We observed, photographed, and recorded (video and audio) spawning of five whitefish species — Coregonus migratorius (Baikal basin), C. peled, C. tugun, C. pidschian, C. muksun (the Ob basin) — in the spawning devices. All species spawned in autumn in the dark and the spawning period lasted 10–30 days. Individual fish spawned several times during the night and the spawning behaviour consisted of three, cyclically repeated phases: courtship, mating and recovery. Spawning occurred in male–female (with males to be initiators) or male–male combination, and took place either in the water column or near the water surface. A mating act consisted of a rhythmic parallel movement of the fish swimming side by side with the synchronous release of the gametes. Three types of mating acts were observed: vertical (from bottom to top), horizontal and combined including both vertical and horizontal movements. The male in the spawning pair moved forward towards the female by the length of its head; it rhythmically struck the back of the female's abdomen by bending the caudal peduncle. Depending on the species and size of the fish, the mating act lasted for 0.3–3 s within 0.3–2 m. The frequency of rhythmic body collisions was on average 17 Hz for C. migratorius and C. pidschian, while for C. tugun and C. peled it was 25–27 Hz. An egg batch released during the mating act amounted to about 90 eggs for C. tugun and 290–370 for C. peled, which corresponded to 1%–6% of the total fecundity of a female. A female participated in 20–100 mating acts during 1–3 nights. Eggs cannibalism was also observed. During spawning, eggs were widely dispersed across the spawning area, which may be regarded as an adaptation aimed at increasing survival rate during embryogenesis.
{"title":"Spawning Behaviour of Whitefishes (Coregonidae)","authors":"S. Semenchenko, N. Smeshlivaya","doi":"10.5735/086.058.0402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5735/086.058.0402","url":null,"abstract":"We observed, photographed, and recorded (video and audio) spawning of five whitefish species — Coregonus migratorius (Baikal basin), C. peled, C. tugun, C. pidschian, C. muksun (the Ob basin) — in the spawning devices. All species spawned in autumn in the dark and the spawning period lasted 10–30 days. Individual fish spawned several times during the night and the spawning behaviour consisted of three, cyclically repeated phases: courtship, mating and recovery. Spawning occurred in male–female (with males to be initiators) or male–male combination, and took place either in the water column or near the water surface. A mating act consisted of a rhythmic parallel movement of the fish swimming side by side with the synchronous release of the gametes. Three types of mating acts were observed: vertical (from bottom to top), horizontal and combined including both vertical and horizontal movements. The male in the spawning pair moved forward towards the female by the length of its head; it rhythmically struck the back of the female's abdomen by bending the caudal peduncle. Depending on the species and size of the fish, the mating act lasted for 0.3–3 s within 0.3–2 m. The frequency of rhythmic body collisions was on average 17 Hz for C. migratorius and C. pidschian, while for C. tugun and C. peled it was 25–27 Hz. An egg batch released during the mating act amounted to about 90 eggs for C. tugun and 290–370 for C. peled, which corresponded to 1%–6% of the total fecundity of a female. A female participated in 20–100 mating acts during 1–3 nights. Eggs cannibalism was also observed. During spawning, eggs were widely dispersed across the spawning area, which may be regarded as an adaptation aimed at increasing survival rate during embryogenesis.","PeriodicalId":50968,"journal":{"name":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42175447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Karjalainen, Markus Tuloisela, Kristiina Nyholm, T. Marjomäki
Depending on their reproductive strategy, different fish species either aggregate or disperse eggs and larvae in their reproductive habitat. Because yolk-sac larvae of vendace (Coregonus albula) disperse widely across the littoral and pelagic zones of boreal lakes, it is unclear where the exact spawning and egg incubation locations are. Vendace egg and larvae densities were studied in Lake Southern Konnevesi to clarify its spawning strategy. In autumn 2019, 1–2 weeks prior to spawning, 500 egg samplers were installed in five depth zones in 20 sampling plots. Fertilized eggs were found in 18 plots. The mean density of eggs was 74 eggs m–2 and the mean fertilization rate 85%. During spawning, vendace dispersed their offspring throughout the lake. The sampling-plot-specific egg density in autumn 2019 did not correlate with larval density in the spring next year. The reproduction strategy of vendace reduces the effects of high spatial and temporal fluctuation in their reproduction and nursery habitats.
{"title":"Vendace (Coregonus albula) Disperse Their Eggs Widely during Spawning","authors":"J. Karjalainen, Markus Tuloisela, Kristiina Nyholm, T. Marjomäki","doi":"10.5735/086.058.0403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5735/086.058.0403","url":null,"abstract":"Depending on their reproductive strategy, different fish species either aggregate or disperse eggs and larvae in their reproductive habitat. Because yolk-sac larvae of vendace (Coregonus albula) disperse widely across the littoral and pelagic zones of boreal lakes, it is unclear where the exact spawning and egg incubation locations are. Vendace egg and larvae densities were studied in Lake Southern Konnevesi to clarify its spawning strategy. In autumn 2019, 1–2 weeks prior to spawning, 500 egg samplers were installed in five depth zones in 20 sampling plots. Fertilized eggs were found in 18 plots. The mean density of eggs was 74 eggs m–2 and the mean fertilization rate 85%. During spawning, vendace dispersed their offspring throughout the lake. The sampling-plot-specific egg density in autumn 2019 did not correlate with larval density in the spring next year. The reproduction strategy of vendace reduces the effects of high spatial and temporal fluctuation in their reproduction and nursery habitats.","PeriodicalId":50968,"journal":{"name":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48297782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I conducted a population-genetic study of the Eurasian cisco complex in an area extending from the Baltic Sea to the East-Siberian Sea using 30 enzyme loci. The results indicate that the least cisco (Coregonus sardinella) populations from most rivers of the Kara, Laptev and East-Siberian sea basins are genetically fairly homogeneous, and that the cluster they form is different from the one for the vendace (C. albula) populations from the waterbodies of the Baltic and White seas (Nei's genetic distance (DN) = 0.076). The least cisco and vendace originated from two major phylogenetic lineages of the species occurring as the purest form in the above regions. As a result of the evolution and complex interactions among local populations within the two phylogenetic lineages of cisco at the various stages of Middle and Late Quaternary glaciations, most extant modern populations are hybrid in origin. For example, the Barents Sea populations and the easternmost population from the East-Siberian Sea basin (Kolyma River) emerged as a result of hybridization during the last colonization wave by the least cisco (East Siberian) along the Arctic coast upon cisco's interaction with local ciscoes in the west and east. The White and Kovzhskoye lake populations from the Caspian Sea basin, which form a joint cluster with them, are the hybrids of the local vendace and the descendants of the first wave of least cisco's (West Siberian) expansion to Europe. In this paper, I also discuss the most probable scenarios of cisco's colonization of the study area using paleolimnological reconstructions.
{"title":"Phylogenetic Relationships in Vendace and Least Cisco, and Their Distribution Areas in Western Eurasia","authors":"D. Sendek","doi":"10.5735/086.058.0413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5735/086.058.0413","url":null,"abstract":"I conducted a population-genetic study of the Eurasian cisco complex in an area extending from the Baltic Sea to the East-Siberian Sea using 30 enzyme loci. The results indicate that the least cisco (Coregonus sardinella) populations from most rivers of the Kara, Laptev and East-Siberian sea basins are genetically fairly homogeneous, and that the cluster they form is different from the one for the vendace (C. albula) populations from the waterbodies of the Baltic and White seas (Nei's genetic distance (DN) = 0.076). The least cisco and vendace originated from two major phylogenetic lineages of the species occurring as the purest form in the above regions. As a result of the evolution and complex interactions among local populations within the two phylogenetic lineages of cisco at the various stages of Middle and Late Quaternary glaciations, most extant modern populations are hybrid in origin. For example, the Barents Sea populations and the easternmost population from the East-Siberian Sea basin (Kolyma River) emerged as a result of hybridization during the last colonization wave by the least cisco (East Siberian) along the Arctic coast upon cisco's interaction with local ciscoes in the west and east. The White and Kovzhskoye lake populations from the Caspian Sea basin, which form a joint cluster with them, are the hybrids of the local vendace and the descendants of the first wave of least cisco's (West Siberian) expansion to Europe. In this paper, I also discuss the most probable scenarios of cisco's colonization of the study area using paleolimnological reconstructions.","PeriodicalId":50968,"journal":{"name":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47179699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catches of vendace (Coregonus albula) from Pyhäjärvi, a boreal lake in SW Finland, were exceptionally high for decades. Gradually, however, eutrophication and climate warming significantly changed the lake environment. From the 1970s to the 2010s, total phosphorus and chlorophyll a levels increased two- and threefold, respectively, while the average June–September surface temperature increased by 0.34 °C decade–1. The highest population biomass of the young-of-the-year vendace in autumn, 6–18 (mean = 14) kg ha–1, was recorded in 1973–1989, a period of sustainable fishery. Overfishing in 1990–1999 reduced autumn biomass of young-of-the-year vendace biomass to 3–11 (mean = 6) kg ha–1, allowing the competing planktivores perch (Perca fluviatilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus), and smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) to increase and consume a larger part of the plankton resources. Eutrophication and climate warming appear to have favoured these species, and the new resource division persisted even after the vendace population recovered.
{"title":"Trends in Vendace (Coregonus albula) Biomass in Pyhäjärvi (SW Finland) Relative to Trophic State, Climate Change, and Abundance of Other Fish Species","authors":"H. Helminen, J. Sarvala","doi":"10.5735/086.058.0411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5735/086.058.0411","url":null,"abstract":"Catches of vendace (Coregonus albula) from Pyhäjärvi, a boreal lake in SW Finland, were exceptionally high for decades. Gradually, however, eutrophication and climate warming significantly changed the lake environment. From the 1970s to the 2010s, total phosphorus and chlorophyll a levels increased two- and threefold, respectively, while the average June–September surface temperature increased by 0.34 °C decade–1. The highest population biomass of the young-of-the-year vendace in autumn, 6–18 (mean = 14) kg ha–1, was recorded in 1973–1989, a period of sustainable fishery. Overfishing in 1990–1999 reduced autumn biomass of young-of-the-year vendace biomass to 3–11 (mean = 6) kg ha–1, allowing the competing planktivores perch (Perca fluviatilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus), and smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) to increase and consume a larger part of the plankton resources. Eutrophication and climate warming appear to have favoured these species, and the new resource division persisted even after the vendace population recovered.","PeriodicalId":50968,"journal":{"name":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47356837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiangliang Fang, Xinhua H. Wang, Yunli Xiao, Yue Fu
A new species, Thienemanniella convexa Fu, is described and illustrated based on an adult male collected from Hunan Province, China. The new species differs from other related species by having a typical broadly triangular inferior volsella which is in caudal position, and bulbous gonostylus. A key to known adult males of Thienemanniella from the Oriental Region is provided.
{"title":"Thienemanniella convexa (Diptera, Chironomidae), a New Species from Hunan Province, China","authors":"Xiangliang Fang, Xinhua H. Wang, Yunli Xiao, Yue Fu","doi":"10.5735/086.059.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5735/086.059.0103","url":null,"abstract":"A new species, Thienemanniella convexa Fu, is described and illustrated based on an adult male collected from Hunan Province, China. The new species differs from other related species by having a typical broadly triangular inferior volsella which is in caudal position, and bulbous gonostylus. A key to known adult males of Thienemanniella from the Oriental Region is provided.","PeriodicalId":50968,"journal":{"name":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48935989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hornícek, Kamila Šimůnková, Jan Mokrý, Jana Korbelová, Aleš Vorel
Reoccupation of European landscapes by native species causes changes in their population densities and home ranges. To test whether an increase in population density affects home range sizes, we studied the strictly territorial herbivore Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber). Twenty-four beavers were radio-tracked to reveal their home ranges under varying population densities. The mean length of occupied shorelines was 2648.0 ± 1530.6 m. We did not find any linkage between home range sizes and population densities. Our results showed that the availability of resources was significantly associated with the duration of site occupation. Thus, the space use was primarily determined by the availability of food resources, rather than by rising population density.
{"title":"How Do the Beaver Home Ranges Vary during the Range Expansion?","authors":"J. Hornícek, Kamila Šimůnková, Jan Mokrý, Jana Korbelová, Aleš Vorel","doi":"10.5735/086.059.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5735/086.059.0102","url":null,"abstract":"Reoccupation of European landscapes by native species causes changes in their population densities and home ranges. To test whether an increase in population density affects home range sizes, we studied the strictly territorial herbivore Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber). Twenty-four beavers were radio-tracked to reveal their home ranges under varying population densities. The mean length of occupied shorelines was 2648.0 ± 1530.6 m. We did not find any linkage between home range sizes and population densities. Our results showed that the availability of resources was significantly associated with the duration of site occupation. Thus, the space use was primarily determined by the availability of food resources, rather than by rising population density.","PeriodicalId":50968,"journal":{"name":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48025162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Filacorda, A. Comin, M. Franchini, L. Frangini, S. Pesaro, Eva Nilanthi Pezzin, A. Prandi
Measurements of cortisol levels in hair are a non-invasive method to study potential chronic stress that may affect carnivores' welfare. Using hair from 15 frozen and 18 taxidermied road-kill individuals, we aimed to provide information on the long-term physiological response of European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) to habitat fragmentation and potential interspecific competition with golden jackals and red foxes. Our findings revealed that wildcats seemed to be unaffected by habitat fragmentation, suggesting that the facultative specialist behaviour of the species may lead to better toleration of human-altered environments. Red fox presence did not affect cortisol levels. However, significantly higher cortisol levels were measured in hairs of wildcats exposed to golden jackals, suggesting that the potential competition between the two species may lead to an increase in allostatic load in wildcats.
{"title":"Cortisol in Hair: Do Habitat Fragmentation and Competition with Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) Measurably Affect the Long-Term Physiological Response in European Wildcat (Felis silvestris)?","authors":"S. Filacorda, A. Comin, M. Franchini, L. Frangini, S. Pesaro, Eva Nilanthi Pezzin, A. Prandi","doi":"10.5735/086.059.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5735/086.059.0101","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of cortisol levels in hair are a non-invasive method to study potential chronic stress that may affect carnivores' welfare. Using hair from 15 frozen and 18 taxidermied road-kill individuals, we aimed to provide information on the long-term physiological response of European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) to habitat fragmentation and potential interspecific competition with golden jackals and red foxes. Our findings revealed that wildcats seemed to be unaffected by habitat fragmentation, suggesting that the facultative specialist behaviour of the species may lead to better toleration of human-altered environments. Red fox presence did not affect cortisol levels. However, significantly higher cortisol levels were measured in hairs of wildcats exposed to golden jackals, suggesting that the potential competition between the two species may lead to an increase in allostatic load in wildcats.","PeriodicalId":50968,"journal":{"name":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46970064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hoffmanopeltis gen. nov. (type species Leptodesmus ravus Schubart, 1956) is described to accommodate H. ravus (Schubart, 1956) comb. nov. and H. contiger sp. nov, from Cerrado-Atlantic Forest ecotone, southeastern Brazil. The new genus is compared with other genera of Chelodesmidae, in particular Atlantodesmus Hoffman, 2000 and Plectrogonodesmus Hoffman, 2012, based on the morphology of the acropodital region and solenomere. In addition, an updated list of species of Chelodesmidae recorded in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, is provided.
{"title":"Hoffmanopeltis (Diplopoda: Polydesmida), a New Genus of Chelodesmidae from the Cerrado-Atlantic Forest Ecotone, Southeastern Brazil, with a List of Species in the State of Minas Gerais","authors":"R. S. Bouzan, A. Brescovit, L. F. Iniesta","doi":"10.5735/086.058.0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5735/086.058.0111","url":null,"abstract":"Hoffmanopeltis gen. nov. (type species Leptodesmus ravus Schubart, 1956) is described to accommodate H. ravus (Schubart, 1956) comb. nov. and H. contiger sp. nov, from Cerrado-Atlantic Forest ecotone, southeastern Brazil. The new genus is compared with other genera of Chelodesmidae, in particular Atlantodesmus Hoffman, 2000 and Plectrogonodesmus Hoffman, 2012, based on the morphology of the acropodital region and solenomere. In addition, an updated list of species of Chelodesmidae recorded in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, is provided.","PeriodicalId":50968,"journal":{"name":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49520996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao‐Long Lin, Tong Chang, CHUN-CAI Yan, Bin Wang, Wenbin Liu
Diamesa loeffleri Reiss, 1968 is newly recorded from China. Here, we present illustrated redescription of the adult male, as well as measurements and morphological differences between the Chinese and Nepalese specimens of D. loeffleri.
{"title":"Redescription of Diamesa loeffleri Reiss, 1968 (Diptera, Chironomidae) and New Record from China","authors":"Xiao‐Long Lin, Tong Chang, CHUN-CAI Yan, Bin Wang, Wenbin Liu","doi":"10.5735/086.058.0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5735/086.058.0110","url":null,"abstract":"Diamesa loeffleri Reiss, 1968 is newly recorded from China. Here, we present illustrated redescription of the adult male, as well as measurements and morphological differences between the Chinese and Nepalese specimens of D. loeffleri.","PeriodicalId":50968,"journal":{"name":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48151457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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