L. Moncini, G. Guerriero, Gabriele Simone, Chiara Vita, Roberto Berni
Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea, or garbanzo bean) is one of the most consumed legumes worldwide. It is a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, minerals and vitamins with very low cholesterol. From a nutritional point of view, despite the low content of fats, the seeds contain various unsaturated acids, such as linoleic and oleic acids, as well as bioactive compounds, like antioxidants, with reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities. It is known that long periods of storage can drastically affect the preservation of these compounds in seeds. For this reason, in the last few years, different methods have been tested with the aim of increasing the shelf life of economically relevant beans, seeds and cereals. A promising and eco-friendly alternative to traditional storage is the use of a controlled atmosphere, represented by N2-pressurized silos. The present study aims at evaluating the content of different compounds, e.g., fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, and molecules of nutraceutical interest, in chickpeas stored at ambient temperature in N2-pressurized silos (98.5 ± 0.5% (v/v)) and control ones (standard storage) in long-term kinetics (1 year). The results show the stable content of most compounds during the kinetics. However, vitamin E decreased in samples stored under both standard and controlled atmosphere conditions, with a more pronounced and significant decrease under standard conditions as compared to the controlled atmosphere. Additionally, samples stored under a controlled atmosphere show a total higher content of quinic, indole butyric and benzoic acid, as well as their derivates.
鹰嘴豆（Cicer arietinum L.）是全世界消费量最大的豆类之一。它富含碳水化合物、蛋白质、纤维、矿物质和维生素，胆固醇含量极低。从营养角度看，尽管脂肪含量低，但豆角种子含有各种不饱和酸，如亚油酸和油酸，以及生物活性化合物，如抗氧化剂，具有清除活性氧的作用。众所周知，长期储存会严重影响种子中这些化合物的保存。因此，在过去的几年里，人们对不同的方法进行了测试，目的是延长具有经济价值的豆类、种子和谷物的保质期。以氮气加压筒仓为代表的可控气氛储藏法是传统储藏法的一种很有前途的环保型替代方法。本研究旨在评估鹰嘴豆在氮气加压筒仓（98.5 ± 0.5%（v/v））和对照仓（标准储藏）中长期（1 年）环境温度下储藏的不同化合物的含量，如脂肪酸、蛋白质、维生素和具有营养保健作用的分子。结果表明，大多数化合物的含量在动力学过程中保持稳定。不过，在标准和受控气氛条件下储存的样品中，维生素 E 的含量都有所下降，与受控气氛相比，标准条件下的下降更为明显和显著。此外，在受控气氛下储存的样品中，奎宁酸、吲哚丁酸和苯甲酸及其衍生物的总含量较高。
{"title":"Quality and Nutraceutical Features of Cicer arietinum L. Stored under Nitrogen Atmosphere","authors":"L. Moncini, G. Guerriero, Gabriele Simone, Chiara Vita, Roberto Berni","doi":"10.3390/seeds3010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds3010002","url":null,"abstract":"Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea, or garbanzo bean) is one of the most consumed legumes worldwide. It is a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, minerals and vitamins with very low cholesterol. From a nutritional point of view, despite the low content of fats, the seeds contain various unsaturated acids, such as linoleic and oleic acids, as well as bioactive compounds, like antioxidants, with reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities. It is known that long periods of storage can drastically affect the preservation of these compounds in seeds. For this reason, in the last few years, different methods have been tested with the aim of increasing the shelf life of economically relevant beans, seeds and cereals. A promising and eco-friendly alternative to traditional storage is the use of a controlled atmosphere, represented by N2-pressurized silos. The present study aims at evaluating the content of different compounds, e.g., fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, and molecules of nutraceutical interest, in chickpeas stored at ambient temperature in N2-pressurized silos (98.5 ± 0.5% (v/v)) and control ones (standard storage) in long-term kinetics (1 year). The results show the stable content of most compounds during the kinetics. However, vitamin E decreased in samples stored under both standard and controlled atmosphere conditions, with a more pronounced and significant decrease under standard conditions as compared to the controlled atmosphere. Additionally, samples stored under a controlled atmosphere show a total higher content of quinic, indole butyric and benzoic acid, as well as their derivates.","PeriodicalId":509513,"journal":{"name":"Seeds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139166838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pinus oocarpa is the most important conifer for resin production in Mexico, so superior resin trees were selected in the Southern Mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico. The objective was to determine the variation and differences among provenances and among trees according to the parameters of seedling emergence and the number of cotyledons, and their relationship with elevation and climatic variables. The seedling emergence of four replicates of 20 seeds from 80 trees was counted daily. For the emergence parameters, provenance contributed 42.02% to the total variance, tree 29.19% and error 28.79%. Only tree (11.71%) and error (88.29%) contributed to the total variance of the cotyledon number. The effect of provenance (p ≤ 0.0006) and tree (p ≤ 0.0001) was significant for all variables evaluated. Higher-elevation provenances and trees had higher emergence values. The emergence parameters were positively associated with tree elevation. Climatic variables related to precipitation and temperature were negatively related to the emergence parameters. The results allow for the selection of phenotypes without emergence problems to establish seed orchards.
{"title":"Altitudinal Genetic Variation of Pinus oocarpa Seedling Emergence in the Southern Mountains, Oaxaca, Mexico","authors":"M. V. Velasco-García, Adán Hernández-Hernández","doi":"10.3390/seeds3010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds3010001","url":null,"abstract":"Pinus oocarpa is the most important conifer for resin production in Mexico, so superior resin trees were selected in the Southern Mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico. The objective was to determine the variation and differences among provenances and among trees according to the parameters of seedling emergence and the number of cotyledons, and their relationship with elevation and climatic variables. The seedling emergence of four replicates of 20 seeds from 80 trees was counted daily. For the emergence parameters, provenance contributed 42.02% to the total variance, tree 29.19% and error 28.79%. Only tree (11.71%) and error (88.29%) contributed to the total variance of the cotyledon number. The effect of provenance (p ≤ 0.0006) and tree (p ≤ 0.0001) was significant for all variables evaluated. Higher-elevation provenances and trees had higher emergence values. The emergence parameters were positively associated with tree elevation. Climatic variables related to precipitation and temperature were negatively related to the emergence parameters. The results allow for the selection of phenotypes without emergence problems to establish seed orchards.","PeriodicalId":509513,"journal":{"name":"Seeds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139170027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Aros, Paulina Barraza, Álvaro Peña-Neira, Christina Mitsi, Ricardo Pertuzé
The genus Alstroemeria originates from South America, and Chile is one of the countries showing the highest number of taxa (49), of which 40 are endemic. However, anthropogenic and environmental factors are affecting the survival of these species; therefore, the conservation of their genetic variability is of great importance, and can be achieved through seed propagation. Seeds of this genus normally show dormancy, which prevents their germination under favorable conditions. The objective of this work was to understand the pre-germinative barriers to develop a seed propagation protocol for native alstroemerias and to determine the best method to break their dormancy. Seeds from 10 Alstroemeria species native to Chile were collected from the Coquimbo Region to Maule Region, and 5 pre-germination treatments combining scarification and stratification methods were evaluated. Moreover, a morphological and biochemical evaluation of the seeds was performed. The results showed a positive and significant effect on the percentage of emergence using seed soaking in water and cold stratification at 13 °C, obtaining the best results in A. pelegrina and A. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia (98.33% and 91.67%, respectively) after 30 days. The morphological characterization of seeds showed a wide range of size (diameter), from 2.18 mm (A. pulchra subsp. pulchra) up to 3.43 mm (A. pelegrina), and different shapes (pseudospherical and angular) and textures (rough and smooth). The highest phenol and tannin concentrations were observed in A. hookeri subsp. maculata with values of 4.71 and 30.95 mg g−1 of seeds, respectively. A bigger size of the seed and a higher concentration of phenols could be related to a higher % of emergence of alstroemeria seeds.
{"title":"Seed Characterization and Evaluation of Pre-Germinative Barriers in the Genus Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriaceae)","authors":"D. Aros, Paulina Barraza, Álvaro Peña-Neira, Christina Mitsi, Ricardo Pertuzé","doi":"10.3390/seeds2040035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds2040035","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Alstroemeria originates from South America, and Chile is one of the countries showing the highest number of taxa (49), of which 40 are endemic. However, anthropogenic and environmental factors are affecting the survival of these species; therefore, the conservation of their genetic variability is of great importance, and can be achieved through seed propagation. Seeds of this genus normally show dormancy, which prevents their germination under favorable conditions. The objective of this work was to understand the pre-germinative barriers to develop a seed propagation protocol for native alstroemerias and to determine the best method to break their dormancy. Seeds from 10 Alstroemeria species native to Chile were collected from the Coquimbo Region to Maule Region, and 5 pre-germination treatments combining scarification and stratification methods were evaluated. Moreover, a morphological and biochemical evaluation of the seeds was performed. The results showed a positive and significant effect on the percentage of emergence using seed soaking in water and cold stratification at 13 °C, obtaining the best results in A. pelegrina and A. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia (98.33% and 91.67%, respectively) after 30 days. The morphological characterization of seeds showed a wide range of size (diameter), from 2.18 mm (A. pulchra subsp. pulchra) up to 3.43 mm (A. pelegrina), and different shapes (pseudospherical and angular) and textures (rough and smooth). The highest phenol and tannin concentrations were observed in A. hookeri subsp. maculata with values of 4.71 and 30.95 mg g−1 of seeds, respectively. A bigger size of the seed and a higher concentration of phenols could be related to a higher % of emergence of alstroemeria seeds.","PeriodicalId":509513,"journal":{"name":"Seeds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139225913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. M. Hernández-Herrera, Mario Felipe González-González, A. P. Velasco-Ramírez, S. F. Velasco-Ramírez, F. Santacruz-Ruvalcaba, J. F. Zamora-Natera
Seaweeds are used in traditional agriculture practices because of their beneficial effects. Recently, the rising demand for organically grown foods has amplified the use of organic fertilizers such as seaweed extracts. Despite their beneficial effects, few studies have reported information about compounds in seaweed extracts that are responsible for these benefits. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential relationships between the components and secondary metabolites in four seaweed liquid extracts from Eisenia arborea, Macrocystis pyrifera, Padina caulescens, and Sargassum horridum and their biostimulant activity through changes in the germination, growth, and protein content of tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum). The E. arborea and S. horridum extracts showed similar compositions (ash, organic carbon, bicarbonates, and chlorides), minerals (Ca, Fe, and Cu) and secondary metabolites (triterpenes and saponins), albeit with different component concentrations. The chemical composition of the P. caulescens extract was significantly different from those of the other extracts; it was characterized by high levels of total nitrogen, phenols, and carbohydrates. Almost all seaweed extracts had beneficial effects on seed germination and seedling length, except the S. horridum extract that inhibits germination. The hierarchical clustering plots and principal component analysis indicated that germination and protein content are related to the presence of sterol. Shoot length was closely related to mineral levels (K, Zn, B, Na) and the C:N ratio, whereas radicle length was closely related to the content of nitrogen, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids in the seaweed extracts. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear and require further studies.
海藻因其有益作用而被用于传统农业实践中。最近，人们对有机种植食品的需求不断增加，从而扩大了海藻提取物等有机肥料的使用。尽管海藻提取物具有多种益处，但很少有研究报告称海藻提取物中的化合物具有这些益处。因此，本研究旨在通过改变番茄幼苗（Solanum lycopersicum）的发芽、生长和蛋白质含量，评估四种海藻液体提取物（Eisenia arborea、Macrocystis pyrifera、Padina caulescens 和 Sargassum horridum）中的成分和次生代谢物与其生物刺激活性之间的潜在关系。E. arborea 和 S. horridum 提取物显示出相似的成分（灰分、有机碳、碳酸氢盐和氯化物）、矿物质（钙、铁和铜）和次生代谢物（三萜类和皂苷），尽管成分浓度不同。P.caulescens提取物的化学成分与其他提取物明显不同；其特点是总氮、酚类和碳水化合物含量较高。几乎所有的海藻提取物都对种子萌发和幼苗长度有益处，只有 S. horridum 提取物对萌发有抑制作用。分层聚类图和主成分分析表明，发芽率和蛋白质含量与固醇的存在有关。芽的长度与矿物质含量（K、Zn、B、Na）和碳氮比密切相关，而胚根的长度则与海藻提取物中的氮、碳水化合物、酚和黄酮类化合物的含量密切相关。然而，其潜在机制仍不清楚，需要进一步研究。
{"title":"Seaweed Extract Components Are Correlated with the Seeds Germination and Growth of Tomato Seedlings","authors":"R. M. Hernández-Herrera, Mario Felipe González-González, A. P. Velasco-Ramírez, S. F. Velasco-Ramírez, F. Santacruz-Ruvalcaba, J. F. Zamora-Natera","doi":"10.3390/seeds2040033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds2040033","url":null,"abstract":"Seaweeds are used in traditional agriculture practices because of their beneficial effects. Recently, the rising demand for organically grown foods has amplified the use of organic fertilizers such as seaweed extracts. Despite their beneficial effects, few studies have reported information about compounds in seaweed extracts that are responsible for these benefits. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential relationships between the components and secondary metabolites in four seaweed liquid extracts from Eisenia arborea, Macrocystis pyrifera, Padina caulescens, and Sargassum horridum and their biostimulant activity through changes in the germination, growth, and protein content of tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum). The E. arborea and S. horridum extracts showed similar compositions (ash, organic carbon, bicarbonates, and chlorides), minerals (Ca, Fe, and Cu) and secondary metabolites (triterpenes and saponins), albeit with different component concentrations. The chemical composition of the P. caulescens extract was significantly different from those of the other extracts; it was characterized by high levels of total nitrogen, phenols, and carbohydrates. Almost all seaweed extracts had beneficial effects on seed germination and seedling length, except the S. horridum extract that inhibits germination. The hierarchical clustering plots and principal component analysis indicated that germination and protein content are related to the presence of sterol. Shoot length was closely related to mineral levels (K, Zn, B, Na) and the C:N ratio, whereas radicle length was closely related to the content of nitrogen, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids in the seaweed extracts. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear and require further studies.","PeriodicalId":509513,"journal":{"name":"Seeds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Villalobos González, Ignacio Benítez Riquelme, Fernando Castillo González, Ma. del Carmen Mendoza Castillo, Alejandro Espinosa Calderón
The elongation of the mesocotyl and the coleoptile and other seedling traits were analyzed from 16 hybrids of two seed sizes, five varieties and a control. Sowing was conducted in sand beds during the S-F 2020 cycle, where nine genotypes were identified that differed in the elongation of the mesocotyl: long (H-48, HS-2 and Promesa); medium (H-44-H-52 and H-70); and short (H-49 AE, H-40 and H-32). A total of 36 possible crosses were obtained between these nine parents, which were established in the S-S 2021 cycle, and on sand beds. Results show that seed size affected (p< 0.05) the speed and percentage of emergence, the elongation of mesocotyl–coleoptile, the biomass and the heterosis in parents and their crosses. The H-48 hybrid presented greater speed and percentage of emergence and elongation of the mesocotyl and the coleoptile with both seed sizes. The highest dry weight of mesocotyl, coleoptile, roots, and leaves was found in the hybrids Promesa and H-48. The crosses between parents with contrasting mesocotyl presented superior elongation and dry weight (p ≤ 0.05) compared to their parents, with the long × long (1 × 2, 1 × 3 and 2 × 3) crosses standing out for all the traits measured. A strong positive association was obtained (p ≤ 0.01) between the elongation of the mesocotyl–coleoptile, the percentage of emergence, and the production of total dry matter in parents and their crosses.
{"title":"Assessment of Elongation of the Mesocotyl-Coleoptile and Biomass in Parents and Crosses of Corn Seedlings of the High Valleys of Mexico","authors":"Antonio Villalobos González, Ignacio Benítez Riquelme, Fernando Castillo González, Ma. del Carmen Mendoza Castillo, Alejandro Espinosa Calderón","doi":"10.3390/seeds2040034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds2040034","url":null,"abstract":"The elongation of the mesocotyl and the coleoptile and other seedling traits were analyzed from 16 hybrids of two seed sizes, five varieties and a control. Sowing was conducted in sand beds during the S-F 2020 cycle, where nine genotypes were identified that differed in the elongation of the mesocotyl: long (H-48, HS-2 and Promesa); medium (H-44-H-52 and H-70); and short (H-49 AE, H-40 and H-32). A total of 36 possible crosses were obtained between these nine parents, which were established in the S-S 2021 cycle, and on sand beds. Results show that seed size affected (p< 0.05) the speed and percentage of emergence, the elongation of mesocotyl–coleoptile, the biomass and the heterosis in parents and their crosses. The H-48 hybrid presented greater speed and percentage of emergence and elongation of the mesocotyl and the coleoptile with both seed sizes. The highest dry weight of mesocotyl, coleoptile, roots, and leaves was found in the hybrids Promesa and H-48. The crosses between parents with contrasting mesocotyl presented superior elongation and dry weight (p ≤ 0.05) compared to their parents, with the long × long (1 × 2, 1 × 3 and 2 × 3) crosses standing out for all the traits measured. A strong positive association was obtained (p ≤ 0.01) between the elongation of the mesocotyl–coleoptile, the percentage of emergence, and the production of total dry matter in parents and their crosses.","PeriodicalId":509513,"journal":{"name":"Seeds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139249833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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