Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research最新文献

Mozambique has the sixth highest prevalence of HIV in the world and ranks fourth in new infections. The government-owned print press Notícias has played an important role in the social construction of HIV and AIDS in the country as it was entrusted with the role of disseminating HIV and AIDS information to the public since the outbreak of the pandemic in the country in 1986. Using Notícias' articles and frame analysis perspective, the article analyses the way Notícias has framed HIV and AIDS in the country since the late 1980s. The choice of media results from the fact that the way a phenomenon is constructed influences the way it is understood, as well as the way people may behave before it. The study found that Notícias' frames on HIV and AIDS have suffered from a threefold tension: the need to maintain the Frelimo government's former centralised and grassroots-orientated socialist ideology of health services in the context of the liberal market; the need to balance the influence of the global multilateral and bilateral actors and the Frelimo government's political interest of translating HIV and AIDS response to the Mozambican context; and the need to portray a nationalist and positive image of the government's performance in HIV and AIDS response before Mozambique's non-fully plausible societal practices for an effective HIV and AIDS response. In a top-down approach, Notícias' frames reflect not only the African post-independence ancillary and nationalist role of government-owned print press but also the power of global actors. Less is done from the societal bottom-up perspective.

Depression is a significant concern for people living with HIV and AIDS as it is associated with negative health outcomes and suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). To this extent, screening for depression is essential for early detection. The CESD-R-20 is a revised four-factor questionnaire developed to assess depressive symptoms in adults. This study explored the factor structure and psychometric properties of the CESD-R-20 among 685 individuals receiving ART. Data were collected at the Infectious Diseases Clinic of a large public hospital outside Cape Town from participants who had been receiving ART for at least six months. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the CESD-R-20 was performed to identify its underlying factor structure. The EFA revealed a one-factor solution termed "depressive affect," comprising 19 items that encompassed the original factors. This finding suggests that depression is a cohesive construct rather than a collection of interconnected dimensions. The scale exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95) among the sample of persons living with HIV and AIDS. Our findings indicate that the CESD-R-20 can effectively measure depressive affect as a one-factor scale in South Africans receiving ART. The scale demonstrated strong internal consistency and is suitable for screening for depressive symptoms among persons living with HIV and AIDS.

Ghanaians with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection now live into adulthood. It is known that adolescents and young adults living with HIV have a high risk of mental health comorbidity. Despite increasing global attention on HIV-mental health interactions, the field remains understudied in Ghana, with an attendant lack of national integrated care solutions. This study aimed to measure the burden and explore the context of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among young people living with HIV receiving care at a tertiary care hospital in Ghana. This was an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study. Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms were measured using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and their associations with quality of life (QoL), socioeconomic status, internalised stigma, disease stage and HIV-related risk-taking behaviours were explored. After preliminary quantitative data analysis, semi-structured interviews were conducted for those who screened positive for depression and/or anxiety to explore their experience with this comorbidity. This study found a low prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms, which were associated with higher stigma scores and lower QoL. We believe this low prevalence to be attributable to the effect of several psychosocial interventional programmes, which were previously piloted with the study cohort that have gradually normalised mental health discussions. Participants also showed marked resilience and knowledge about their condition. The results of this study present an opportunity to advocate and scale up effective locally adapted and strength-based solutions to address the mental illness-HIV syndemic in Ghanaian young people living with HIV.

In South Africa, the high rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among young people and unplanned pregnancies remains a concern. Using a qualitative approach, this study aimed to explore how young people between 18 and 24 years old perceive the risk of unplanned pregnancy and HIV, and how they give priority to and act to prevent both concerns. Fifty-four young people were recruited from three provinces in South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, and Gauteng. Data collection took place between May and June in 2016. All data collection was carried out in person using a standardised discussion guide and a semi-structured interview guide in English. We conducted eight focus group discussions with young people and three in-depth interviews with young people who had become parents in their teens. We utilised thematic analysis grounded in a social constructionist framework to assess patterns and associations in the data. Respondents reported unplanned pregnancy and HIV as prevalent among their peers, but prioritised both concerns differently. Preventing pregnancy was a greater priority and threat than HIV. Respondents were less concerned about being infected with HIV which was perceived as invisible and not a death sentence because of the efficacy and ease of use of treatment. HIV was considered comparatively more manageable and less burdensome than other chronic illnesses and unplanned pregnancy. Our study suggests unplanned pregnancy and HIV prevention interventions should prioritise responding to young people's primary desire to control their fertility, but also encourage them to have holistic sexual and reproductive health goals that include HIV prevention. Our findings suggest a pressing need for biomedical therapies that offer combined HIV and pregnancy prevention for young people. Future programmes need to be agile and innovative in addressing young people's tendency to prioritise HIV and pregnancy differently, and they need to revive the sense of urgency to prevent HIV.

This study aimed at assessing the experiences of people living with HIV who participated in an agricultural livelihood support initiative in selected districts of Uganda. The initiative, implemented from 2017 to 2018, involved the provision of agricultural inputs such as beans, cassava cuttings, goats, chickens, and pigs to participants. In-depth interviews were conducted with 37 people (28 women and 9 men) from the districts of Kampala, Masaka and Wakiso (specifically Entebbe) in central Uganda, who had participated in the project. Data were analysed thematically focusing on facilitators, challenges and outcomes from the project. The following themes emerged as facilitators: access to land and animal feed, prior farming experience and supportive family and friends. Some participants experienced challenges including animal/poultry diseases, livestock theft, "low quality" agricultural inputs, unfavourable weather conditions, limited finance and land to support livelihood activities and difficulties working in groups. Several participants reported positive livelihood outcomes including improved food security, better nutrition, increased income and improved mental health. However, some participants reported negative outcomes which took the form of a loss of money and time invested when their livestock died from disease. Although participants in the agricultural livelihood initiative faced challenges which reduced the profitability of their projects, the initiative was regarded as beneficial and worthwhile. These findings have relevance to the broader field of livelihoods programming. Future interventions can draw from the experiences of our participants while also taking seriously into consideration the different circumstances of individuals in a targeted population so as to increase the chances of producing more positive outcomes.

Following a systematic review of quality indicators employed in the evaluation of clinical care for individuals with HIV and AIDS, we performed "an exploratory study" that aims to assess the clinical significance and practical applicability of these indicators from the perspective of health care professionals (HCPs) specialising in HIV and AIDS care. Twenty-five HCPs filled out two questionnaires. From the initial list of 88 quality indicators, 50 were identified as the most relevant and useful in HIV and AIDS clinical care. Analysis was conducted on the individual indicators, and the outcomes were categorised into seven domains for clinical relevance and practical usefulness. Health care professionals deemed the functional organisational structure and the therapy domain to have the most pertinent and useful indicators among the seven different clinical domains, followed by the prevention domain.

Background: Lesotho has the second-highest HIV and AIDS prevalence globally and is the country's second leading cause of death. Despite increasing ART coverage, adolescents remain left behind and face high mortality because of delayed ART initiation. This study aimed to explore the experiences and challenges of nurses when initiating adolescents living with HIV on ART in Thaba-Tseka, Lesotho.

Methods: A qualitative descriptive research design and twelve in-depth interviews were conducted among nurses from a hospital in the Thaba-Tseka district. Participants were selected purposively until data saturation was reached. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed manually using the thematic analysis approach. The findings were presented in themes and sub-themes. Individual face-to-face interviews were conducted in English and Sesotho from May to August 2021.

Results: The key findings in this study involved adolescents' attendance at the health care facility, ART initiation process, HIV stigma influencing the uptake of ART, poor ART follow-up and socio-economic factors affecting adherence to ART.

Conclusion: The themes uncovered in this study provide valuable insights into the gaps in ART initiation, and highlight the challenges encountered by nurses during this process among adolescents in Lesotho. The experiences and obstacles shared by nurses during ART initiation cover a range of issues, collectively demonstrating their engagement in HIV and ART care. These findings emphasise the critical role of policymakers and health care providers in devising customised ART initiation interventions for adolescents. Addressing these challenges will be crucial for enhancing ART uptake and adherence among adolescents living with HIV in Lesotho.

Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for preventing vertical transmission of HIV and maternal deaths. While the literature is replete with studies on ART adherence, the role of social capital in adherence to ART is less studied. Drawing from the social cognitive theory, this study examines the relationship between social capital and post-partum adherence to ART.

Methods: We analysed data from 481 post-partum women with HIV in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Adherence to ART was measured using a validated scale, capturing self-reported medication-taking behaviours. Social capital was assessed using a pre-validated tool, encompassing indicators of social engagement, support networks and community connectedness. We used logistic regression models to examine social capital and ART adherence associations, while controlling for relevant covariates.

Results: Participants mean age was 32.9 (SD ± 5.76) years. After adjusting for age, education level, alcohol use, status disclosure to partner, marital status, desire for more children, employment status and living arrangements, social capital was significantly associated with higher odds of ART adherence (p = 0.004, AOR 1.09; 95% CI 1.03-1.16).

Conclusion: We found evidence in support of the role of social capital in ART adherence. Strengthening social support networks and addressing psychosocial factors could improve adherence to ART. As such, policymakers and programme managers should consider the role of social capital in designing interventions to improve ART adherence. Future research should explore the mechanisms through which social capital impacts ART adherence.

Background: The consequences of engaging in risky sexual behaviours (RSB) can lead to HIV infection, sexually transmitted diseases and unintended pregnancy. The relationship between neighbourhood characteristics and youth involvement in RSB such as early sexual debut and multiple sexual partnerships has been of great concern to government, researchers and policymakers. However, there are very few empirical studies using demographic and health surveys to unpack the nature of this relationship in Rwanda, Ghana and South Africa. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of early sexual debut and condom use, and to explore the neighbourhood factors associated with early sexual debut and condom use in Rwanda, Ghana and South Africa.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using the most recent Demographic and Health Survey Data (DHS 2014-2016) from Ghana, Rwanda and South Africa to investigate the relationship between neighbourhood characteristics and risky sexual behaviour among the youth.

Results: The prevalence of risky sexual behaviour in the three countries ranges from 56% (South Africa), 30% (Ghana) and 12% (Rwanda). Male youth in the 20-to-24-year-old category had increased odds of engaging in multiple sexual partnerships for the three countries (AOR 4.58; 95% CI 3.40-6.16), Rwanda (AOR 2.72; 95% CI 2.04-3.68) and South Africa (AOR 4.56; 95% CI 3.33-6.24). Meanwhile, at the community level, community education significantly increased the odds of age sexual debut among female adolescents by 50% (South Africa), and 46% (Ghana), while in Rwanda, this factor had decreased odds with higher community education.

Conclusion: To lower the incidence of risky sexual behaviour in the community, programmes aimed at appropriate policy options must be intensified. The implications of these findings is helpful for a developmental approach aimed at reaching Africa's long-term development goal of eliminating STIs among young people.