Computational Institutional Science (CIS) is an emerging stream of social science research performing institutional analysis with computational methods. While such scholarship is garnering increased attention, it draws on many different theories and engages disparate disciplinary backgrounds. Thus, this article provides an overview of CIS articles utilizing agent-based modeling, a computer simulation experiment method, to better understand critical theoretical lenses and topics. More specifically, this article clusters and analyzes 148 articles based on commonalities and differences empirically derived from their overlapping citations (i.e., citation cluster) and abstract content (i.e., topic cluster). Based on our analysis, we discuss the trends observed across cluster types and the overlap between them to better situate CIS inquiry.
{"title":"Understanding the Emergence of Computational Institutional Science: A Review of Computational Modeling of Institutions and Institutional Dynamics","authors":"Nicholas Oesterling, Graham Ambrose, Jiho Kim","doi":"10.5334/ijc.1335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1335","url":null,"abstract":"Computational Institutional Science (CIS) is an emerging stream of social science research performing institutional analysis with computational methods. While such scholarship is garnering increased attention, it draws on many different theories and engages disparate disciplinary backgrounds. Thus, this article provides an overview of CIS articles utilizing agent-based modeling, a computer simulation experiment method, to better understand critical theoretical lenses and topics. More specifically, this article clusters and analyzes 148 articles based on commonalities and differences empirically derived from their overlapping citations (i.e., citation cluster) and abstract content (i.e., topic cluster). Based on our analysis, we discuss the trends observed across cluster types and the overlap between them to better situate CIS inquiry.","PeriodicalId":509591,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the Commons","volume":"28 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141349773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scholarship shows that community forests can be sustainably self-governed through collective action. In the Western Ghats (India), many NGOs have risen to support communities with this task. Few scientific studies explore NGO interventions in CPR governance. As a result, we observe a risk of over-generalising scientific knowledge over many different contexts when designing interventions, resulting in prescriptive institutional panaceas. We ask: Can design principles be applied by practitioners, NGOs in particular, in designing forest CPR interventions while avoiding institutional panaceas? We identified 12 design principles for sustainable community CPR governance in literature. We compared these conditions against NGO interventions in the Western Ghats. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis of 10 NGOs. We found that NGOs applied most design principles through a range of particular activities. By combining these activities in different ways based on local contexts and intervention stage, we show how the concern about over-generalisation of design principles could be avoided.
{"title":"Designing NGO Interventions in Forest Commons of the Western Ghats, India: Is it Possible to Avoid Institutional Panaceas While Using Design Principles?","authors":"Anushri Narayan Visweswaran, F. van Laerhoven","doi":"10.5334/ijc.1314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1314","url":null,"abstract":"Scholarship shows that community forests can be sustainably self-governed through collective action. In the Western Ghats (India), many NGOs have risen to support communities with this task. Few scientific studies explore NGO interventions in CPR governance. As a result, we observe a risk of over-generalising scientific knowledge over many different contexts when designing interventions, resulting in prescriptive institutional panaceas. We ask: Can design principles be applied by practitioners, NGOs in particular, in designing forest CPR interventions while avoiding institutional panaceas? We identified 12 design principles for sustainable community CPR governance in literature. We compared these conditions against NGO interventions in the Western Ghats. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis of 10 NGOs. We found that NGOs applied most design principles through a range of particular activities. By combining these activities in different ways based on local contexts and intervention stage, we show how the concern about over-generalisation of design principles could be avoided.","PeriodicalId":509591,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the Commons","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140452269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Groundwater is increasingly seen as crucial to both agricultural and domestic water supply in sub-Saharan Africa. Citing climate change and growing populations, there is especially a notable shift towards promoting groundwater for irrigation to ensure food security. Increased use of the resource will undoubtedly be accompanied with new questions of governance, with groundwater overexploitation in other parts of the world functioning as a strong cautionary tale. This article provides an overview of the current groundwater governance literature on sub-Saharan Africa. Using a critical water governance lens we analyse how groundwater governance is framed, what terms, categories, and measurements are used to describe and assess groundwater governance, and whose perspectives are considered. We also assess whether groundwater governance research has taken place across sub-Saharan African countries in a balanced way. We find that groundwater governance research in sub-Saharan Africa, even more so than elsewhere, ignores the voices and perspectives of those physically encountering the resource. Instead, it is dominated by the views of formal, technical groundwater experts focusing on the need for more hydrogeological data and formal policies. While the existing contributions to the literature are valuable, the current bias in perspectives calls for others to join the field of groundwater governance and to supplement current conceptualisations and approaches with those of users and others dealing with groundwater management on a daily basis. We argue that groundwater users’ practical governance experiences, locally adapted solutions and knowledges, can add important complementary perspectives and insights towards crafting effective, sustainable and equitable groundwater governance processes across the continent.
{"title":"Policy Over Practice: A Review of Groundwater Governance Research in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Chris de Bont, Lowe Börjeson","doi":"10.5334/ijc.1313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1313","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is increasingly seen as crucial to both agricultural and domestic water supply in sub-Saharan Africa. Citing climate change and growing populations, there is especially a notable shift towards promoting groundwater for irrigation to ensure food security. Increased use of the resource will undoubtedly be accompanied with new questions of governance, with groundwater overexploitation in other parts of the world functioning as a strong cautionary tale. This article provides an overview of the current groundwater governance literature on sub-Saharan Africa. Using a critical water governance lens we analyse how groundwater governance is framed, what terms, categories, and measurements are used to describe and assess groundwater governance, and whose perspectives are considered. We also assess whether groundwater governance research has taken place across sub-Saharan African countries in a balanced way. We find that groundwater governance research in sub-Saharan Africa, even more so than elsewhere, ignores the voices and perspectives of those physically encountering the resource. Instead, it is dominated by the views of formal, technical groundwater experts focusing on the need for more hydrogeological data and formal policies. While the existing contributions to the literature are valuable, the current bias in perspectives calls for others to join the field of groundwater governance and to supplement current conceptualisations and approaches with those of users and others dealing with groundwater management on a daily basis. We argue that groundwater users’ practical governance experiences, locally adapted solutions and knowledges, can add important complementary perspectives and insights towards crafting effective, sustainable and equitable groundwater governance processes across the continent.","PeriodicalId":509591,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the Commons","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139813976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Common pool groundwater resources may be susceptible to overexploitation but can potentially be managed collectively. However, few studies explore the potential for successful collective action ex-ante. We conduct an ex-ante assessment of the potential for collective action by users of a groundwater body, to identify whether necessary conditions are in place, using a mixed methods approach based on literature, expert consultation, and Q methodology. While some aspects were conducive to collective action, under current conditions it appears unlikely that users will self-organize. Four user sub-groups were identified, differing in terms of resource perceptions and prosocial behavior, with potential for tapping into the skills of potential leaders and capitalizing on the prosocial intent of team players, while building bridges for cooperation with sceptics and non-users. Such ex-ante assessment can serve to identify which conditions need to be cultivated to foster cooperation and to identify strategies for engaging with different user sub-groups.
{"title":"Managing Groundwater from the Ground Up: An Ex Ante Assessment of the Potential for Collective Action","authors":"Adam Doneo, Elisabeth Conrad","doi":"10.5334/ijc.1258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1258","url":null,"abstract":"Common pool groundwater resources may be susceptible to overexploitation but can potentially be managed collectively. However, few studies explore the potential for successful collective action ex-ante. We conduct an ex-ante assessment of the potential for collective action by users of a groundwater body, to identify whether necessary conditions are in place, using a mixed methods approach based on literature, expert consultation, and Q methodology. While some aspects were conducive to collective action, under current conditions it appears unlikely that users will self-organize. Four user sub-groups were identified, differing in terms of resource perceptions and prosocial behavior, with potential for tapping into the skills of potential leaders and capitalizing on the prosocial intent of team players, while building bridges for cooperation with sceptics and non-users. Such ex-ante assessment can serve to identify which conditions need to be cultivated to foster cooperation and to identify strategies for engaging with different user sub-groups.","PeriodicalId":509591,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the Commons","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139879365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Groundwater is increasingly seen as crucial to both agricultural and domestic water supply in sub-Saharan Africa. Citing climate change and growing populations, there is especially a notable shift towards promoting groundwater for irrigation to ensure food security. Increased use of the resource will undoubtedly be accompanied with new questions of governance, with groundwater overexploitation in other parts of the world functioning as a strong cautionary tale. This article provides an overview of the current groundwater governance literature on sub-Saharan Africa. Using a critical water governance lens we analyse how groundwater governance is framed, what terms, categories, and measurements are used to describe and assess groundwater governance, and whose perspectives are considered. We also assess whether groundwater governance research has taken place across sub-Saharan African countries in a balanced way. We find that groundwater governance research in sub-Saharan Africa, even more so than elsewhere, ignores the voices and perspectives of those physically encountering the resource. Instead, it is dominated by the views of formal, technical groundwater experts focusing on the need for more hydrogeological data and formal policies. While the existing contributions to the literature are valuable, the current bias in perspectives calls for others to join the field of groundwater governance and to supplement current conceptualisations and approaches with those of users and others dealing with groundwater management on a daily basis. We argue that groundwater users’ practical governance experiences, locally adapted solutions and knowledges, can add important complementary perspectives and insights towards crafting effective, sustainable and equitable groundwater governance processes across the continent.
{"title":"Policy Over Practice: A Review of Groundwater Governance Research in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Chris de Bont, Lowe Börjeson","doi":"10.5334/ijc.1313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1313","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is increasingly seen as crucial to both agricultural and domestic water supply in sub-Saharan Africa. Citing climate change and growing populations, there is especially a notable shift towards promoting groundwater for irrigation to ensure food security. Increased use of the resource will undoubtedly be accompanied with new questions of governance, with groundwater overexploitation in other parts of the world functioning as a strong cautionary tale. This article provides an overview of the current groundwater governance literature on sub-Saharan Africa. Using a critical water governance lens we analyse how groundwater governance is framed, what terms, categories, and measurements are used to describe and assess groundwater governance, and whose perspectives are considered. We also assess whether groundwater governance research has taken place across sub-Saharan African countries in a balanced way. We find that groundwater governance research in sub-Saharan Africa, even more so than elsewhere, ignores the voices and perspectives of those physically encountering the resource. Instead, it is dominated by the views of formal, technical groundwater experts focusing on the need for more hydrogeological data and formal policies. While the existing contributions to the literature are valuable, the current bias in perspectives calls for others to join the field of groundwater governance and to supplement current conceptualisations and approaches with those of users and others dealing with groundwater management on a daily basis. We argue that groundwater users’ practical governance experiences, locally adapted solutions and knowledges, can add important complementary perspectives and insights towards crafting effective, sustainable and equitable groundwater governance processes across the continent.","PeriodicalId":509591,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the Commons","volume":"67 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139873704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Common pool groundwater resources may be susceptible to overexploitation but can potentially be managed collectively. However, few studies explore the potential for successful collective action ex-ante. We conduct an ex-ante assessment of the potential for collective action by users of a groundwater body, to identify whether necessary conditions are in place, using a mixed methods approach based on literature, expert consultation, and Q methodology. While some aspects were conducive to collective action, under current conditions it appears unlikely that users will self-organize. Four user sub-groups were identified, differing in terms of resource perceptions and prosocial behavior, with potential for tapping into the skills of potential leaders and capitalizing on the prosocial intent of team players, while building bridges for cooperation with sceptics and non-users. Such ex-ante assessment can serve to identify which conditions need to be cultivated to foster cooperation and to identify strategies for engaging with different user sub-groups.
{"title":"Managing Groundwater from the Ground Up: An Ex Ante Assessment of the Potential for Collective Action","authors":"Adam Doneo, Elisabeth Conrad","doi":"10.5334/ijc.1258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1258","url":null,"abstract":"Common pool groundwater resources may be susceptible to overexploitation but can potentially be managed collectively. However, few studies explore the potential for successful collective action ex-ante. We conduct an ex-ante assessment of the potential for collective action by users of a groundwater body, to identify whether necessary conditions are in place, using a mixed methods approach based on literature, expert consultation, and Q methodology. While some aspects were conducive to collective action, under current conditions it appears unlikely that users will self-organize. Four user sub-groups were identified, differing in terms of resource perceptions and prosocial behavior, with potential for tapping into the skills of potential leaders and capitalizing on the prosocial intent of team players, while building bridges for cooperation with sceptics and non-users. Such ex-ante assessment can serve to identify which conditions need to be cultivated to foster cooperation and to identify strategies for engaging with different user sub-groups.","PeriodicalId":509591,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the Commons","volume":"245 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139819163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keiko Nomura, Simon Rella, Haily Merritt, Mathieu G. Baltussen, Darcy Bird, Annika Tjuka, Dan Falk
Global services like navigation, communication, and Earth observation have increased dramatically in the 21st century due to advances in outer space industries. But as orbits become increasingly crowded with both satellites and inevitable space debris pollution, continued operations become endangered by the heightened risks of debris collisions in orbit. Kessler Syndrome is the term for when a critical threshold of orbiting debris triggers a runaway positive feedback loop of debris collisions, creating debris congestion that can render orbits unusable. As this potential tipping point becomes more widely recognized, there have been renewed calls for debris mitigation and removal. Here, we combine complex systems and social-ecological systems approaches to study how these efforts may affect space debris accumulation and the likelihood of reaching Kessler Syndrome. Specifically, we model how debris levels are affected by future launch rates, cleanup activities, and collisions between extant debris. We contextualize and interpret our dynamic model within a discussion of existing space debris governance and other social, economic, and geopolitical factors that may influence effective collective management of the orbital commons. In line with previous studies, our model finds that debris congestion may be reached in less than 200 years, though a holistic management strategy combining removal and mitigation actions can avoid such outcomes while continuing space activities. Moreover, although active debris removal may be particularly effective, the current lack of market and governance support may impede its implementation. Research into these critical dynamics and the multi-faceted variables that influence debris outcomes can support policymakers in curating impactful governance strategies and realistic transition pathways to sustaining debris-free orbits. Overall, our study is useful for communicating about space debris sustainability in policy and education settings by providing an exploration of policy portfolio options supported by a simple and clear social-ecological modeling approach.
{"title":"Tipping Points of Space Debris in Low Earth Orbit","authors":"Keiko Nomura, Simon Rella, Haily Merritt, Mathieu G. Baltussen, Darcy Bird, Annika Tjuka, Dan Falk","doi":"10.5334/ijc.1275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1275","url":null,"abstract":"Global services like navigation, communication, and Earth observation have increased dramatically in the 21st century due to advances in outer space industries. But as orbits become increasingly crowded with both satellites and inevitable space debris pollution, continued operations become endangered by the heightened risks of debris collisions in orbit. Kessler Syndrome is the term for when a critical threshold of orbiting debris triggers a runaway positive feedback loop of debris collisions, creating debris congestion that can render orbits unusable. As this potential tipping point becomes more widely recognized, there have been renewed calls for debris mitigation and removal. Here, we combine complex systems and social-ecological systems approaches to study how these efforts may affect space debris accumulation and the likelihood of reaching Kessler Syndrome. Specifically, we model how debris levels are affected by future launch rates, cleanup activities, and collisions between extant debris. We contextualize and interpret our dynamic model within a discussion of existing space debris governance and other social, economic, and geopolitical factors that may influence effective collective management of the orbital commons. In line with previous studies, our model finds that debris congestion may be reached in less than 200 years, though a holistic management strategy combining removal and mitigation actions can avoid such outcomes while continuing space activities. Moreover, although active debris removal may be particularly effective, the current lack of market and governance support may impede its implementation. Research into these critical dynamics and the multi-faceted variables that influence debris outcomes can support policymakers in curating impactful governance strategies and realistic transition pathways to sustaining debris-free orbits. Overall, our study is useful for communicating about space debris sustainability in policy and education settings by providing an exploration of policy portfolio options supported by a simple and clear social-ecological modeling approach.","PeriodicalId":509591,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the Commons","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140510771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Graham Epstein, C. I. Apetrei, Jacopo A Baggio, S. Chawla, Graeme Cumming, Georgina Gurney, Tiffany Morrison, Hita Unnikrishnan, Sergio Villamayor Tomas
Complex social-ecological contexts play an important role in shaping the types of institutions that groups use to manage resources, and the effectiveness of those institutions in achieving social and environmental objectives. However, despite widespread acknowledgment that “context matters”, progress in generalising how complex contexts shape institutions and outcomes has been slow. This is partly because large numbers of potentially influential variables and non-linearities confound traditional statistical methods. Here we use boosted decision trees – one of a growing portfolio of machine learning tools – to examine relationships between contexts, institutions, and their performance. More specifically we draw upon data from the International Forest Resources and Institutions (IFRI) program to analyze (i) the contexts in which groups successfully self-organize to develop rules for the use of forest resources (local rulemaking), and (ii) the contexts in which local rulemaking is associated with successful ecological outcomes. The results reveal an unfortunate divergence between the contexts in which local rulemaking tends to be found and the contexts in which it contributes to successful outcomes. These findings and our overall approach present a potentially fruitful opportunity to further advance theories of institutional fit and inform the development of policies and practices tailored to different contexts and desired outcomes.
复杂的社会生态环境在形成群体用来管理资源的机构类型以及这些机构在实现社会和环境目标方面的有效性方面发挥着重要作用。然而，尽管人们普遍承认 "环境很重要"，但在归纳复杂环境如何塑造制度和结果方面却进展缓慢。部分原因是大量潜在的影响变量和非线性因素对传统的统计方法造成了困扰。在这里，我们使用助推决策树--一种不断发展的机器学习工具--来研究背景、机构及其绩效之间的关系。更具体地说，我们利用国际森林资源与机构（IFRI）项目的数据来分析 (i) 在什么情况下，群体可以成功地自我组织起来，为森林资源的使用制定规则（地方规则制定），以及 (ii) 在什么情况下，地方规则制定与成功的生态结果相关联。结果表明，在地方规则制定倾向于出现的环境与地方规则制定有助于取得成功结果的环境之间存在着令人遗憾的分歧。这些发现和我们的整体方法为进一步推进制度契合理论提供了一个潜在的富有成效的机会，并为制定适合不同环境和预期结果的政策和实践提供了依据。
{"title":"The Problem of Institutional Fit: Uncovering Patterns with Boosted Decision Trees","authors":"Graham Epstein, C. I. Apetrei, Jacopo A Baggio, S. Chawla, Graeme Cumming, Georgina Gurney, Tiffany Morrison, Hita Unnikrishnan, Sergio Villamayor Tomas","doi":"10.5334/ijc.1226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1226","url":null,"abstract":"Complex social-ecological contexts play an important role in shaping the types of institutions that groups use to manage resources, and the effectiveness of those institutions in achieving social and environmental objectives. However, despite widespread acknowledgment that “context matters”, progress in generalising how complex contexts shape institutions and outcomes has been slow. This is partly because large numbers of potentially influential variables and non-linearities confound traditional statistical methods. Here we use boosted decision trees – one of a growing portfolio of machine learning tools – to examine relationships between contexts, institutions, and their performance. More specifically we draw upon data from the International Forest Resources and Institutions (IFRI) program to analyze (i) the contexts in which groups successfully self-organize to develop rules for the use of forest resources (local rulemaking), and (ii) the contexts in which local rulemaking is associated with successful ecological outcomes. The results reveal an unfortunate divergence between the contexts in which local rulemaking tends to be found and the contexts in which it contributes to successful outcomes. These findings and our overall approach present a potentially fruitful opportunity to further advance theories of institutional fit and inform the development of policies and practices tailored to different contexts and desired outcomes.","PeriodicalId":509591,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the Commons","volume":"44 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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