Pub Date : 2024-06-15DOI: 10.1177/14777606241262875
S. Jourabchi, S. Ostad Movahed
The rubbers mix to prepare a blend to improve performance and reduce the costs of rubber-made articles. To achieve optimal mechanical and dynamical properties, strong interphases must form between different polymers in a blend. The solvent uptake into the structure of a polymer blend, whether organic or inorganic, is a significant concern in polymer-made articles. In this research, several blends and compounds based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM) were prepared. The prepared samples were pre-irradiated by microwaves and immersed in the ethyl acetate (EA) for doing the dynamic swelling experiment. The swelling results were used to determine the molecular diffusion characteristics of the polymer-solvent system. Also, a new method for quantitatively evaluating the interphase between two polymers in a blend was developed using the diffusion characteristics obtained from the swelling experiments. To validate the findings, conventional analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed. The diffusion parameters found in the study were used to determine the degradation mechanism of the immersed SBR/EPDM blend in an organic (EA) solvent and also, to develop a new technique for efficient separation of EA from a solution. In addition, the EPDM/SBR blend with a 20/80 wt ratio at 25°C associated with the lowest interphase showed the highest solvent uptake.
混合橡胶可提高橡胶制品的性能并降低成本。为了获得最佳的机械和动力性能，共混物中的不同聚合物之间必须形成牢固的相位。聚合物共混物结构中的溶剂吸收（无论是有机溶剂还是无机溶剂）是聚合物制成品中的一个重要问题。本研究制备了几种基于丁苯橡胶（SBR）和乙丙橡胶（EPDM）的共混物和化合物。制备的样品经微波预辐照后浸入醋酸乙酯（EA）中进行动态溶胀实验。溶胀结果用于确定聚合物-溶剂体系的分子扩散特性。此外，还利用溶胀实验获得的扩散特性开发了一种新方法，用于定量评估共混物中两种聚合物之间的相位。为了验证研究结果，还采用了扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和原子力显微镜（AFM）等传统分析技术。研究中发现的扩散参数被用于确定浸入有机（EA）溶剂中的 SBR/EPDM 混合物的降解机理，同时还用于开发一种从溶液中有效分离 EA 的新技术。此外，在 25°C 温度条件下，EPDM/SBR 混合材料的重量比为 20/80，相间度最低，因此溶剂吸收率最高。
{"title":"The effect of microwave irradiation on the molecular diffusion of the ethyl acetate (EA) into the blend of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM)","authors":"S. Jourabchi, S. Ostad Movahed","doi":"10.1177/14777606241262875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241262875","url":null,"abstract":"The rubbers mix to prepare a blend to improve performance and reduce the costs of rubber-made articles. To achieve optimal mechanical and dynamical properties, strong interphases must form between different polymers in a blend. The solvent uptake into the structure of a polymer blend, whether organic or inorganic, is a significant concern in polymer-made articles. In this research, several blends and compounds based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM) were prepared. The prepared samples were pre-irradiated by microwaves and immersed in the ethyl acetate (EA) for doing the dynamic swelling experiment. The swelling results were used to determine the molecular diffusion characteristics of the polymer-solvent system. Also, a new method for quantitatively evaluating the interphase between two polymers in a blend was developed using the diffusion characteristics obtained from the swelling experiments. To validate the findings, conventional analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed. The diffusion parameters found in the study were used to determine the degradation mechanism of the immersed SBR/EPDM blend in an organic (EA) solvent and also, to develop a new technique for efficient separation of EA from a solution. In addition, the EPDM/SBR blend with a 20/80 wt ratio at 25°C associated with the lowest interphase showed the highest solvent uptake.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"85 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141337816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1177/14777606241257055
A. Mousa
Thermo-oxidative aging (TOA) is a crucial factor that judges the serviceability of a composite material. Therefore, olive husk wastes (OHWs) was subjected to mechanical and chemical treatments in the first and second stages to check its potential as a reinforcement for unsaturated polyester (UPE) to produce PWC. The mechanical treatment involved milling using a ball mill, followed by mechanical sifting to obtain the smallest particle size. Raw OHW (R-OHW) was progressively increased from 0 to 50 phr and incorporated into the UPE resin. The prepared composites were subjected to TOA process using an air-circulating furnace. The unaged and aged samples were characterized with respect to mechanical properties. The highest retention% was displayed by the sample with 30 phr OHW. The sample with 10 and 30 phr content was subjected to hydrogen peroxide (P-OHW) and di-octylphalate (DOP) treatments (D-OHW) under ambient conditions for 24 h, followed by incorporation into the UPE resin. The prepared composites were undergone TOA process, as before. It has been found that the composition with 10 phr OHW displayed the highest retention% in terms of mechanical performance. Thus, the chemical treatment decreased the OHW amount to be incorporated into the UPE.
热氧化老化（TOA）是判断复合材料适用性的一个关键因素。因此，对橄榄果壳废料（OHWs）进行了第一和第二阶段的机械和化学处理，以检验其作为不饱和聚酯（UPE）增强材料的潜力，从而生产出 PWC。机械处理包括使用球磨机进行研磨，然后进行机械筛分以获得最小粒径。原始 OHW（R-OHW）从 0 逐步增加到 50 phr，并加入到 UPE 树脂中。使用空气循环炉对制备的复合材料进行 TOA 处理。对未老化和老化样品进行了机械性能表征。OHW 含量为 30 phr 的样品保留率最高。10 和 30 phr 含量的样品在环境条件下经过 24 小时的过氧化氢（P-OHW）和二辛基酞酸酯（DOP）处理（D-OHW），然后加入 UPE 树脂中。所制备的复合材料与之前一样经过 TOA 工艺处理。结果发现，含有 10 phr OHW 的复合材料在机械性能方面的保留率最高。因此，化学处理减少了 UPE 中的 OHW 含量。
{"title":"The effect of thermo-oxidative ageing on the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester/wood composites","authors":"A. Mousa","doi":"10.1177/14777606241257055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241257055","url":null,"abstract":"Thermo-oxidative aging (TOA) is a crucial factor that judges the serviceability of a composite material. Therefore, olive husk wastes (OHWs) was subjected to mechanical and chemical treatments in the first and second stages to check its potential as a reinforcement for unsaturated polyester (UPE) to produce PWC. The mechanical treatment involved milling using a ball mill, followed by mechanical sifting to obtain the smallest particle size. Raw OHW (R-OHW) was progressively increased from 0 to 50 phr and incorporated into the UPE resin. The prepared composites were subjected to TOA process using an air-circulating furnace. The unaged and aged samples were characterized with respect to mechanical properties. The highest retention% was displayed by the sample with 30 phr OHW. The sample with 10 and 30 phr content was subjected to hydrogen peroxide (P-OHW) and di-octylphalate (DOP) treatments (D-OHW) under ambient conditions for 24 h, followed by incorporation into the UPE resin. The prepared composites were undergone TOA process, as before. It has been found that the composition with 10 phr OHW displayed the highest retention% in terms of mechanical performance. Thus, the chemical treatment decreased the OHW amount to be incorporated into the UPE.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"66 s260","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141376341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1177/14777606241243114
Suradet Matchawet, Abedeen Dasaesamoh, N. Hayeemasae, A. Worlee, U. Sookyung
Composites used as particleboard have recently been developed using waste-paper fibers mixed with natural rubber compound at a weight ratio of 70/30 %. The effects of silica and aluminum hydroxide fillers were studied at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 phr. The results showed that the hardness of the waste-paper particleboard increased with the filler content. Both types of fillers led to a slight increase in the density of the composites. Moreover, the fillers reduced the hygroscopicity and swelling of the particleboard. The use of silica resulted in lower hygroscopicity, providing greater flexural resistance and elastic modulus compared to using aluminum hydroxide. Additionally, the minimum limiting oxygen index (LOI) required to ignite the sample was slightly higher with the addition of both fillers, with silica exhibiting a higher value than filled aluminum hydroxide. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition of the specimens from the TGA test was reduced as both fillers were added, especially at temperatures above 350°C.
{"title":"Enhancing the performance of waste-paper particleboard using silica and aluminum hydroxide fillers","authors":"Suradet Matchawet, Abedeen Dasaesamoh, N. Hayeemasae, A. Worlee, U. Sookyung","doi":"10.1177/14777606241243114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241243114","url":null,"abstract":"Composites used as particleboard have recently been developed using waste-paper fibers mixed with natural rubber compound at a weight ratio of 70/30 %. The effects of silica and aluminum hydroxide fillers were studied at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 phr. The results showed that the hardness of the waste-paper particleboard increased with the filler content. Both types of fillers led to a slight increase in the density of the composites. Moreover, the fillers reduced the hygroscopicity and swelling of the particleboard. The use of silica resulted in lower hygroscopicity, providing greater flexural resistance and elastic modulus compared to using aluminum hydroxide. Additionally, the minimum limiting oxygen index (LOI) required to ignite the sample was slightly higher with the addition of both fillers, with silica exhibiting a higher value than filled aluminum hydroxide. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition of the specimens from the TGA test was reduced as both fillers were added, especially at temperatures above 350°C.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"60 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140367175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-11DOI: 10.1177/14777606241231886
Nur Ayunni Ahmad Shahrul Amin, Nur Shauqina Mohd Sabri, Neettha Nai Sem, Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar, M. Shafiq
Microplastic particles are emerging water-laden waste that cause a worrying concern towards the environment and humans health. Due to its small size and geometry, and uncertain surface properties, the microplastic waste capturing method in water is still evolving. To date, a number of findings report on the emergence of microplastic surface charging, especially when exposed to water environment. In this study, the natural rubber (NR) latex band was utilized to capture the microplastic waste via a surface capturing mechanism. The NR band was produced using a film casting and curing methods. The surface charging mechanism on the NR band was introduced via the usage of high amount of ZDEC accelerator and, periodic stretching and relaxation procedures. In this work, ZDEC was used as an accelerator for the rubber formulation, and surface charge booster for the NR band. The surface charge of the NR band generates electrostatic interaction with the microplastic waste in water. The polypropylene (PP) microplastic was captured via the surface attraction mechanism using the manufactured NR band. Based on FTIR analysis, the presence of PP microplastic can be quantified on the contaminated NR band surface. The NR band shows the improvement in tensile and tear properties and crosslink density, mainly due to high amount of ZDEC used. At ZDEC loading of 20 phr, the NR band recorded the highest surface potential value, and this is owing to the formation of Zn2+ complex ions on its surface. XRF analysis indicates that the increment of Zn content in the NR band with increasing ZDEC content, that suggests the formation of Zn2+ complex ions.
微塑料颗粒是一种新出现的含水废物，对环境和人类健康造成了令人担忧的影响。由于其尺寸和几何形状较小，表面特性不确定，水中微塑料废物捕获方法仍在不断发展。迄今为止，许多研究结果表明，微塑料表面会产生电荷，尤其是在暴露于水环境时。本研究利用天然橡胶（NR）乳胶带通过表面捕捉机制捕捉微塑料废物。天然橡胶乳胶带是通过薄膜浇铸和固化方法制成的。通过使用大量的 ZDEC 促进剂以及周期性的拉伸和松弛过程，在 NR 胶带上引入了表面充电机制。在这项工作中，ZDEC 被用作橡胶配方的促进剂和 NR 带的表面电荷促进剂。NR 带的表面电荷与水中的微塑料废物产生静电相互作用。聚丙烯（PP）微塑料通过制造的 NR 带的表面吸引机制被捕获。根据傅立叶变换红外光谱分析，可以量化受污染的 NR 带表面是否存在聚丙烯（PP）微塑料。NR 带的拉伸和撕裂性能以及交联密度都有所改善，这主要是由于使用了大量的 ZDEC。当 ZDEC 含量为 20 phr 时，NR 带的表面电位值最高，这是因为其表面形成了 Zn2+ 复合离子。XRF 分析表明，随着 ZDEC 含量的增加，NR 带中的锌含量也在增加，这表明形成了 Zn2+ 复合离子。
{"title":"Preliminary evaluation of properties and performance of natural rubber (NR) latex band for microplastic capturing in seawater","authors":"Nur Ayunni Ahmad Shahrul Amin, Nur Shauqina Mohd Sabri, Neettha Nai Sem, Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar, M. Shafiq","doi":"10.1177/14777606241231886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241231886","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastic particles are emerging water-laden waste that cause a worrying concern towards the environment and humans health. Due to its small size and geometry, and uncertain surface properties, the microplastic waste capturing method in water is still evolving. To date, a number of findings report on the emergence of microplastic surface charging, especially when exposed to water environment. In this study, the natural rubber (NR) latex band was utilized to capture the microplastic waste via a surface capturing mechanism. The NR band was produced using a film casting and curing methods. The surface charging mechanism on the NR band was introduced via the usage of high amount of ZDEC accelerator and, periodic stretching and relaxation procedures. In this work, ZDEC was used as an accelerator for the rubber formulation, and surface charge booster for the NR band. The surface charge of the NR band generates electrostatic interaction with the microplastic waste in water. The polypropylene (PP) microplastic was captured via the surface attraction mechanism using the manufactured NR band. Based on FTIR analysis, the presence of PP microplastic can be quantified on the contaminated NR band surface. The NR band shows the improvement in tensile and tear properties and crosslink density, mainly due to high amount of ZDEC used. At ZDEC loading of 20 phr, the NR band recorded the highest surface potential value, and this is owing to the formation of Zn2+ complex ions on its surface. XRF analysis indicates that the increment of Zn content in the NR band with increasing ZDEC content, that suggests the formation of Zn2+ complex ions.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"109 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139785450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-11DOI: 10.1177/14777606241231886
Nur Ayunni Ahmad Shahrul Amin, Nur Shauqina Mohd Sabri, Neettha Nai Sem, Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar, M. Shafiq
Microplastic particles are emerging water-laden waste that cause a worrying concern towards the environment and humans health. Due to its small size and geometry, and uncertain surface properties, the microplastic waste capturing method in water is still evolving. To date, a number of findings report on the emergence of microplastic surface charging, especially when exposed to water environment. In this study, the natural rubber (NR) latex band was utilized to capture the microplastic waste via a surface capturing mechanism. The NR band was produced using a film casting and curing methods. The surface charging mechanism on the NR band was introduced via the usage of high amount of ZDEC accelerator and, periodic stretching and relaxation procedures. In this work, ZDEC was used as an accelerator for the rubber formulation, and surface charge booster for the NR band. The surface charge of the NR band generates electrostatic interaction with the microplastic waste in water. The polypropylene (PP) microplastic was captured via the surface attraction mechanism using the manufactured NR band. Based on FTIR analysis, the presence of PP microplastic can be quantified on the contaminated NR band surface. The NR band shows the improvement in tensile and tear properties and crosslink density, mainly due to high amount of ZDEC used. At ZDEC loading of 20 phr, the NR band recorded the highest surface potential value, and this is owing to the formation of Zn2+ complex ions on its surface. XRF analysis indicates that the increment of Zn content in the NR band with increasing ZDEC content, that suggests the formation of Zn2+ complex ions.
微塑料颗粒是一种新出现的含水废物，对环境和人类健康造成了令人担忧的影响。由于其尺寸和几何形状较小，表面特性不确定，水中微塑料废物捕获方法仍在不断发展。迄今为止，许多研究结果表明，微塑料表面会产生电荷，尤其是在暴露于水环境时。本研究利用天然橡胶（NR）乳胶带通过表面捕捉机制捕捉微塑料废物。天然橡胶乳胶带是通过薄膜浇铸和固化方法制成的。通过使用大量的 ZDEC 促进剂以及周期性的拉伸和松弛过程，在 NR 胶带上引入了表面充电机制。在这项工作中，ZDEC 被用作橡胶配方的促进剂和 NR 带的表面电荷促进剂。NR 带的表面电荷与水中的微塑料废物产生静电相互作用。聚丙烯（PP）微塑料通过制造的 NR 带的表面吸引机制被捕获。根据傅立叶变换红外光谱分析，可以量化受污染的 NR 带表面是否存在聚丙烯（PP）微塑料。NR 带的拉伸和撕裂性能以及交联密度都有所改善，这主要是由于使用了大量的 ZDEC。当 ZDEC 含量为 20 phr 时，NR 带的表面电位值最高，这是因为其表面形成了 Zn2+ 复合离子。XRF 分析表明，随着 ZDEC 含量的增加，NR 带中的锌含量也在增加，这表明形成了 Zn2+ 复合离子。
{"title":"Preliminary evaluation of properties and performance of natural rubber (NR) latex band for microplastic capturing in seawater","authors":"Nur Ayunni Ahmad Shahrul Amin, Nur Shauqina Mohd Sabri, Neettha Nai Sem, Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar, M. Shafiq","doi":"10.1177/14777606241231886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241231886","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastic particles are emerging water-laden waste that cause a worrying concern towards the environment and humans health. Due to its small size and geometry, and uncertain surface properties, the microplastic waste capturing method in water is still evolving. To date, a number of findings report on the emergence of microplastic surface charging, especially when exposed to water environment. In this study, the natural rubber (NR) latex band was utilized to capture the microplastic waste via a surface capturing mechanism. The NR band was produced using a film casting and curing methods. The surface charging mechanism on the NR band was introduced via the usage of high amount of ZDEC accelerator and, periodic stretching and relaxation procedures. In this work, ZDEC was used as an accelerator for the rubber formulation, and surface charge booster for the NR band. The surface charge of the NR band generates electrostatic interaction with the microplastic waste in water. The polypropylene (PP) microplastic was captured via the surface attraction mechanism using the manufactured NR band. Based on FTIR analysis, the presence of PP microplastic can be quantified on the contaminated NR band surface. The NR band shows the improvement in tensile and tear properties and crosslink density, mainly due to high amount of ZDEC used. At ZDEC loading of 20 phr, the NR band recorded the highest surface potential value, and this is owing to the formation of Zn2+ complex ions on its surface. XRF analysis indicates that the increment of Zn content in the NR band with increasing ZDEC content, that suggests the formation of Zn2+ complex ions.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"118 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139845329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1177/14777606241231887
P. Ghosh
This research paper investigates the frictional and thermomechanical properties of a copper (Cu) free non-asbestos organic (NAO) composite for developing brake friction material for automotive/railway applications. Reduced-scale brake composites were manufactured and tested in a pin on disc tribometer. The effect of aluminum (Al) chips on the dry sliding wear behavior of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) modified phenolic resin-based reduced-scale friction composites was investigated. Other common ingredients of friction materials like fiber, filler, and friction modifiers were not included to get the specific effect of Al on the various properties of the composites. Four composites were prepared with varying Al content, for example, 25, 50, 75, and 100 phr (parts per hundred resins). The average COF increases by ∼70% for 75 phr Al loaded composite (optimum composition) compared to the base composite (devoid of Al). However, mechanical properties, such as hardness and flexure strength, decrease with increasing phr of Al, although compressive strength does not change significantly. The optimum composite exhibits the lowest specific wear rate among Al chips loaded composites. The optimum composite also shows nearly three times improvement in thermal conductivity compared to the base composite. The wear behavior of the composites has been analyzed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images.
{"title":"Performance assessment of aluminum chips in reduced-scale friction for developing copper-free elastomer-modified friction composites","authors":"P. Ghosh","doi":"10.1177/14777606241231887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241231887","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper investigates the frictional and thermomechanical properties of a copper (Cu) free non-asbestos organic (NAO) composite for developing brake friction material for automotive/railway applications. Reduced-scale brake composites were manufactured and tested in a pin on disc tribometer. The effect of aluminum (Al) chips on the dry sliding wear behavior of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) modified phenolic resin-based reduced-scale friction composites was investigated. Other common ingredients of friction materials like fiber, filler, and friction modifiers were not included to get the specific effect of Al on the various properties of the composites. Four composites were prepared with varying Al content, for example, 25, 50, 75, and 100 phr (parts per hundred resins). The average COF increases by ∼70% for 75 phr Al loaded composite (optimum composition) compared to the base composite (devoid of Al). However, mechanical properties, such as hardness and flexure strength, decrease with increasing phr of Al, although compressive strength does not change significantly. The optimum composite exhibits the lowest specific wear rate among Al chips loaded composites. The optimum composite also shows nearly three times improvement in thermal conductivity compared to the base composite. The wear behavior of the composites has been analyzed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"105 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139865417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1177/14777606241231887
P. Ghosh
This research paper investigates the frictional and thermomechanical properties of a copper (Cu) free non-asbestos organic (NAO) composite for developing brake friction material for automotive/railway applications. Reduced-scale brake composites were manufactured and tested in a pin on disc tribometer. The effect of aluminum (Al) chips on the dry sliding wear behavior of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) modified phenolic resin-based reduced-scale friction composites was investigated. Other common ingredients of friction materials like fiber, filler, and friction modifiers were not included to get the specific effect of Al on the various properties of the composites. Four composites were prepared with varying Al content, for example, 25, 50, 75, and 100 phr (parts per hundred resins). The average COF increases by ∼70% for 75 phr Al loaded composite (optimum composition) compared to the base composite (devoid of Al). However, mechanical properties, such as hardness and flexure strength, decrease with increasing phr of Al, although compressive strength does not change significantly. The optimum composite exhibits the lowest specific wear rate among Al chips loaded composites. The optimum composite also shows nearly three times improvement in thermal conductivity compared to the base composite. The wear behavior of the composites has been analyzed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images.
{"title":"Performance assessment of aluminum chips in reduced-scale friction for developing copper-free elastomer-modified friction composites","authors":"P. Ghosh","doi":"10.1177/14777606241231887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241231887","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper investigates the frictional and thermomechanical properties of a copper (Cu) free non-asbestos organic (NAO) composite for developing brake friction material for automotive/railway applications. Reduced-scale brake composites were manufactured and tested in a pin on disc tribometer. The effect of aluminum (Al) chips on the dry sliding wear behavior of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) modified phenolic resin-based reduced-scale friction composites was investigated. Other common ingredients of friction materials like fiber, filler, and friction modifiers were not included to get the specific effect of Al on the various properties of the composites. Four composites were prepared with varying Al content, for example, 25, 50, 75, and 100 phr (parts per hundred resins). The average COF increases by ∼70% for 75 phr Al loaded composite (optimum composition) compared to the base composite (devoid of Al). However, mechanical properties, such as hardness and flexure strength, decrease with increasing phr of Al, although compressive strength does not change significantly. The optimum composite exhibits the lowest specific wear rate among Al chips loaded composites. The optimum composite also shows nearly three times improvement in thermal conductivity compared to the base composite. The wear behavior of the composites has been analyzed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"50 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139805785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.1177/14777606241229205
Guifang Du, Jinsheng Duan, Peijie Jia, Zhaogang Liu, Fushan Feng, Yanhong Hu, Jinxiu Wu, Xiaowei Zhang, Jianfei Li
In this study, ZnAlLa-maleate-LDHs was synthesized using the co-precipitation-hydrothermal method. The effects of aluminum-lanthanum ratio, co-precipitation time, hydrothermal time, and hydrothermal temperature on the crystal structure were investigated. As indicated by the result, the optimal condition was n (Al3+): n (La3+) = 10:1, the co-precipitation time reached 24 h, the hydrothermal time was 8 h, and the hydrothermal temperature reached 180°C. The effect of hydrotalcite on the thermal stability properties and plasticizing properties of PVC was analyzed. The result suggested that ZnAlLa-maleate-LDHs enhanced the thermal stability, plasticizing properties, and mechanical properties of PVC compared with ZnAlLa-CO3-LDHs. The layer spacing of hydrotalcite was increased with the introduction of maleic acid, such that the entry of Cl− into the interlayer guest was facilitated, and the decomposition of PVC was inhibited. Moreover, the long-term thermal stability mechanism was analyzed using FTIR before and after hydrochloric acid treatment. As revealed by the above result, the thermal stabilizer ZnAlLa-maleate-LDHs are capable of hindering the breakage of C-Cl bonds in PVC, inhibiting the formation of HCl, and playing a certain role in thermal stabilization.
{"title":"Preparation of intercalated hydrotalcite materials and its effect on thermal stability properties of polyvinyl chloride","authors":"Guifang Du, Jinsheng Duan, Peijie Jia, Zhaogang Liu, Fushan Feng, Yanhong Hu, Jinxiu Wu, Xiaowei Zhang, Jianfei Li","doi":"10.1177/14777606241229205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241229205","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, ZnAlLa-maleate-LDHs was synthesized using the co-precipitation-hydrothermal method. The effects of aluminum-lanthanum ratio, co-precipitation time, hydrothermal time, and hydrothermal temperature on the crystal structure were investigated. As indicated by the result, the optimal condition was n (Al3+): n (La3+) = 10:1, the co-precipitation time reached 24 h, the hydrothermal time was 8 h, and the hydrothermal temperature reached 180°C. The effect of hydrotalcite on the thermal stability properties and plasticizing properties of PVC was analyzed. The result suggested that ZnAlLa-maleate-LDHs enhanced the thermal stability, plasticizing properties, and mechanical properties of PVC compared with ZnAlLa-CO3-LDHs. The layer spacing of hydrotalcite was increased with the introduction of maleic acid, such that the entry of Cl− into the interlayer guest was facilitated, and the decomposition of PVC was inhibited. Moreover, the long-term thermal stability mechanism was analyzed using FTIR before and after hydrochloric acid treatment. As revealed by the above result, the thermal stabilizer ZnAlLa-maleate-LDHs are capable of hindering the breakage of C-Cl bonds in PVC, inhibiting the formation of HCl, and playing a certain role in thermal stabilization.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"80 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139603995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1177/14777606231224132
U. Kandil, H. A. Bulut
This study aims to examine the permeability and acid and sulfate attack of waste rubber-substituted concrete containing recycled rubber in three different grain size classes (chips, crumb and powder) with two different water/cement (w/c) ratios (0.4 and 0.5). Waste rubber at different ratios (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, and 24%) was used in concrete by replacing fine and coarse aggregates. Sorptivity, electrical resistivity, and acid and sulfate attack tests were conducted on concrete cured for 90 days. Although the capillarity coefficient values increased with the waste rubber replacement ratio increase, a decrease occurred after the 20% waste rubber replacement ratio. In 12% waste rubber-substituted concrete (0.4WR12) with a water/cement ratio of 0.4, the electrical resistivity value (8.3 kΩ.cm) was the highest, and concretes with low permeability could be produced. As a result of the use of 16% waste rubber in the concrete, 75% less compressive strength loss was observed after the acid attack compared to the control concrete. In concrete with a water/cement ratio of 0.5, when the waste rubber ratio increased by up to 16%, the compressive strength losses caused by the sulfate attack decreased dramatically (95.76% less) compared to the control concrete. The rubberized concrete with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 showed high resistance to acid and sulfate attacks. The experiment results showed that 12% to 16% waste rubbers are ideal ratios. In this study, the water/cement ratio was a valuable parameter for the waste rubber ratio in rubberized concrete.
{"title":"Examination of the permeability of rubberized concrete with different water/cement ratios and their resistance against acid and sulfate attack","authors":"U. Kandil, H. A. Bulut","doi":"10.1177/14777606231224132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231224132","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine the permeability and acid and sulfate attack of waste rubber-substituted concrete containing recycled rubber in three different grain size classes (chips, crumb and powder) with two different water/cement (w/c) ratios (0.4 and 0.5). Waste rubber at different ratios (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, and 24%) was used in concrete by replacing fine and coarse aggregates. Sorptivity, electrical resistivity, and acid and sulfate attack tests were conducted on concrete cured for 90 days. Although the capillarity coefficient values increased with the waste rubber replacement ratio increase, a decrease occurred after the 20% waste rubber replacement ratio. In 12% waste rubber-substituted concrete (0.4WR12) with a water/cement ratio of 0.4, the electrical resistivity value (8.3 kΩ.cm) was the highest, and concretes with low permeability could be produced. As a result of the use of 16% waste rubber in the concrete, 75% less compressive strength loss was observed after the acid attack compared to the control concrete. In concrete with a water/cement ratio of 0.5, when the waste rubber ratio increased by up to 16%, the compressive strength losses caused by the sulfate attack decreased dramatically (95.76% less) compared to the control concrete. The rubberized concrete with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 showed high resistance to acid and sulfate attacks. The experiment results showed that 12% to 16% waste rubbers are ideal ratios. In this study, the water/cement ratio was a valuable parameter for the waste rubber ratio in rubberized concrete.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139163755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1177/14777606231224129
Sachini Narmada Dissanayake, Kanishka De Silva, S. Egodage, Frank Dennis Blum, Madhubhashini Maddumaarachchi
This study discusses an approach that gives the Natural Rubber (NR) vulcanizates an elevated hydrophobic character. The method used a chemically treated filler called diatomaceous earth (DE) to deliver the hydrophobic characteristics to NR. DE has a nanoscale roughness. It was chemically treated with hexadecyltrimethoxy silane to obtain low surface energy. The combination of nanoscale roughness and low surface energy gave superhydrophobic properties to DE. A series of treated-DE was made with varying silane percentages to find an optimum silane to DE ratio to get the maximum possible hydrophobicity. The optimum ratio was recorded as 38% w/w, and the treated DE displayed a superhydrophobic water contact angle (WCA) of 152°. The treated-DE was added to the rubber as a filler during the compounding process. The filler was added in varying amounts of 5 phr, 10 phr, 15 phr, and 20 phr to observe the changes in the hydrophobic property. The wettability and morphology of developed vulcanizates were measured using WCA measurements and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, respectively. NR compounded with 20 phr filler exhibited an enhanced WCA of 136°, compared to the WCA of 92° of the NR vulcanizate with no treated-DE, and displayed improved tensile, and tear properties.
本研究讨论了一种使天然橡胶（NR）硫化胶具有较高疏水特性的方法。该方法使用一种名为硅藻土（DE）的化学处理填料来为 NR 提供疏水特性。硅藻土具有纳米级的粗糙度。用十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷对其进行化学处理，以获得低表面能。纳米级粗糙度和低表面能的结合赋予了 DE 超疏水特性。我们用不同比例的硅烷制造了一系列经过处理的 DE，以找到硅烷与 DE 的最佳比例，从而获得最大可能的疏水性。最佳比例为 38% w/w，处理后的 DE 显示出 152° 的超疏水接触角（WCA）。在混炼过程中，将处理过的 DE 作为填料添加到橡胶中。填料的添加量分别为 5 phr、10 phr、15 phr 和 20 phr，以观察疏水性的变化。使用 WCA 测量和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析分别测量了已开发硫化胶的润湿性和形态。与未处理-DE 的 NR 硫化物的 WCA（92°）相比，添加 20 phr 填料的 NR 硫化物的 WCA（136°）有所提高，拉伸和撕裂性能也有所改善。
{"title":"Enhancement of hydrophobicity in natural rubber vulcanizates using diatomaceous earth","authors":"Sachini Narmada Dissanayake, Kanishka De Silva, S. Egodage, Frank Dennis Blum, Madhubhashini Maddumaarachchi","doi":"10.1177/14777606231224129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606231224129","url":null,"abstract":"This study discusses an approach that gives the Natural Rubber (NR) vulcanizates an elevated hydrophobic character. The method used a chemically treated filler called diatomaceous earth (DE) to deliver the hydrophobic characteristics to NR. DE has a nanoscale roughness. It was chemically treated with hexadecyltrimethoxy silane to obtain low surface energy. The combination of nanoscale roughness and low surface energy gave superhydrophobic properties to DE. A series of treated-DE was made with varying silane percentages to find an optimum silane to DE ratio to get the maximum possible hydrophobicity. The optimum ratio was recorded as 38% w/w, and the treated DE displayed a superhydrophobic water contact angle (WCA) of 152°. The treated-DE was added to the rubber as a filler during the compounding process. The filler was added in varying amounts of 5 phr, 10 phr, 15 phr, and 20 phr to observe the changes in the hydrophobic property. The wettability and morphology of developed vulcanizates were measured using WCA measurements and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, respectively. NR compounded with 20 phr filler exhibited an enhanced WCA of 136°, compared to the WCA of 92° of the NR vulcanizate with no treated-DE, and displayed improved tensile, and tear properties.","PeriodicalId":508656,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139166756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：