Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.1177/07316844241273006
Bel Abbes Bachir Bouiadjra, A. Albedah, Sohail M.A.K. Mohammed, Hany S Abdo, O. Alothman, Mohammed M Bouziane
The recycling of plastics and the incorporation of bio-fillers in the plastic industry are processes currently gaining momentum due to their significance in sustainable development and carbon footprint reduction. In this investigation, a biocomposite was fabricated using recycled polypropylene (RPP) reinforced with oyster shell (OS) particles. The introduction of OS bio-fillers is aimed to mitigate plastic shrinkage during the injection molding process, with two different proportions employed: 10wt.% and 30wt.%. The biocomposite was characterized thermally and mechanically. Thermal analysis by TGA showed that the bio-fillers increased the degradation temperature of the recycled polypropylene biocomposite. Mechanical assessments demonstrated an enhancement in polypropylene stiffness by 10.4% and microhardness by 21.1%, albeit at the cost of reduced ductility. Conversely, the tensile strength and impact resistance decreased slightly with the incorporation of OS particles in RPP. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated an improvement in the storage modulus up to 1.45 GPa of the biocomposite with the reinforcement of OS particles. These findings underscore the potential for integrating recycled polypropylene with natural reinforcements, aligning with the global pursuit of environmentally sustainable materials in diverse industrial applications.
塑料的回收利用以及在塑料工业中加入生物填料，因其在可持续发展和减少碳足迹方面的重要意义，目前正日益受到重视。在这项研究中，使用牡蛎壳（OS）颗粒增强的再生聚丙烯（RPP）制造了一种生物复合材料。引入 OS 生物填料的目的是减轻注塑成型过程中的塑料收缩，采用了两种不同的比例：10wt.% 和 30wt.%：分别为 10wt.% 和 30wt.%。对生物复合材料进行了热学和力学表征。热重分析表明，生物填料提高了再生聚丙烯生物复合材料的降解温度。机械评估表明，聚丙烯刚度提高了 10.4%，微硬度提高了 21.1%，但代价是延展性降低。相反，在 RPP 中加入 OS 粒子后，拉伸强度和抗冲击性略有下降。动态机械分析表明，OS 颗粒增强后，生物复合材料的存储模量提高到了 1.45 GPa。这些发现强调了将再生聚丙烯与天然增强材料相结合的潜力，符合全球在各种工业应用中对环境可持续材料的追求。
{"title":"Thermal stability and mechanical characterization of oyster shell reinforced recycled polypropylene biocomposite","authors":"Bel Abbes Bachir Bouiadjra, A. Albedah, Sohail M.A.K. Mohammed, Hany S Abdo, O. Alothman, Mohammed M Bouziane","doi":"10.1177/07316844241273006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241273006","url":null,"abstract":"The recycling of plastics and the incorporation of bio-fillers in the plastic industry are processes currently gaining momentum due to their significance in sustainable development and carbon footprint reduction. In this investigation, a biocomposite was fabricated using recycled polypropylene (RPP) reinforced with oyster shell (OS) particles. The introduction of OS bio-fillers is aimed to mitigate plastic shrinkage during the injection molding process, with two different proportions employed: 10wt.% and 30wt.%. The biocomposite was characterized thermally and mechanically. Thermal analysis by TGA showed that the bio-fillers increased the degradation temperature of the recycled polypropylene biocomposite. Mechanical assessments demonstrated an enhancement in polypropylene stiffness by 10.4% and microhardness by 21.1%, albeit at the cost of reduced ductility. Conversely, the tensile strength and impact resistance decreased slightly with the incorporation of OS particles in RPP. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated an improvement in the storage modulus up to 1.45 GPa of the biocomposite with the reinforcement of OS particles. These findings underscore the potential for integrating recycled polypropylene with natural reinforcements, aligning with the global pursuit of environmentally sustainable materials in diverse industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.1177/07316844241273043
Reza Shamim
This paper aims to evaluate the manufacturing feasibility of using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing for creating complex lattice structures and exploring the mechanical properties of various lattice designs, focusing on bending and compression behaviors. The comparison centers on the results of bending rigidity and energy absorption capacity, intending to be obtained from simulation and practical outcomes. The research addresses challenges related to achieving consistent mass across lattice structures due to manufacturing parameters. Discrepancies in flexural rigidity and compression behavior among the produced models trigger an exploration into the influence of design factors. The study reveals significant insights into the mechanical properties of six complex lattice structures produced through FDM 3D printing. The Tetrahedron-Cubic lattice stands out with superior bending rigidity at 15.36 N/mm, and variations in performance are attributed to layer orientation and material anisotropy. Specific energy absorption reaches its peak in the Tetrahedron-Cubic lattice at 38.54 J/g. These conclusive results provide considerations for future design and optimization. Through a focus on simplicity, intricacy, and unique geometry, the study effectively tackles manufacturing challenges and resolves discrepancies between experimental tests and simulations.
本文旨在评估使用熔融沉积建模（FDM）三维打印技术制造复杂晶格结构的可行性，并探索各种晶格设计的机械性能，重点关注弯曲和压缩行为。比较的重点是弯曲刚度和能量吸收能力，希望从模拟和实际成果中获得结果。该研究解决了因制造参数而导致的晶格结构质量不一致的难题。制作的模型在弯曲刚度和压缩行为方面的差异引发了对设计因素影响的探索。这项研究揭示了通过 FDM 3D 打印技术生产的六种复杂晶格结构的机械特性。四面体-立方体晶格的弯曲刚度高达 15.36 N/mm，表现突出，其性能的变化归因于层取向和材料的各向异性。四面体-立方晶格的比能量吸收达到峰值，为 38.54 焦耳/克。这些确凿的结果为今后的设计和优化提供了参考。通过对简单性、复杂性和独特几何形状的关注，该研究有效地解决了制造难题，并解决了实验测试与模拟之间的差异。
{"title":"Investigation of bending and crush behaviors in polymer lattice structures: Computational approaches and experimental evaluation","authors":"Reza Shamim","doi":"10.1177/07316844241273043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241273043","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to evaluate the manufacturing feasibility of using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing for creating complex lattice structures and exploring the mechanical properties of various lattice designs, focusing on bending and compression behaviors. The comparison centers on the results of bending rigidity and energy absorption capacity, intending to be obtained from simulation and practical outcomes. The research addresses challenges related to achieving consistent mass across lattice structures due to manufacturing parameters. Discrepancies in flexural rigidity and compression behavior among the produced models trigger an exploration into the influence of design factors. The study reveals significant insights into the mechanical properties of six complex lattice structures produced through FDM 3D printing. The Tetrahedron-Cubic lattice stands out with superior bending rigidity at 15.36 N/mm, and variations in performance are attributed to layer orientation and material anisotropy. Specific energy absorption reaches its peak in the Tetrahedron-Cubic lattice at 38.54 J/g. These conclusive results provide considerations for future design and optimization. Through a focus on simplicity, intricacy, and unique geometry, the study effectively tackles manufacturing challenges and resolves discrepancies between experimental tests and simulations.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"3 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141920391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1177/07316844241271918
Amina Mourid, M. El Alami, Samir Idrissi Kaitouni, R. Saadani, M. Rahmoune
The buildup of plastic waste (PW) in different ecosystems is a major environmental issue that has detrimental effects on people, wildlife, and their habitats. Our study aims to investigate specific plaster properties while reducing the rate at which end-of-life plastic is rejected in nature. This manuscript explores a gypsum composite reinforced with plastic waste (GPPS), with an emphasis on thermo-physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics. Ten samples were produced, with varying addition rates (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) by weight of GPPS waste, incorporating three different sizes of GPPS aggregates (δ ≤ 1 mm; 1 mm < δ ≤ 1.25 mm; and 1.6 mm < δ ≤ 3 mm). The results demonstrate that the gradual increase in the quantity of GPPS aggregates incorporated into the plaster matrix produced a notable enhancement in thermal properties. However, this resulted in a slight decrease in mechanical performance due to a loss of workability. In general, the material evolution indicated that the inclusion of 15% size 2 GPPS was concluded to be the optimal arrangement for effectively reducing both thermal and mechanical qualities. Specifically, density, conductivity, and thermal diffusivity were decreased by approximately 20.73%, 42.47%, and 53.57%, respectively, while compressive strength decreased by 15.73% (6.64 MPa), a tolerable value according to the EN 13279 standard.
{"title":"Lightweight plastic waste gypsum composites for sustainable and energy efficient buildings","authors":"Amina Mourid, M. El Alami, Samir Idrissi Kaitouni, R. Saadani, M. Rahmoune","doi":"10.1177/07316844241271918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241271918","url":null,"abstract":"The buildup of plastic waste (PW) in different ecosystems is a major environmental issue that has detrimental effects on people, wildlife, and their habitats. Our study aims to investigate specific plaster properties while reducing the rate at which end-of-life plastic is rejected in nature. This manuscript explores a gypsum composite reinforced with plastic waste (GPPS), with an emphasis on thermo-physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics. Ten samples were produced, with varying addition rates (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) by weight of GPPS waste, incorporating three different sizes of GPPS aggregates (δ ≤ 1 mm; 1 mm < δ ≤ 1.25 mm; and 1.6 mm < δ ≤ 3 mm). The results demonstrate that the gradual increase in the quantity of GPPS aggregates incorporated into the plaster matrix produced a notable enhancement in thermal properties. However, this resulted in a slight decrease in mechanical performance due to a loss of workability. In general, the material evolution indicated that the inclusion of 15% size 2 GPPS was concluded to be the optimal arrangement for effectively reducing both thermal and mechanical qualities. Specifically, density, conductivity, and thermal diffusivity were decreased by approximately 20.73%, 42.47%, and 53.57%, respectively, while compressive strength decreased by 15.73% (6.64 MPa), a tolerable value according to the EN 13279 standard.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.1177/07316844241255007
Sundarakannan Rajendran, Geetha Palani, NB Karthik Babu, A. Veerasimman, Yo-Lun Yang, Vigneshwaran Shanmugam
Solid particle erosion is a significant threat to the integrity and performance of polymer-based materials in a variety of industrial applications. This review illustrates the mechanisms, influencing factors, and protective methods associated with solid particle erosion in polymer composites. The study delves into three critical aspects of erosion protection in polymer composites: erosion mechanisms, key influencing factors, and the reinforcement effect in polymers. Furthermore, the review provides valuable insights into the current state development of erosion-resistant polymer composites and their role in protecting polymer composites from solid particle erosion. In summary, the study outlines future research and development directions in erosion-resistant polymer composites, paving the way for innovative solutions to the challenges posed by solid particle erosion in polymers. This research contributes to the foundation for further exploration and application of erosion-resistant polymer composites, fostering increased reliability and performance across a variety of industries.
{"title":"Solid particle erosion in fibre composites: A review","authors":"Sundarakannan Rajendran, Geetha Palani, NB Karthik Babu, A. Veerasimman, Yo-Lun Yang, Vigneshwaran Shanmugam","doi":"10.1177/07316844241255007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241255007","url":null,"abstract":"Solid particle erosion is a significant threat to the integrity and performance of polymer-based materials in a variety of industrial applications. This review illustrates the mechanisms, influencing factors, and protective methods associated with solid particle erosion in polymer composites. The study delves into three critical aspects of erosion protection in polymer composites: erosion mechanisms, key influencing factors, and the reinforcement effect in polymers. Furthermore, the review provides valuable insights into the current state development of erosion-resistant polymer composites and their role in protecting polymer composites from solid particle erosion. In summary, the study outlines future research and development directions in erosion-resistant polymer composites, paving the way for innovative solutions to the challenges posed by solid particle erosion in polymers. This research contributes to the foundation for further exploration and application of erosion-resistant polymer composites, fostering increased reliability and performance across a variety of industries.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"10 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140962036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1177/07316844241248504
Mohit Jain, S. Patil
With the advent of new polymer material and non-conventional methods of manufacturing, the effect of loading conditions on mechanical properties has now been in huge demand to facilitate their industrial applications. Present paper has been focused on investigating the strain rate effects on mechanical properties of pristine nylon-6 and 20% glass reinforced nylon-6 material fabricated using injection molding and SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) printing manufacturing methods, respectively, at three strain rates of 0.0003, 0.003, and 0.01 per second. Tensile strength of injection molded nylon-6 has shown a positive relationship with strain rate whereas compressive strength has shown a reciprocal effect. At highest strain rate of 0.01 s−1, tensile strength exhibits 10.27% more as compared to lowest strain rate of 0.0003 s−1. Tensile strength at highest strain rate is found 60 MPa whereas at lowest strain rate it exhibits 54.41 MPa. At higher values of strain rate, rising of maximum strain is found very much sensitive than the rise in tensile strength. It also shows high percentage of deformation at higher value of strain rate. On the other hand, SLS printed 20% glass reinforced nylon-6 shows variable tensile strength with respect to strain rate due to uneven distribution of glass particles into nylon matrix created due to manufacturing process of SLS printing. FESEM images shows the cavity formation as observed before loading conditions whereas the glass fracturing phenomenon observed at the after loading conditions. However, compressive strength is found minimal with strain rate with an average value of 175.61 MPa. The findings of this study have contributed in avoiding the improper selection of material and its strain rate application during numerical modeling for industrial application purpose.
{"title":"Material testing for injection molded and 3D printed pristine/glass reinforced nylon at various strain rates","authors":"Mohit Jain, S. Patil","doi":"10.1177/07316844241248504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241248504","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of new polymer material and non-conventional methods of manufacturing, the effect of loading conditions on mechanical properties has now been in huge demand to facilitate their industrial applications. Present paper has been focused on investigating the strain rate effects on mechanical properties of pristine nylon-6 and 20% glass reinforced nylon-6 material fabricated using injection molding and SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) printing manufacturing methods, respectively, at three strain rates of 0.0003, 0.003, and 0.01 per second. Tensile strength of injection molded nylon-6 has shown a positive relationship with strain rate whereas compressive strength has shown a reciprocal effect. At highest strain rate of 0.01 s−1, tensile strength exhibits 10.27% more as compared to lowest strain rate of 0.0003 s−1. Tensile strength at highest strain rate is found 60 MPa whereas at lowest strain rate it exhibits 54.41 MPa. At higher values of strain rate, rising of maximum strain is found very much sensitive than the rise in tensile strength. It also shows high percentage of deformation at higher value of strain rate. On the other hand, SLS printed 20% glass reinforced nylon-6 shows variable tensile strength with respect to strain rate due to uneven distribution of glass particles into nylon matrix created due to manufacturing process of SLS printing. FESEM images shows the cavity formation as observed before loading conditions whereas the glass fracturing phenomenon observed at the after loading conditions. However, compressive strength is found minimal with strain rate with an average value of 175.61 MPa. The findings of this study have contributed in avoiding the improper selection of material and its strain rate application during numerical modeling for industrial application purpose.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"23 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1177/07316844241248511
Shuang Chen, M. Lu, Jieqiong Lin, Qiang Liu, Yongsheng Du, Shixin Zhao
The silicon carbide particle-reinforced matrix composites, or SiCp/Al, have excellent mechanical qualities, but producing them is quite difficult since the SiC particles’ and the Al matrix’s properties differ greatly from one another. During the cutting process, the Ra local oscillation phenomena takes place; that is, surface roughness seems to grow, decrease, and then increase as the cutting depth increases within a particular cutting depth range while maintaining the same cutting speed and feed. To find out why this behavior occurred, a cutting experiment and a simulation analysis of SiCp/Al composites were performed. Tests were conducted to find out how varied cutting depths affected surface roughness, and a finite element model for two-dimensional cutting was created. Based on the data, it can be concluded that Ra’s local oscillation phenomena is responsible for the surface quality at various cutting speeds. At 100 mm/s, 200 mm/s, 300 mm/s, and 400 mm/s, respectively, the mutation’s surface quality improved by 29.6%, 14.3%, 19.6%, and 30.7% prior to the cutting depth. The analysis is justified by the fact that the depth of cut is increasing, the way in which particles are removed has changed and the percentage of scratches appears to be decreasing. As aluminium is a plastic material, plastic deformation occurs during cutting by the sub-cutting edge of the extrusion, coating the machined surfaces and producing fine cracks rather than plough furrows. In a sense, increasing the cutting thickness results in larger chips, more force on the particles in the cutting path and easier removal. At the same time, it reduces the width of the chip in future cuts, improving the surface quality of the process.
{"title":"Finite element and experimental analysis of surface integrity and surface roughness of precision machining SiCp/Al","authors":"Shuang Chen, M. Lu, Jieqiong Lin, Qiang Liu, Yongsheng Du, Shixin Zhao","doi":"10.1177/07316844241248511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241248511","url":null,"abstract":"The silicon carbide particle-reinforced matrix composites, or SiCp/Al, have excellent mechanical qualities, but producing them is quite difficult since the SiC particles’ and the Al matrix’s properties differ greatly from one another. During the cutting process, the Ra local oscillation phenomena takes place; that is, surface roughness seems to grow, decrease, and then increase as the cutting depth increases within a particular cutting depth range while maintaining the same cutting speed and feed. To find out why this behavior occurred, a cutting experiment and a simulation analysis of SiCp/Al composites were performed. Tests were conducted to find out how varied cutting depths affected surface roughness, and a finite element model for two-dimensional cutting was created. Based on the data, it can be concluded that Ra’s local oscillation phenomena is responsible for the surface quality at various cutting speeds. At 100 mm/s, 200 mm/s, 300 mm/s, and 400 mm/s, respectively, the mutation’s surface quality improved by 29.6%, 14.3%, 19.6%, and 30.7% prior to the cutting depth. The analysis is justified by the fact that the depth of cut is increasing, the way in which particles are removed has changed and the percentage of scratches appears to be decreasing. As aluminium is a plastic material, plastic deformation occurs during cutting by the sub-cutting edge of the extrusion, coating the machined surfaces and producing fine cracks rather than plough furrows. In a sense, increasing the cutting thickness results in larger chips, more force on the particles in the cutting path and easier removal. At the same time, it reduces the width of the chip in future cuts, improving the surface quality of the process.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"80 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140677166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) and aluminum alloys, owing to their exceptional mechanical properties and lightweight attributes, are extensively used in aircraft manufacturing. However, prolonged exposure to a hygrothermal environment can compromise the mechanical integrity of composite joint structures. In this paper, accelerated aging experiments were designed to test the mechanical properties of CFRP after hygrothermal aging, a novel mechanical property prediction model tailored for the hygrothermal coupled environment is presented. The model accurately predicts the modulus and strength of CFRP after hydrothermal aging. A three-dimensional finite element model for the CFRP interference riveted structure, considering a tri-coupled state of moisture, temperature, and force was established by the application of subroutine and field superposition. The precision of this finite element model has been affirmed through accelerated aging tests. By integrating finite element analysis with experimental methods, this research delves into the failure modes and mechanisms of CFRP and its joints under hygrothermal conditions. It was discerned that the hygrothermal environment undermines the bond between fibers and the matrix, resulting in pronounced interlaminar delamination and shear failure in CFRP. The failure forms gradually change from “flaky” at lower levels of aging to “filamentary” at higher levels of aging. For CFRP riveted structures, the hygrothermal conditions influence their loadbearing capability and shift the primary positions of failure.
{"title":"Modeling study on the mechanical performance of CFRP/Al single-lap rivet joints under hygrothermal environmental conditions","authors":"Shiguang Zhang, X. Qin, Shipeng Li, Hao Li, Yanwei Xu, Guoyu Fu","doi":"10.1177/07316844241246819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241246819","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) and aluminum alloys, owing to their exceptional mechanical properties and lightweight attributes, are extensively used in aircraft manufacturing. However, prolonged exposure to a hygrothermal environment can compromise the mechanical integrity of composite joint structures. In this paper, accelerated aging experiments were designed to test the mechanical properties of CFRP after hygrothermal aging, a novel mechanical property prediction model tailored for the hygrothermal coupled environment is presented. The model accurately predicts the modulus and strength of CFRP after hydrothermal aging. A three-dimensional finite element model for the CFRP interference riveted structure, considering a tri-coupled state of moisture, temperature, and force was established by the application of subroutine and field superposition. The precision of this finite element model has been affirmed through accelerated aging tests. By integrating finite element analysis with experimental methods, this research delves into the failure modes and mechanisms of CFRP and its joints under hygrothermal conditions. It was discerned that the hygrothermal environment undermines the bond between fibers and the matrix, resulting in pronounced interlaminar delamination and shear failure in CFRP. The failure forms gradually change from “flaky” at lower levels of aging to “filamentary” at higher levels of aging. For CFRP riveted structures, the hygrothermal conditions influence their loadbearing capability and shift the primary positions of failure.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"75 S7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140709473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1177/07316844241242876
Yasaman Alaei, Mathieu Robert, P. Cousin, B. Benmokrane
Vinyl-ester resin (VE) is a polymer matrix frequently used in several civil applications, but its long-term properties in humid and harsh environments can be a concern. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have remarkable mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. Adding them to the resin is a promising solution and makes it possible to manufacture cost-effective products with enhanced engineering properties. Our study investigated the chemical functionalization of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through acid oxidation to evaluate the durability-related properties of vinyl-ester-based nanocomposites. Samples containing 0.1 wt% of as-received CNTs and functionalized CNTs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A small amount of two dispersing agents (BYK 104S and BYK 9076) was added to the mixtures to produce high particle stability in the nanocomposites. Barrier properties and moisture diffusivity were determined by immersing samples in a water bath at 50°C. Aging was conducted by fully immersing samples in NaOH solution at 50°C. Matrix degradation was assessed with tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) before and after conditioning. The results indicate that the addition of oxidized CNTs significantly improved the mechanical, physical, and durability properties of the composites. Additionally, unlike nanoclay-based nanocomposites, oxidized CNTs do not increase water absorption at saturation.
{"title":"Investigation of moisture absorption and long-term properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced vinyl-ester composites","authors":"Yasaman Alaei, Mathieu Robert, P. Cousin, B. Benmokrane","doi":"10.1177/07316844241242876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241242876","url":null,"abstract":"Vinyl-ester resin (VE) is a polymer matrix frequently used in several civil applications, but its long-term properties in humid and harsh environments can be a concern. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have remarkable mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. Adding them to the resin is a promising solution and makes it possible to manufacture cost-effective products with enhanced engineering properties. Our study investigated the chemical functionalization of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through acid oxidation to evaluate the durability-related properties of vinyl-ester-based nanocomposites. Samples containing 0.1 wt% of as-received CNTs and functionalized CNTs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A small amount of two dispersing agents (BYK 104S and BYK 9076) was added to the mixtures to produce high particle stability in the nanocomposites. Barrier properties and moisture diffusivity were determined by immersing samples in a water bath at 50°C. Aging was conducted by fully immersing samples in NaOH solution at 50°C. Matrix degradation was assessed with tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) before and after conditioning. The results indicate that the addition of oxidized CNTs significantly improved the mechanical, physical, and durability properties of the composites. Additionally, unlike nanoclay-based nanocomposites, oxidized CNTs do not increase water absorption at saturation.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"37 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140368134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1177/07316844241243127
Alireza Moradi, Changze Sun, Zhongwei Guan
This study investigates a novel thermoplastic prepreg rig and method of manufacturing prepregs using aqueous wet powder impregnation. The compact, easily maintained prepreg rig is suitable for rapid prepreg manufacturing in laboratory-scale research. The rig could be used with a wide range of thermoplastic powders and reinforcing fibres. Tests were conducted to study various settings and parameters, including the polymer–carrier ratio, winding speed and fibre tension. The study examined the effectiveness of the liquid carrier in suspending the polymer powder and tested the consistency of the rig in resin pick-up. The findings indicate that a winding speed of 4.2 to 5.7 m/min with a low fibre tension is ideal for producing S2-glass/PAEK prepregs. The amount of polymer pick-up by the fibre tow remained constant throughout the winding for 10, 20, and 30 wt% slurries. However, higher wt% slurry settings resulted in resin agglomeration on the rollers, causing significant fibre breakage.
{"title":"Facilitating aqueous powder impregnation for manufacturing thermoplastic composites: A prepreg rig design and process optimisation","authors":"Alireza Moradi, Changze Sun, Zhongwei Guan","doi":"10.1177/07316844241243127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241243127","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates a novel thermoplastic prepreg rig and method of manufacturing prepregs using aqueous wet powder impregnation. The compact, easily maintained prepreg rig is suitable for rapid prepreg manufacturing in laboratory-scale research. The rig could be used with a wide range of thermoplastic powders and reinforcing fibres. Tests were conducted to study various settings and parameters, including the polymer–carrier ratio, winding speed and fibre tension. The study examined the effectiveness of the liquid carrier in suspending the polymer powder and tested the consistency of the rig in resin pick-up. The findings indicate that a winding speed of 4.2 to 5.7 m/min with a low fibre tension is ideal for producing S2-glass/PAEK prepregs. The amount of polymer pick-up by the fibre tow remained constant throughout the winding for 10, 20, and 30 wt% slurries. However, higher wt% slurry settings resulted in resin agglomeration on the rollers, causing significant fibre breakage.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"48 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-19DOI: 10.1177/07316844241228801
Yujie Yan, Yong Li, D. Huan, Hongquan Liu, Kang Zhu, Zehui Hu, Hao Liu
GF/PP thermoplastic composite components predominantly employ metallic fasteners, leading to corrosion and weight issues. This study utilized an extrusion process to fabricate GF/PP thermoplastic composite rivets with properties akin to laminated panel materials. Through the controlled application of heat and pressure to the rivet ends, a novel connection structure was established. The article fabricated thermoplastic composite joints with varying end configurations and compared them with metallic rivet joints. Emphasizing the convex form, diverse multi-rivet links were crafted for single-lap tensile samples. Integrating tensile tests and strain gauge measurements, this research explored load distribution patterns across diverse rivet quantities and assessed the impact of size on distribution. Furthermore, finite element software was used to dissect the load distribution patterns and failure mechanisms in the multi-riveted connection structure. Drawing from experimental findings, convex GF/PP rivets exhibited an 18% higher tensile load than metallic ones, with a simultaneous 32% weight reduction. In multi-rivet connections, end rivets demonstrated higher load-bearing capacity. Enhanced spacing and plate width improved load distribution, elevating joint load capacity by 7% (spacing 25 mm to 55 mm) and 6% (width 30 mm to 55 mm). The simulation results indicate that increasing the spacing reduces the stress concentration at the first nail location.
{"title":"Analysis and optimization of rivet load distribution in multi-rivet connections of thermoplastic composite rivets","authors":"Yujie Yan, Yong Li, D. Huan, Hongquan Liu, Kang Zhu, Zehui Hu, Hao Liu","doi":"10.1177/07316844241228801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844241228801","url":null,"abstract":"GF/PP thermoplastic composite components predominantly employ metallic fasteners, leading to corrosion and weight issues. This study utilized an extrusion process to fabricate GF/PP thermoplastic composite rivets with properties akin to laminated panel materials. Through the controlled application of heat and pressure to the rivet ends, a novel connection structure was established. The article fabricated thermoplastic composite joints with varying end configurations and compared them with metallic rivet joints. Emphasizing the convex form, diverse multi-rivet links were crafted for single-lap tensile samples. Integrating tensile tests and strain gauge measurements, this research explored load distribution patterns across diverse rivet quantities and assessed the impact of size on distribution. Furthermore, finite element software was used to dissect the load distribution patterns and failure mechanisms in the multi-riveted connection structure. Drawing from experimental findings, convex GF/PP rivets exhibited an 18% higher tensile load than metallic ones, with a simultaneous 32% weight reduction. In multi-rivet connections, end rivets demonstrated higher load-bearing capacity. Enhanced spacing and plate width improved load distribution, elevating joint load capacity by 7% (spacing 25 mm to 55 mm) and 6% (width 30 mm to 55 mm). The simulation results indicate that increasing the spacing reduces the stress concentration at the first nail location.","PeriodicalId":508263,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites","volume":"5 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139525361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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