstract":"Parvovirus B19 infection (PVI) is one of the relatively new problems in infectology, data on the study of its prevalence in our country began to appear only at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The article presents the results of an analysis of studies from available literature sources highlighting the prevalence of PVI markers at the population level among different social groups of the population at the present stage. The clinical manifestations of PVI are diverse, which requires differential diagnosis, both with exanthemic infectious diseases and with non-infectious pathology. Due to the peculiarity of PVI pathogenesis, it is relevant for various socially significant populations, primarily patients with exanthemic manifestations of various diseases, persons from among blood donors, pregnant women and women planning pregnancy. Furthermore, unlike most countries, our country does not have a system for PVI detecting and reporting in the system of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which makes it difficult to conduct research on this topic.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":" 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maryana V. Morozova, V. I. Korkina, Mariia A. Makarova, E. Litvinova
Introduction. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common pathology that cannot be completely cured and requires lifelong therapy. One of the promising and sparing therapeutic strategies is the use of probiotics. Unlike Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which represent the basis of most classical probiotics, Bacillus spp. are spore-forming bacteria that contributes to their resistance to the acidic environment of the stomach. It has been shown that the bacteria Bacillus spp. is an effective therapeutic drug for the relief of intestinal diseases with signs of inflammation and bacterial origin. Since the main factors causing IBD are dysbiosis and inflammation, and strains of Bacillus spp. as probiotics can be potential modulators of immunity and influence the intestinal microbiome, it is necessary to search for new strains of probiotic bacteria, including representatives of Bacillus spp., which have an effect on immunity and physiological indicators in experimental models of IBD. The aim of the scientific research — to study the effect of Bacillus subtilis BS20 spores on the physiological and immune parameters of the mutant mouse line Muc2–/–. Research objectives: Investigate survival of Muc2–/– mice, weight, immune parameters (cytokines and immune cells) and amino acid composition of muscles. Materials and methods. Muc2–/– females were fed spores of Bacillus subtilis BS20 in the amount of 109 CFU for 2 months. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the femoral muscle was performed by capillary electrophoresis. The concentration of cytokines in the supernatant was measured using the Magnetic Luminex assay kit. Determination of the number of lymphocytes was performed by flow cytometry. Results. The addition of Bacillus subtilis BS20 to the diet of mice reduced mortality and body weight loss in Muc2–/– females. We found a decrease in interleukin-6 and an increase in interleukin-17 in the descending colon and an increase in B and T helper lymphocytes in the spleen. Conclusion. B. subtilis BS20 improves the general condition of Muc2–/– mutant mice, has an anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating effect, reducing the level of the cytokine interleukin-6 and increasing the percentage of B cells and T helper cells in the spleen.
{"title":"Effect of the Bacillus subtilis BS20 on physiological and immune parameters in mutant mice Muc2–/–","authors":"Maryana V. Morozova, V. I. Korkina, Mariia A. Makarova, E. Litvinova","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-441","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common pathology that cannot be completely cured and requires lifelong therapy. One of the promising and sparing therapeutic strategies is the use of probiotics. Unlike Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which represent the basis of most classical probiotics, Bacillus spp. are spore-forming bacteria that contributes to their resistance to the acidic environment of the stomach. It has been shown that the bacteria Bacillus spp. is an effective therapeutic drug for the relief of intestinal diseases with signs of inflammation and bacterial origin. Since the main factors causing IBD are dysbiosis and inflammation, and strains of Bacillus spp. as probiotics can be potential modulators of immunity and influence the intestinal microbiome, it is necessary to search for new strains of probiotic bacteria, including representatives of Bacillus spp., which have an effect on immunity and physiological indicators in experimental models of IBD. \u0000The aim of the scientific research — to study the effect of Bacillus subtilis BS20 spores on the physiological and immune parameters of the mutant mouse line Muc2–/–. \u0000Research objectives: Investigate survival of Muc2–/– mice, weight, immune parameters (cytokines and immune cells) and amino acid composition of muscles. \u0000Materials and methods. Muc2–/– females were fed spores of Bacillus subtilis BS20 in the amount of 109 CFU for 2 months. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the femoral muscle was performed by capillary electrophoresis. The concentration of cytokines in the supernatant was measured using the Magnetic Luminex assay kit. Determination of the number of lymphocytes was performed by flow cytometry. \u0000Results. The addition of Bacillus subtilis BS20 to the diet of mice reduced mortality and body weight loss in Muc2–/– females. We found a decrease in interleukin-6 and an increase in interleukin-17 in the descending colon and an increase in B and T helper lymphocytes in the spleen. \u0000Conclusion. B. subtilis BS20 improves the general condition of Muc2–/– mutant mice, has an anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating effect, reducing the level of the cytokine interleukin-6 and increasing the percentage of B cells and T helper cells in the spleen.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. V. Otrashevskaia, K. V. Kaa, A. Oksanich, Nikita V. Мurashko, Alexander G. Кusliy, Anatoliy G. Krasko, V. V. Zverev, G. M. Ignatyev
Introduction. Chikungunya virus infection is a problem for the health care system of affected regions due to the lack of specific prevention, as well as effective antiviral drugs. The critical role of cellular immunity in viral control and clearance for the Chikungunya fever has been demonstrated in many studies. Therefore, effective stimulation of not only humoral but also cellular immunity is of undeniable importance when assessing the effectiveness of a potential vaccine for the prevention of this infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the formation of protective immunity after administration of a drug containing inactivated Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to C57Bl/6 mice. Materials and methods. Inactivated CHIKV (concentrations of 10 μg and 40 μg) was administered intramuscularly to C57Bl/6 mice twice with an interval of 14 days. Indicators of humoral immunity were assessed by ELISA and neutralization test (NT), cellular immunity — by the production of IFN-γ and splenocyte proliferation in vitro. The concentration of cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF was determined by ELISA. When assessing the protective immunity in animals, CHIKV was injected into the dorsal surface of the foot of the right hind paw at a dose of 2.89 ± 0.10 lg TCD50 in a volume of 20 μl. Results. The most pronounced immune response was noted to the administration of 40 μg of inactivated CHIKV, which was manifested in the balanced production of the studied cytokines, the formation of specific humoral (according to the results of ELISA and NT) and cellular — specific proliferation of splenocytes in vitro and production of IFN-γ. When assessing efficacy, the development of foot edema in immunized animals was significantly lower than in animals in the control group. Discussion. CHIKV, inactivated by beta-propiolactone, had pronounced immunogenic properties. The balance of production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the Th1/Th2 immune response, characterized the formation of adaptive immunity in mice without a pronounced inflammatory response. The formation of a specific humoral and cellular immune response has been demonstrated. A study of protection in a non-lethal animal model confirmed the efficacy of the inactivated vaccine. Conclusion. Double administration of the inactivated CHIKV vaccine at a dose of 40 μg to C57Bl/6 mice demonstrated pronounced immunogenicity, which allows us to evaluate it as a promising prophylactic vaccine.
{"title":"Study of humoral and cellular immunity following the immunization of C57Bl/6 mice with a prototype of the inactivated Chikungunya vaccine","authors":"E. V. Otrashevskaia, K. V. Kaa, A. Oksanich, Nikita V. Мurashko, Alexander G. Кusliy, Anatoliy G. Krasko, V. V. Zverev, G. M. Ignatyev","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-436","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Chikungunya virus infection is a problem for the health care system of affected regions due to the lack of specific prevention, as well as effective antiviral drugs. The critical role of cellular immunity in viral control and clearance for the Chikungunya fever has been demonstrated in many studies. Therefore, effective stimulation of not only humoral but also cellular immunity is of undeniable importance when assessing the effectiveness of a potential vaccine for the prevention of this infection. \u0000The aim of the present study was to investigate the formation of protective immunity after administration of a drug containing inactivated Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to C57Bl/6 mice. \u0000Materials and methods. Inactivated CHIKV (concentrations of 10 μg and 40 μg) was administered intramuscularly to C57Bl/6 mice twice with an interval of 14 days. Indicators of humoral immunity were assessed by ELISA and neutralization test (NT), cellular immunity — by the production of IFN-γ and splenocyte proliferation in vitro. The concentration of cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF was determined by ELISA. When assessing the protective immunity in animals, CHIKV was injected into the dorsal surface of the foot of the right hind paw at a dose of 2.89 ± 0.10 lg TCD50 in a volume of 20 μl. \u0000Results. The most pronounced immune response was noted to the administration of 40 μg of inactivated CHIKV, which was manifested in the balanced production of the studied cytokines, the formation of specific humoral (according to the results of ELISA and NT) and cellular — specific proliferation of splenocytes in vitro and production of IFN-γ. When assessing efficacy, the development of foot edema in immunized animals was significantly lower than in animals in the control group. \u0000Discussion. CHIKV, inactivated by beta-propiolactone, had pronounced immunogenic properties. The balance of production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the Th1/Th2 immune response, characterized the formation of adaptive immunity in mice without a pronounced inflammatory response. The formation of a specific humoral and cellular immune response has been demonstrated. A study of protection in a non-lethal animal model confirmed the efficacy of the inactivated vaccine. \u0000Conclusion. Double administration of the inactivated CHIKV vaccine at a dose of 40 μg to C57Bl/6 mice demonstrated pronounced immunogenicity, which allows us to evaluate it as a promising prophylactic vaccine.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem of chronic periodontitis (CP) is actively discussed due to the recognition of the fact that periodontal microbial damage is closely related to a number of systemic diseases and probably plays an important role in the occurrence of comorbid pathology. The aim of the meta-analysis was to characterize the composition of the subgingival microbiome and to determine the peculiarities of the formation of associations of the new periodontal pathogen Filifactor alocis with other I and II order periodontal pathogenic bacteria, as well as with the commensal bacteria colonizing this biotope. The study presents data of patient examination with obligatory use of polymerase chain reaction methods and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in 1529 healthy individuals and 2394 patients with CP, 136 patients with CP and concomitant atherosclerosis, 258 patients with CP and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was confirmed that the basis of the oral microbiome under normal circumstances is composed of representatives of microaerophilic streptococci, corynebacteria, lactobacilli, as well as representatives of the Veillonella and Sphingobacterium genera. 16S sequencing and bioinformatic analysis allowed us to specify the taxonomic place of the new pathogen F. alocis, as well as representatives of normal microbiota in CP and comorbid somatic pathology.
{"title":"Subgingival microbiome in periodontal disease and comorbid pathology (meta-analysis)","authors":"T. V. Tsareva, I. Balmasova, V. Tsarev","doi":"10.36233/0372-9311-500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-500","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of chronic periodontitis (CP) is actively discussed due to the recognition of the fact that periodontal microbial damage is closely related to a number of systemic diseases and probably plays an important role in the occurrence of comorbid pathology. \u0000The aim of the meta-analysis was to characterize the composition of the subgingival microbiome and to determine the peculiarities of the formation of associations of the new periodontal pathogen Filifactor alocis with other I and II order periodontal pathogenic bacteria, as well as with the commensal bacteria colonizing this biotope. \u0000The study presents data of patient examination with obligatory use of polymerase chain reaction methods and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in 1529 healthy individuals and 2394 patients with CP, 136 patients with CP and concomitant atherosclerosis, 258 patients with CP and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was confirmed that the basis of the oral microbiome under normal circumstances is composed of representatives of microaerophilic streptococci, corynebacteria, lactobacilli, as well as representatives of the Veillonella and Sphingobacterium genera. 16S sequencing and bioinformatic analysis allowed us to specify the taxonomic place of the new pathogen F. alocis, as well as representatives of normal microbiota in CP and comorbid somatic pathology.","PeriodicalId":508236,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：