Pub Date : 2012-02-01DOI: 10.2478/v10155-012-0001-2
P. Benes
The primary aim of the thesis is to explore the possibility of spontaneous symmetry breaking by strong Yukawa dynamics. Technically, the symmetry is assumed to be broken by formation of symmetry-breaking parts of both the scalar and the fermion propagators, rather than by the scalar vacuum expectation values. The idea is first introduced on an example of a toy model with the underlying symmetry being an Abelian one and later applied to a realistic model of electroweak interaction. In addition, the thesis also deals with some more general, model-independent issues, applicable not only to the discussed model of strong Yukawa dynamics, but to a wider class of models with dynamical mass generation. First of these issues is the problem of fermion flavor mixing in the presence of fermion self-energies with a general momentum dependence. It is in particular shown how to define the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix in such models and argued that it can come out in principle non-unitary. Second issue is the problem of calculating the gauge boson masses when the symmetry is broken by fermion self-energies. On top of deriving the formula for the gauge boson mass matrix we also find corrections to the related Pagels-Stokar formula.
{"title":"Dynamical symmetry breaking in models with strong Yukawa interactions","authors":"P. Benes","doi":"10.2478/v10155-012-0001-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10155-012-0001-2","url":null,"abstract":"The primary aim of the thesis is to explore the possibility of spontaneous symmetry breaking by strong Yukawa dynamics. Technically, the symmetry is assumed to be broken by formation of symmetry-breaking parts of both the scalar and the fermion propagators, rather than by the scalar vacuum expectation values. The idea is first introduced on an example of a toy model with the underlying symmetry being an Abelian one and later applied to a realistic model of electroweak interaction. In addition, the thesis also deals with some more general, model-independent issues, applicable not only to the discussed model of strong Yukawa dynamics, but to a wider class of models with dynamical mass generation. First of these issues is the problem of fermion flavor mixing in the presence of fermion self-energies with a general momentum dependence. It is in particular shown how to define the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix in such models and argued that it can come out in principle non-unitary. Second issue is the problem of calculating the gauge boson masses when the symmetry is broken by fermion self-energies. On top of deriving the formula for the gauge boson mass matrix we also find corrections to the related Pagels-Stokar formula.","PeriodicalId":50886,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/v10155-012-0001-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68976210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-01DOI: 10.2478/V10155-011-0005-7
G. Milburn, M. Woolley
We provide an introduction to the description of mechanical systems in the quantum regime, and provide a review of the various types of micro-scale and nano-scale optomechanical and electromechanical systems. The aim is to achieve quantum control of micromechanical and nanomechanical resonators using the electromagnetic field. Such control requires the demonstration of state preparation (in particular, cooling to the ground state), coherent control and quantum-limited measurement. These problems are discussed in turn. Some particular problems in force detection, metrology, nonlinear optomechanics and many-body optomechanics are also discussed.
{"title":"An introduction to quantum optomechanics","authors":"G. Milburn, M. Woolley","doi":"10.2478/V10155-011-0005-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10155-011-0005-7","url":null,"abstract":"We provide an introduction to the description of mechanical systems in the quantum regime, and provide a review of the various types of micro-scale and nano-scale optomechanical and electromechanical systems. The aim is to achieve quantum control of micromechanical and nanomechanical resonators using the electromagnetic field. Such control requires the demonstration of state preparation (in particular, cooling to the ground state), coherent control and quantum-limited measurement. These problems are discussed in turn. Some particular problems in force detection, metrology, nonlinear optomechanics and many-body optomechanics are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":50886,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10155-011-0005-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68975998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.2478/V10155-011-0004-8
R. Puscasu
Nanomaterials have properties that can be substantially different from those of the corresponding bulk phases. In particular, fluid flows in pores or channels of nanoscale dimension can deviate strongly from macroscopic expectations. When such structures approach the size regime corresponding to molecular scaling lengths, new physical constraints are placed on the behavior of the fluid. These physical constraints induce regions of the fluid to exhibit new properties (e.g. vastly increased viscosity near the pore wall) and they may affect changes in thermodynamic properties and may also alter the chemical reactivity of species at the fluidsolid interface. Consequently, many classical theories break down and are no longer valid at such small length and time scales. The development of models that go beyond classical (Navier-Stokes-Fourier) hydrodynamics would be very helpful for the prediction and understanding of flows in highly confined geometries (typically 1-100 nm). While such nanoscale systems can be very difficult to probe experimentally, they can be easily approached in a very strict manner by molecular modelling, providing theory and simulation an opportunity for the discovery of new phenomena. We therefore review in this article the advances within the framework of generalized hydrodynamics and present the latest theoretical developments and modelling results that can ultimately lead to suitable predictive tools capable of accurate prediction of the key physical properties of fluids under nano-confined geometries. [Continued on next page]
{"title":"Computational nanofluidics: Nonlocal transport and the glass transition","authors":"R. Puscasu","doi":"10.2478/V10155-011-0004-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10155-011-0004-8","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomaterials have properties that can be substantially different from those of the corresponding bulk phases. In particular, fluid flows in pores or channels of nanoscale dimension can deviate strongly from macroscopic expectations. When such structures approach the size regime corresponding to molecular scaling lengths, new physical constraints are placed on the behavior of the fluid. These physical constraints induce regions of the fluid to exhibit new properties (e.g. vastly increased viscosity near the pore wall) and they may affect changes in thermodynamic properties and may also alter the chemical reactivity of species at the fluidsolid interface. Consequently, many classical theories break down and are no longer valid at such small length and time scales. The development of models that go beyond classical (Navier-Stokes-Fourier) hydrodynamics would be very helpful for the prediction and understanding of flows in highly confined geometries (typically 1-100 nm). While such nanoscale systems can be very difficult to probe experimentally, they can be easily approached in a very strict manner by molecular modelling, providing theory and simulation an opportunity for the discovery of new phenomena. We therefore review in this article the advances within the framework of generalized hydrodynamics and present the latest theoretical developments and modelling results that can ultimately lead to suitable predictive tools capable of accurate prediction of the key physical properties of fluids under nano-confined geometries. [Continued on next page]","PeriodicalId":50886,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10155-011-0004-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68975855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-01DOI: 10.2478/v10155-011-0001-y
M. Creutz
Two crucial properties of QCD, confinement and chiral symmetry breaking, cannot be understood within the context of conventional Feynman perturbation theory. Non-perturbative phenomena enter the theory in a fundamental way at both the classical and quantum level. Over the years a coherent qualitative picture of the interplay between chiral symmetry, quantum mechanical anomalies, and the lattice has emerged and is reviewed here.
{"title":"Confinement, chiral symmetry, and the lattice","authors":"M. Creutz","doi":"10.2478/v10155-011-0001-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10155-011-0001-y","url":null,"abstract":"Two crucial properties of QCD, confinement and chiral symmetry breaking, cannot be understood within the context of conventional Feynman perturbation theory. Non-perturbative phenomena enter the theory in a fundamental way at both the classical and quantum level. Over the years a coherent qualitative picture of the interplay between chiral symmetry, quantum mechanical anomalies, and the lattice has emerged and is reviewed here.","PeriodicalId":50886,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/v10155-011-0001-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68975442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-15DOI: 10.2478/v10155-010-0006-y
P. Hájícek, J. Tolar
The paper gives a systematic review of the basic ideas of (non-relativistic) quantum mechanics including all changes that result from previous work of the authors. This shows that the new theory is self-consistent and (in certain sense) complete. The most important changes are: 1) A new realist interpretation of quantum mechanics based on the observation that there are enough objective properties of quantum systems if one looks for them elsewhere than among values of observables. This enables us to introduce the notion of quantum object. 2) Classical systems are defined as macroscopic quantum objects in states close to maximum entropy. For classical mechanics, new states of such kind are introduced, the so-called maximum-entropy packets, and shown to approximate classical dynamics better than Gaussian wave packets. 3) A new solution of quantum measurement problem is proposed for measurements that are performed on microsystems. First, it is assumed that readings of registration apparatuses are always signals from detectors. This implies restrictions on what is observable. Second, an application of the cluster separability principle leads to the key notion of the paper: the separation status of microsystems. The processes of preparation and registration include changes of separation status. A crucial observation is that standard quantum mechanics does not prescribe the evolution during such changes. This gap can be filled by new rules without contradicting the rest of quantum mechanics. As an example of such a new rule, Beltrametti-Cassinelli-Lahti model of measurement is modified and shown then to satisfy both the probability-reproducibility and the objectification requirements.
{"title":"Survey of an approach to quantum measurement, classical properties and realist interpretation problems","authors":"P. Hájícek, J. Tolar","doi":"10.2478/v10155-010-0006-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10155-010-0006-y","url":null,"abstract":"The paper gives a systematic review of the basic ideas of (non-relativistic) quantum mechanics including all changes that result from previous work of the authors. This shows that the new theory is self-consistent and (in certain sense) complete. The most important changes are: 1) A new realist interpretation of quantum mechanics based on the observation that there are enough objective properties of quantum systems if one looks for them elsewhere than among values of observables. This enables us to introduce the notion of quantum object. 2) Classical systems are defined as macroscopic quantum objects in states close to maximum entropy. For classical mechanics, new states of such kind are introduced, the so-called maximum-entropy packets, and shown to approximate classical dynamics better than Gaussian wave packets. 3) A new solution of quantum measurement problem is proposed for measurements that are performed on microsystems. First, it is assumed that readings of registration apparatuses are always signals from detectors. This implies restrictions on what is observable. Second, an application of the cluster separability principle leads to the key notion of the paper: the separation status of microsystems. The processes of preparation and registration include changes of separation status. A crucial observation is that standard quantum mechanics does not prescribe the evolution during such changes. This gap can be filled by new rules without contradicting the rest of quantum mechanics. As an example of such a new rule, Beltrametti-Cassinelli-Lahti model of measurement is modified and shown then to satisfy both the probability-reproducibility and the objectification requirements.","PeriodicalId":50886,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/v10155-010-0006-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68975221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-01DOI: 10.2478/v10155-010-0001-3
S. Dubnička, A. Dubničková
The utility of an application of the analyticity in a phenomenology of electro-weak structure of hadrons is demonstrated in a number of obtained new and experimentally verifiable results. With this aim first the problem of an inconsistency of the asymptotic behavior of VMD model with the asymptotic behavior of form factors of baryons and nuclei is solved generally and a general approach for determination of the lowest normal and anomalous singularities of form factors from the corresponding Feynman diagrams is reviewed. Then many useful applications by making use of the analytic properties of electro-weak form factors and amplitudes of various electromagnetic processes of hadrons are carried out.
{"title":"Analyticity in a phenomenology of electro-weak structure of hadrons","authors":"S. Dubnička, A. Dubničková","doi":"10.2478/v10155-010-0001-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10155-010-0001-3","url":null,"abstract":"The utility of an application of the analyticity in a phenomenology of electro-weak structure of hadrons is demonstrated in a number of obtained new and experimentally verifiable results. With this aim first the problem of an inconsistency of the asymptotic behavior of VMD model with the asymptotic behavior of form factors of baryons and nuclei is solved generally and a general approach for determination of the lowest normal and anomalous singularities of form factors from the corresponding Feynman diagrams is reviewed. Then many useful applications by making use of the analytic properties of electro-weak form factors and amplitudes of various electromagnetic processes of hadrons are carried out.","PeriodicalId":50886,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/v10155-010-0001-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68975133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-02-14DOI: 10.2478/v10155-010-0004-0
S. Kopeikin, Yi Xie
The work of Y. Xie was supported by the China Scholarship Council Grant No. 2008102243. The work of S. Kopeikin was supported by the Research Council Grant No. C1669103 of the University of Missouri-Columbia and by 2008-09 faculty incentive grant of the Arts and Science Alumni Organization of the University of Missouri-Columbia.
{"title":"Post-Newtonian Reference Frames for Advanced Theory of the Lunar Motion and a New Generation of Lunar Laser Ranging","authors":"S. Kopeikin, Yi Xie","doi":"10.2478/v10155-010-0004-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10155-010-0004-0","url":null,"abstract":"The work of Y. Xie was supported by the China Scholarship Council Grant No. 2008102243. The work of S. Kopeikin was supported by the Research Council Grant No. C1669103 of the University of Missouri-Columbia and by 2008-09 faculty incentive grant of the Arts and Science Alumni Organization of the University of Missouri-Columbia.","PeriodicalId":50886,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/v10155-010-0004-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68975180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-01DOI: 10.2478/V10155-011-0002-X
Z. Bajnok, L. Šamaj
{"title":"Introduction to Integrable Many-Body systems III","authors":"Z. Bajnok, L. Šamaj","doi":"10.2478/V10155-011-0002-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10155-011-0002-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50886,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10155-011-0002-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68975472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-08-01DOI: 10.2478/v10155-010-0091-y
Teiko Heinosaari, M. Ziman
Quantum Theory is one of the pillars of modern science developed over the last hundred years. In this review paper we introduce, step by step, the quantum theory understood as a mathematical model describing quantum experiments. We start with splitting the experiment into two parts: a preparation process and a measurement process leading to a registration of a particular outcome. These two ingredients of the experiment are represented by states and effects, respectively. Further, the whole picture of quantum measurement will be developed and concepts of observables, instruments and measurement models representing the three different descriptions on experiments will be introduced. In the second stage, we enrich the model of the experiment by introducing the concept of quantum channel describing the system changes between preparations and measurements. At the very end we review the elementary properties of quantum entanglement. The text contains many examples and exercises covering also many topics from quantum information theory and quantum measurement theory. The goal is to give a mathematically clear and selfcontaining explanation of the main concepts of the modern language of quantum theory.
{"title":"Guide to mathematical concepts of quantum theory","authors":"Teiko Heinosaari, M. Ziman","doi":"10.2478/v10155-010-0091-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/v10155-010-0091-y","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum Theory is one of the pillars of modern science\u0000developed over the last hundred years. In this review paper we\u0000introduce, step by step, the quantum theory understood as a\u0000mathematical model describing quantum experiments. We start\u0000with splitting the experiment into two parts: a preparation\u0000process and a measurement process leading to a registration of\u0000a particular outcome. These two ingredients of the experiment\u0000are represented by states and effects, respectively. Further,\u0000the whole picture of quantum measurement will be developed and\u0000concepts of observables, instruments and measurement models\u0000representing the three different descriptions on experiments\u0000will be introduced. In the second stage, we enrich the model of\u0000the experiment by introducing the concept of quantum channel\u0000describing the system changes between preparations and\u0000measurements. At the very end we review the elementary\u0000properties of quantum entanglement. The text contains many\u0000examples and exercises covering also many topics from quantum\u0000information theory and quantum measurement theory. The goal is\u0000to give a mathematically clear and selfcontaining explanation\u0000of the main concepts of the modern language of quantum theory.","PeriodicalId":50886,"journal":{"name":"Acta Physica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/v10155-010-0091-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68974894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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