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Optimization of the Caustic Treatment of Jet-Fuel to Reduce the Consumption of Caustic Soda in an Oil Refinery 优化喷气燃料的苛性钠处理,减少炼油厂的苛性钠消耗量
Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.37394/232031.2024.3.4
Roxana Cortés Martínez, Erenio González Suárez, Nancy López Bello, Merlyn Leiter Bormey
Jet-Fuel desulfurization is one of the most important processes in the petroleum industries due to the high quality required for aviation fuels. In the pre-sent work, the desulfurization of Jet-Fuel with a content of sulfurous compounds was studied using a process assisted with sodium hydroxide. It was considered that the composition of the turbo fuel varies because different blends of crude oil are processed in the refinery under study. The effects of operating conditions, such as reaction time (15 to 30 min) and the amount of caustic soda (NaOH) in its solution (0.024 to 0.2 mol/L) were investigated. The objective functions (responses) were the NaOH consumption and the total cost of production while the acidity and the total sulfur content of Jet-A1 were considered as restrictions. The optimal conditions of the proposed model were obtained using the optimization with the fmincon function of the MATLAB software. These optimal conditions were found to vary according to the content of sulfur compounds present in the process feed. From the optimal points obtained, it was possible to determine the frequency of change of the NaOH solution that allows its maximum use.
由于航空燃料的高质量要求,喷气燃料脱硫是石油工业中最重要的工艺之一。在前期工作中,使用氢氧化钠辅助工艺研究了含硫化合物喷气燃料的脱硫问题。由于所研究的炼油厂加工的原油混合物不同,因此涡轮燃料的成分也不同。研究了操作条件的影响,如反应时间(15 至 30 分钟)和溶液中烧碱(NaOH)的用量(0.024 至 0.2 摩尔/升)。目标函数(响应)为 NaOH 消耗量和生产总成本,而 Jet-A1 的酸度和总硫含量被视为限制条件。通过使用 MATLAB 软件的 fmincon 功能进行优化,得出了拟议模型的最佳条件。发现这些最佳条件随工艺进料中硫化合物含量的变化而变化。根据获得的最佳点,可以确定能够最大限度利用 NaOH 溶液的更换频率。
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引用次数: 0
Deterioration Valuation of Polymer Materials in UV-ozone Generator using Microwave Plasma 利用微波等离子体评估聚合物材料在紫外线-臭氧发生器中的劣化程度
Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.37394/232031.2024.3.3
Naoki Kusumoto, Atsuya Watanabe, Shigemi Hiraoka, Norimich Kawashima, Yoshikazu Tokuoka, Hitoshi Kijima
Various materials are used to sterilize medical instruments. Rubber and other products deteriorate owing to ozone and UV exposure. Ozone is capable of inactivating bacteria and fungi and is known to be effective in inactivating a wide range of viruses. Silent discharge is the mainstream method of ozone generation. The silent discharge method is also concerned with the generation of nitrogen oxides (NOX) caused by nitrogen molecules in the air, and the deterioration of electrodes during use poses a problem. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides react with water in the gaseous phase to produce nitric acid. Nitric acid reacts with several metals to form nitrates. A sterilization device using high concentrations of ozone has not been put to practical use because of the lack of an efficient method for decomposing ozone and the corrosion of metals. If a medical device is altered, it cannot be used as a sterilizing device. In this study, we exposed polymeric materials, which are often used in medical instruments, to ozone and UV light to determine whether their properties changed. Elution tests were conducted on polymeric medical materials from the viewpoints of their physical and chemical properties, functional decline, and biological safety. This study investigates changes in mechanical strength and surface chemical properties, representing the physical and chemical aspects.
各种材料被用于消毒医疗器械。橡胶和其他产品在臭氧和紫外线的照射下会变质。臭氧能够灭活细菌和真菌,并能有效灭活多种病毒。无声放电是臭氧产生的主流方法。无声放电法也涉及到空气中的氮分子会产生氮氧化物(NOX)的问题,电极在使用过程中的老化也是一个问题。此外,氮氧化物在气相中会与水反应生成硝酸。硝酸会与多种金属反应生成硝酸盐。由于缺乏有效的臭氧分解方法和金属腐蚀问题,使用高浓度臭氧的消毒设备尚未投入实际使用。如果医疗设备被改变,就不能用作消毒设备。在这项研究中,我们将医疗器械中常用的聚合材料暴露在臭氧和紫外线下,以确定它们的特性是否发生了变化。我们从物理和化学特性、功能衰退和生物安全性的角度对高分子医用材料进行了洗脱试验。本研究调查了代表物理和化学方面的机械强度和表面化学性质的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Fabrication and characterization of Screen-printed Graphite and Nickel Based Thick Film Resistive Strain Sensor 丝网印刷石墨和镍基厚膜电阻应变传感器的制作与特性分析
Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.37394/232031.2024.3.1
K. Saujanya, B. Poornaiah, A. K. Kumari, Y. S. Rao
Piezo resistive properties of thick film resistors are shown by a variety of nanomaterials, in which graphite and nickel are used to study the piezo resistive response in this paper. The present work proposes to fabricate stain sensor on substrates like PVC, and transparent plastic sheet. Screen printing method is used for patterning of sensor on the substrates with two different inks namely piezo resistive ink made of graphite and nickel powder and conductive ink made of silver. Change in resistance of the fabricated sensor is noted for the changes in force applied on the sensor and corresponding gauge factor is observed to be around 10.5 and 11 for PVC and OHP respectively. The screen-printed strain gauge performance is investigated and presented in this paper. This study of mechanical test results demonstrate that the sensor can be used for micro strain detection in various applications.
厚膜电阻器的压电电阻特性可通过多种纳米材料表现出来,本文使用石墨和镍来研究其压电电阻响应。本作品拟在 PVC 和透明塑料板等基材上制作污渍传感器。使用两种不同的油墨(由石墨和镍粉制成的压电电阻油墨和由银制成的导电油墨)在基板上丝网印刷传感器图案。根据施加在传感器上的力的变化,可以观察到制作的传感器的电阻变化,并观察到 PVC 和 OHP 的相应测量系数分别约为 10.5 和 11。本文研究并介绍了丝网印刷应变计的性能。机械测试结果表明,该传感器可用于各种应用中的微应变检测。
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引用次数: 0
Reagent of Complex Action for Oil Transportation 用于石油运输的复合作用试剂
Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.37394/232031.2024.3.2
Gurbanov Abdulaga, Sardarova İjabika, Mehdiyeva Almaz
Traditional methods of pipeline cleaning: scraping and heating of problem areas are quite timeconsuming and costly. Cost optimization in this area should be associated with the introduction of new high-tech technologies, as well as the use of effective domestic analogues of materials and components. Recently, the use of chemical reagents has become a method of influencing the rheological properties of the oil stream. It was found that solutions of the additive in toluene have optimal low temperature properties, which is obviously determined by its pour point (-95°C). The study of rheological properties was carried out at a low shear rate of 3.75 s-1, which corresponds to the starting loads on pumps of the oil pumping station, as well as in the range of shear rates at temperatures typical for gathering, infield and main oil transportation processes. Innovative methods for dealing with complications in oil transportation. Proposed by a number of developers, they are based on electromagnetic and ultrasonic treatment of the oil flow by stationary devices. Studies of dynamic viscosity during cooling in the temperature range from 70°C to minus 10°C made it possible to determine the depression of the saturation temperature of oil with paraffins in the presence of the developed reagent, which was 6°C, which reduces the cost of heating the oil-gathering header and infield pipeline when transporting oil in winter. At a low speed in the studied temperature range, the viscosity decreases by an average of 35%, which significantly reduces the starting loads on the pumps. This reagent may vary depending on the application conditions and reach 50% by weight. while maintaining the possibility of up to -30°C without preheating. The results show that the developed reagent effectively inhibits the formation of ASF in oils at economically reasonable concentrations of 100...200 g/m3 and is not inferior in efficiency to modern domestic and foreign analogues. On average, the intensity of the cleaning of pipes from the formed deposits will be reduced by 2.5 times.
传统的管道清洗方法:刮擦和加热问题区域既费时又费钱。该领域的成本优化应与引进新的高科技技术以及使用有效的国内类似材料和部件有关。最近,使用化学试剂已成为影响油流流变特性的一种方法。研究发现,添加剂在甲苯中的溶液具有最佳的低温特性,这显然是由其倾点(-95°C)决定的。流变特性的研究是在 3.75 s-1 的低剪切速率下进行的,该速率与石油泵站泵的起始负荷以及集油、油田内和主要石油运输过程中典型温度下的剪切速率范围一致。解决石油运输复杂问题的创新方法。这些方法是由一些开发人员提出的,其基础是通过固定设备对油流进行电磁和超声波处理。在 70°C 至零下 10°C 的温度范围内对冷却过程中的动态粘度进行研究,可以确定在所开发的试剂存在的情况下,石油中石蜡的饱和温度降低了 6°C,从而降低了冬季运输石油时加热集油头和内场管道的成本。在所研究的温度范围内低速运行时,粘度平均降低 35%,这大大降低了泵的启动负荷。这种试剂可根据应用条件的不同而变化,按重量计可达到 50%。同时,无需预热即可保持高达 -30°C 的温度。结果表明,在 100...200 克/立方米的经济合理浓度下,所开发的试剂可有效抑制油中 ASF 的形成,其效率不亚于国内外的现代同类产品。平均而言,将管道中已形成沉积物的清理强度降低 2.5 倍。
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引用次数: 0
Sterilization Ability by Microwave UV-ozone Generator 微波紫外线-臭氧发生器的灭菌能力
Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.14
Naoki Kusumoto, Atsuya Watanabe, Yuya Hasunuma, Shigemi Hiraoka, Norimich Kawashima, Yoshikazu Tokuoka, Hitoshi Kijima
The 253.7 nm UV light emitted from mercury lamps is known as germicidal radiation. Additionally, it emits UV light with a shorter wavelength of 184.9 nm. This UV wavelength can generate ozone (O3) from oxygen molecules (O2) in the air. Ozone has been shown to effectively inactivate various pathogenic microorganisms. However, they must decompose quickly because they are harmful to the human body. Methods for decomposing ozone include a thermal decomposition method, a chemical cleaning method, an activated carbon method, and the like. However, there is no practical or efficient treatment method. Ozone generation methods include the silent discharge method, electrolytic method, photochemical reaction method, high-frequency discharge method, and radiation method. The most efficient method is silent discharge, which is concerned with nitrogen oxide (NOX) generation caused by nitrogen molecules in the air, and deterioration of the electrodes during use is problematic. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides react with water in the gaseous phase to produce nitric acid. Nitric acid reacts with several metals to form nitrates. A sterilization device using highconcentration ozone has not been put to practical use because of the lack of an efficient method for decomposing ozone and the corrosion of metals. The UV-ozone generation method using microwave plasma used in this study can generate UV light by applying 2.45 GHz microwaves to a quartz electrodeless bulb filled with mercury. By changing the glass material and emitting UV light at different wavelengths, it is possible to develop a UV-ozone generator that can selectively generate and decompose ozone. Furthermore, since 184.9 nm UV specifically acts on oxygen molecules, NOX is not generated. Additionally, 253.7 nm UV, which is emitted at the same time as 184.9 nm UV, can easily decompose ozone into O2
汞灯发出的 253.7 纳米紫外线被称为杀菌辐射。此外,它还能发出波长更短的 184.9 纳米紫外线。这种波长的紫外线可以从空气中的氧分子(O2)产生臭氧(O3)。事实证明,臭氧能有效灭活各种病原微生物。但是,它们必须迅速分解,因为它们对人体有害。分解臭氧的方法包括热分解法、化学清洁法、活性炭法等。然而,目前还没有实用或高效的处理方法。臭氧生成方法包括无声放电法、电解法、光化学反应法、高频放电法和辐射法。最有效的方法是无声放电法,这种方法涉及空气中的氮分子导致的氮氧化物(NOX)生成,使用过程中电极的老化是个问题。此外,氮氧化物会与气态的水发生反应,生成硝酸。硝酸会与多种金属反应生成硝酸盐。由于缺乏有效的臭氧分解方法和金属腐蚀问题,使用高浓度臭氧的杀菌装置尚未投入实际使用。本研究采用的利用微波等离子体产生紫外线-臭氧的方法,可以通过向充满水银的石英无极灯泡施加 2.45 千兆赫的微波来产生紫外线。通过改变玻璃材料和发射不同波长的紫外线,可以开发出一种能够选择性地生成和分解臭氧的紫外线臭氧发生器。此外,由于 184.9 纳米紫外线专门作用于氧分子,因此不会产生氮氧化物。此外,与 184.9 纳米紫外线同时发射的 253.7 纳米紫外线也能轻易地将臭氧分解成 O2、O3 和 NOX。
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引用次数: 0
Controlling the Polarization of Ferroelectrics to Obtain Additional Energy 控制铁电极化以获得额外能量
Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.13
V. I. Zubtsov
A small-size installation created using ferropiezoelectric ceramics for generating additional electric power is considered. The use of an electrochemical generator in the plant improves the efficiency of power generation by controlling the polarization of ferropiezoelectric ceramics and applying innovation. At consumption of 1 joule of electricity (due to mechanical energy), 2...4 joules of electricity are generated at the output. The technology of energy increase is realized in two stages: at the first stage the degree of polarization of the ferroelectric element is increased, and at the second stage the electric power supplied to the load is increased. The efficiency of the electrical installation is about 55...60% and depends on the modification of ceramics and electrical circuitry.
研究考虑了利用铁电陶瓷产生额外电力的小型装置。通过控制铁电陶瓷的极化和应用创新技术,在设备中使用电化学发电机提高了发电效率。在消耗 1 焦耳电能(机械能)的情况下,输出可产生 2...4 焦耳电能。能量增加技术分两个阶段实现:第一阶段增加铁电元件的极化程度,第二阶段增加供应给负载的电力。电力装置的效率约为 55...60%,取决于陶瓷和电路的改装。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical Methods to Develop Accurate Structural Model for the Asmari Reservoir 为阿斯玛里储层建立精确结构模型的分析方法
Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.37394/232031.2023.2.12
Z. Movahed, Ali Asghar Movahed
Crossing of Asmari can be a challenging endeavor in certain instances, particularly when dealing with structural complexities, compounded by the presence of a substantial layer of Gachsaran formation evaporates overlying the reservoir. The primary aim of this study was to establish a precise and comprehensive structural model for the Asmari reservoir. Utilizing geological logs for dip classification offers the advantage of directly depicting the structural origin. This approach helps in identifying the Asmari fault and fracture systems and their impact on production, ultimately resolving structural complexities. To investigate the reasons behind the intersection of the Kalhur member and the unexpected increase in the thickness of the Asmari formation, FMI data was acquired over the interval ranging from 1550m to 2065m. The analysis of picked bedding dips revealed abrupt variations in dip magnitude and azimuth reversals. These observations were pivotal in unraveling the structural intricacies of the reservoir. A significant fault was identified within zone five of the Kalhur member, and its interpretation suggests that it is a reverse fault. This conclusion is based on the observed dip pattern and the distinctive characteristics of the logs. Around the fault, the beds and layers exhibit elevated dips, largely attributed to the plastic nature of anhydrite and marly/shaly anhydrite within the formation. The anhydrite-indicator curve obtained from the FMI and gamma-ray logs provides further evidence that the well entered the Kalhur member after intersecting the major fault located within this particular zone. The interpretation of structural dip played a pivotal role in resolving structural complexities, leading to the precise determination of the well's location within the Asmari reservoir. This achievement was particularly critical as it enabled the well to reach the lower contact of the Asmari formation. This interpretation was facilitated by analyzing FMI images and petrophysical logs in well LL-26.
在某些情况下,穿越阿斯玛里储油层是一项具有挑战性的工作,尤其是在处理复杂的结构时,加上储油层上覆盖着大量的加赫萨兰地层蒸发层。这项研究的主要目的是为阿斯马拉油藏建立一个精确而全面的构造模型。利用地质录井进行倾角分类具有直接描述构造起源的优势。这种方法有助于确定阿斯玛里断层和裂缝系统及其对生产的影响,最终解决结构复杂的问题。为了研究 Kalhur 层与 Asmari 层厚度意外增加的原因,在 1550 米至 2065 米的区间采集了 FMI 数据。对选取的层理倾角进行分析后发现,倾角的大小和方位角的反转都发生了突变。这些观察结果对揭示储层错综复杂的构造起了关键作用。在卡尔胡尔岩层第五区发现了一个重要断层,其解释表明这是一个逆断层。这一结论是根据观察到的倾角模式和测井的独特特征得出的。在断层周围,岩床和岩层显示出较高的倾角,这主要归因于岩层中的无水石膏和泥灰岩/有光泽无水石膏的可塑性。从 FMI 和伽马射线测井曲线中获得的无水石膏指示曲线进一步证明,油井是在穿过位于该特定区域内的主要断层后进入 Kalhur 成员的。对构造倾角的解释在解决构造复杂性方面发挥了关键作用,从而准确确定了这口井在 Asmari 储层中的位置。这一成果尤为重要,因为它使油井能够到达阿斯马拉油层的下部接触面。通过分析 LL-26 号井的 FMI 图像和岩石物理测井记录,为这一解释提供了便利。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials
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