ABSTRACT Although many studies have been conducted to assess the knowledge and practices among healthcare workers, high-risk groups or medical students, very few studies have been conducted among college students from non-medical backgrounds. Our study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perception about human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) among the college students of the Mumbai region and to determine their association with the socio-demographic variables. A cross-sectional online and offline questionnaire survey was conducted among 401 college students from the month of August 2022 to October 2022. Mean score and percentage were used to analyse the data. About 82.04% of participants exhibited good knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention, while 46.38% had a positive attitude towards HIV. Age, gender, religion and education had not influenced either knowledge or attitude significantly. Overall, knowledge score had a weak positive correlation with attitude of the participants. Our study findings indicate that a holistic approach covering knowledge, psychological and societal health aspects is necessary among youth in India for positive changes in people’s behaviour and achieving HIV prevention and management goals which will benefit public health at large.
{"title":"Exploring factors influencing the perspective regarding HIV transmission and prevention among college students in India","authors":"N. Khargekar, Apurva Takke, Shreyasi Athalye, Priyanka Panale, Nithin Rajamani, Anindita Banerjee","doi":"10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1756_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1756_23","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Although many studies have been conducted to assess the knowledge and practices among healthcare workers, high-risk groups or medical students, very few studies have been conducted among college students from non-medical backgrounds. Our study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perception about human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) among the college students of the Mumbai region and to determine their association with the socio-demographic variables.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A cross-sectional online and offline questionnaire survey was conducted among 401 college students from the month of August 2022 to October 2022. Mean score and percentage were used to analyse the data.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 About 82.04% of participants exhibited good knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention, while 46.38% had a positive attitude towards HIV. Age, gender, religion and education had not influenced either knowledge or attitude significantly. Overall, knowledge score had a weak positive correlation with attitude of the participants.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Our study findings indicate that a holistic approach covering knowledge, psychological and societal health aspects is necessary among youth in India for positive changes in people’s behaviour and achieving HIV prevention and management goals which will benefit public health at large.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509702,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140784439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Oral health is an integral part of general health. Providing oral health care facilities and creating awareness about the oral health problem in under-served children and communities may lead to a better oral-health-related quality of life of the individual. The present study aims to assess and compare the oral health status and treatment needs of 12- and 15-year-old children residing in tribal welfare hostels and other private hostels of Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh. The present descriptive cross-sectional study consisted of a total sample size of 800 children, 400 in each group (tribal welfare hostel and private hostel groups). Oral health status and treatment needs were assessed using World Health Organization proforma 1997. Oral health behavior including health of teeth and gums, oral hygiene aids, brushing frequency, consumption of sweets in between meals, and present general and oral health was assessed. Utilization of dental services was also assessed using a pre-designed questionnaire, which was completed by the study participants. Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi-square test. Significant differences were noted between the groups in regarding oral health behaviors and visit to a dentist during the past 12 months (P = 0.002*), which were lower in tribal children. Tribal children were having higher dental fluorosis as compared to the private hostel children (P = 0.043*). Decay in permanent teeth (P = 0.006*) and missing of permanent teeth (P = 0.05*) were higher among tribal children. The present study revealed a poor oral health status and treatment needs of tribal children. Tribal children were having higher dental fluorosis as compared to the private hostel children. Decay in permanent teeth and missing of permanent teeth were higher among tribal children. Oral health behaviors and utilization of dental services were lower in tribal children. Good oral health has a definitive influence on general health and thus contributes to self-image and social interaction.
{"title":"Oral health assessment and treatment needs of 12- and 15-year-old children residing in tribal welfare and private hostels – A comparative study","authors":"Soumya Ojha, Ananya Bhargava, Apoorva Bhargava, Swapnil Singh, Siddhi Yadav","doi":"10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1283_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1283_23","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Oral health is an integral part of general health. Providing oral health care facilities and creating awareness about the oral health problem in under-served children and communities may lead to a better oral-health-related quality of life of the individual. The present study aims to assess and compare the oral health status and treatment needs of 12- and 15-year-old children residing in tribal welfare hostels and other private hostels of Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The present descriptive cross-sectional study consisted of a total sample size of 800 children, 400 in each group (tribal welfare hostel and private hostel groups). Oral health status and treatment needs were assessed using World Health Organization proforma 1997. Oral health behavior including health of teeth and gums, oral hygiene aids, brushing frequency, consumption of sweets in between meals, and present general and oral health was assessed. Utilization of dental services was also assessed using a pre-designed questionnaire, which was completed by the study participants.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi-square test. Significant differences were noted between the groups in regarding oral health behaviors and visit to a dentist during the past 12 months (P = 0.002*), which were lower in tribal children. Tribal children were having higher dental fluorosis as compared to the private hostel children (P = 0.043*). Decay in permanent teeth (P = 0.006*) and missing of permanent teeth (P = 0.05*) were higher among tribal children.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The present study revealed a poor oral health status and treatment needs of tribal children. Tribal children were having higher dental fluorosis as compared to the private hostel children. Decay in permanent teeth and missing of permanent teeth were higher among tribal children. Oral health behaviors and utilization of dental services were lower in tribal children. Good oral health has a definitive influence on general health and thus contributes to self-image and social interaction.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509702,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140792286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem disorder, which is one of the most prevalent and important non-infectious causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic cataracts are well-known complications, dry eye syndrome (DES), also referred to as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is also common in the diabetic population. If left untreated, severe dry eye may lead to eye inflammation, abrasion of the corneal surface, corneal ulcers, and vision loss. So, it is very important to diagnose it earlier as these devastating complications can be prevented. A total of 200 adult patients diagnosed with type II diabetes of either sex with an age more than 40 years were selected. Complete ophthalmological examination was done. Dry eye was diagnosed on the basis of various objective tests, and proportion of dry eye and its relation with glycemic control were studied. Patients with uncontrolled type II diabetes had a higher proportion of dry eye disease. A significant co-relation was found among the FBS levels, the HbA1c levels, age, duration of disease, and dry eye in patients with diabetes. No significant co-relation was found between the sex of the patient and dry eye in patients with diabetes. Hence, our study recommends that primary care physicians should advise their patients to get clinical evaluation for dry eye done along with diabetic retinopathy in uncontrolled diabetes.
摘要 糖尿病是一种多系统疾病，是全球最普遍和最重要的非感染性发病和死亡原因之一。糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）和糖尿病白内障是众所周知的并发症，而干眼症（DES），又称角结膜炎，在糖尿病人群中也很常见。如果不及时治疗，严重的干眼症可能会导致眼睛发炎、角膜表面磨损、角膜溃疡和视力下降。因此，尽早诊断非常重要，因为这些破坏性并发症是可以预防的。 本研究选取了 200 名年龄超过 40 岁的 II 型糖尿病成年患者。他们接受了全面的眼科检查。根据各种客观测试诊断出干眼症，并研究了干眼症的比例及其与血糖控制的关系。 未控制血糖的 II 型糖尿病患者患干眼症的比例较高。研究发现，糖尿病患者的 FBS 水平、HbA1c 水平、年龄、病程和干眼症之间存在明显的相关性。糖尿病患者的性别与干眼症之间没有明显的相关性。因此，我们的研究建议，初级保健医生应建议他们的患者在未得到控制的糖尿病患者进行糖尿病视网膜病变的同时进行干眼症的临床评估。
{"title":"Proportion of dry eye in type II diabetics","authors":"Gagandeep K. Brar, Maninder Bawa, Charu Chadha, Twinkle Gupta, Harnoor Kaur","doi":"10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1268_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1268_23","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem disorder, which is one of the most prevalent and important non-infectious causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic cataracts are well-known complications, dry eye syndrome (DES), also referred to as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is also common in the diabetic population. If left untreated, severe dry eye may lead to eye inflammation, abrasion of the corneal surface, corneal ulcers, and vision loss. So, it is very important to diagnose it earlier as these devastating complications can be prevented.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A total of 200 adult patients diagnosed with type II diabetes of either sex with an age more than 40 years were selected. Complete ophthalmological examination was done. Dry eye was diagnosed on the basis of various objective tests, and proportion of dry eye and its relation with glycemic control were studied.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Patients with uncontrolled type II diabetes had a higher proportion of dry eye disease. A significant co-relation was found among the FBS levels, the HbA1c levels, age, duration of disease, and dry eye in patients with diabetes. No significant co-relation was found between the sex of the patient and dry eye in patients with diabetes. Hence, our study recommends that primary care physicians should advise their patients to get clinical evaluation for dry eye done along with diabetic retinopathy in uncontrolled diabetes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509702,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140787627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1170_23
Ayan Banerjee, Alok Ranjan, M. Kumar, Sushil Kumar, Akash Bansal, Mala Mahto
ABSTRACT The existence of more than one antibody in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) or connective tissue disease (CTD) along with features of more than one autoimmune disease (AD) in an individual is suggestive of overlap syndrome (OS). Line immunoassay (LIA) can target many autoantibodies in a single approach, thus making the identification of OS feasible. This study aimed to identify the pattern of distribution of antinuclear antibodies by LIA prevalent in a hospital population in eastern India and identify common forms of SARD in this belt based on laboratory findings. A total of 1660 samples received for ANA profile testing by LIA were analysed. Factor analysis was performed with factor loading scores used in the k-means algorithm to identify clustering of various autoantibodies. U1-snRNP positivity was the highest at 16.69%, and the least frequent autoantibody noted was anti-Jo-1 at 0.71% positivity. Based on the outcome of factor analysis, three clusters were determined. Cluster 1 showed a predominance of anti-PM/Scl antibodies, cluster 2 showed a predominance of anti-dsDNA, anti-histone, anti-SmD1, anti-nucleosomes, anti-PCNA, anti-Po, anti-SSA/Ro52, anti-SSA-Ro60, anti-SSB/La, anti-Scl-70, anti-Mi-2, anti-Ku and anti-AMA-M2, and cluster 3 showed a predominance of anti-U1-snRNP. Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and overlap syndrome (OS) are prevalent more than pure form of an AD in our study population. OS may be missed out by monospecific immunoassays and hence adds to diagnostic challenges. LIA may be more useful in identifying specific autoantibodies by a single approach rather than monospecific immunoassays in populations after a positive screen by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF).
摘要 系统性自身免疫性风湿病（SARDs）或结缔组织病（CTD）中存在一种以上的抗体，同时一个人体内存在一种以上自身免疫性疾病（AD）的特征，这就提示存在重叠综合征（OS）。线性免疫测定（LIA）可通过单一方法针对多种自身抗体进行检测，从而使 OS 的鉴定变得可行。 本研究旨在通过线性免疫测定（LIA）确定印度东部医院人群中流行的抗核抗体的分布模式，并根据实验室结果确定该地区常见的 SARD 形式。 本研究共分析了 1660 份通过 LIA 检测 ANA 的样本。 采用 k-means 算法进行因子分析和因子负荷得分，以确定各种自身抗体的聚类。 U1-snRNP 阳性率最高，为 16.69%，最少见的自身抗体是抗 Jo-1，阳性率为 0.71%。根据因子分析结果，确定了三个群组。群组1以抗PM/Scl抗体为主，群组2以抗dsDNA、抗组蛋白、抗SmD1、抗核糖体、抗PCNA、抗Po、抗SSA/Ro52、抗SSA-Ro60、抗SSB/La、抗Scl-70、抗Mi-2、抗Ku和抗AMA-M2为主，群组3以抗U1-snRNP为主。 在我们的研究人群中，混合结缔组织病（MCTD）和重叠综合征（OS）的发病率高于纯合子。单特异性免疫测定可能会漏掉重叠综合征，从而增加诊断难度。在间接免疫荧光（IIF）筛查阳性的人群中，LIA可能比单特异性免疫测定更有助于通过单一方法鉴定特异性自身抗体。
{"title":"Antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity pattern by line immunoassay in a hospital from eastern India: Update from a laboratory perspective","authors":"Ayan Banerjee, Alok Ranjan, M. Kumar, Sushil Kumar, Akash Bansal, Mala Mahto","doi":"10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1170_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1170_23","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The existence of more than one antibody in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) or connective tissue disease (CTD) along with features of more than one autoimmune disease (AD) in an individual is suggestive of overlap syndrome (OS). Line immunoassay (LIA) can target many autoantibodies in a single approach, thus making the identification of OS feasible.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study aimed to identify the pattern of distribution of antinuclear antibodies by LIA prevalent in a hospital population in eastern India and identify common forms of SARD in this belt based on laboratory findings.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A total of 1660 samples received for ANA profile testing by LIA were analysed.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Factor analysis was performed with factor loading scores used in the k-means algorithm to identify clustering of various autoantibodies.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 U1-snRNP positivity was the highest at 16.69%, and the least frequent autoantibody noted was anti-Jo-1 at 0.71% positivity. Based on the outcome of factor analysis, three clusters were determined. Cluster 1 showed a predominance of anti-PM/Scl antibodies, cluster 2 showed a predominance of anti-dsDNA, anti-histone, anti-SmD1, anti-nucleosomes, anti-PCNA, anti-Po, anti-SSA/Ro52, anti-SSA-Ro60, anti-SSB/La, anti-Scl-70, anti-Mi-2, anti-Ku and anti-AMA-M2, and cluster 3 showed a predominance of anti-U1-snRNP.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and overlap syndrome (OS) are prevalent more than pure form of an AD in our study population. OS may be missed out by monospecific immunoassays and hence adds to diagnostic challenges. LIA may be more useful in identifying specific autoantibodies by a single approach rather than monospecific immunoassays in populations after a positive screen by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF).\u0000","PeriodicalId":509702,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1715_23
Khalid A. Bin Abdulrahman, Abdullah F. Alsaif, I. Almehaidib, Mohammed A. Almtehe, N. M. Alqahtani, Abdulaziz K. Alabdali
ABSTRACT Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. It manifests when the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions, causing the stomach’s contents to reflux into the esophagus, lead to discomforting symptoms. Heartburn and regurgitation are the typical symptoms of GERD. This study aims to determine the prevalence of GERD and assess its risk factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted at IMSIU, Saudi Arabia. An online survey was distributed to the students’ email addresses to determine the prevalence of GERD, its related risk factors, and understanding of its symptoms. One thousand five hundred and thirty-three (1533) students participated in the survey. The prevalence of GERD was 34.6%. The majority (79.7%) of the respondent students had heard of GERD. Stress is believed to be a factor in developing GERD by 35.7% of students. Heartburn was the predominant symptom of GERD (76.2%). No association existed between the socio-demographic traits of those with GERD except for age and academic year. It is imperative to raise public awareness of the disorder’s characteristics and its modifiable risk factors to prevent the emergence of GERD and its complications.
{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors of gastro-esophageal reflux disease among college students at a public university in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","authors":"Khalid A. Bin Abdulrahman, Abdullah F. Alsaif, I. Almehaidib, Mohammed A. Almtehe, N. M. Alqahtani, Abdulaziz K. Alabdali","doi":"10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1715_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1715_23","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. It manifests when the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions, causing the stomach’s contents to reflux into the esophagus, lead to discomforting symptoms. Heartburn and regurgitation are the typical symptoms of GERD. This study aims to determine the prevalence of GERD and assess its risk factors.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This cross-sectional study was conducted at IMSIU, Saudi Arabia. An online survey was distributed to the students’ email addresses to determine the prevalence of GERD, its related risk factors, and understanding of its symptoms.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 One thousand five hundred and thirty-three (1533) students participated in the survey. The prevalence of GERD was 34.6%. The majority (79.7%) of the respondent students had heard of GERD. Stress is believed to be a factor in developing GERD by 35.7% of students. Heartburn was the predominant symptom of GERD (76.2%). No association existed between the socio-demographic traits of those with GERD except for age and academic year.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It is imperative to raise public awareness of the disorder’s characteristics and its modifiable risk factors to prevent the emergence of GERD and its complications.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509702,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140796685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1256_23
David John, Avita R. Johnson, Farah N. Fathima, Rose Mundackal
ABSTRACT Diabetes and hypertension are major risk factors of cardiovascular disease, which is known to be the leading cause of global mortality in the world today. Studies have shown that the prevalence of these risk factors is on the rise, with the burden of diabetes alone increasing by 80% in the last two decades. Complications of diabetes and hypertension result in huge public health challenges for the country and catastrophic medical expenditures for families among the urban poor. Our study aims to estimate the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk factors among adults in an urban underprivileged community of Bengaluru city. A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 6 months where 2245 individuals aged 30 or older were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire used to capture sociodemographic details that assessed modifiable risk factors for diabetes and hypertension. Inclusion criteria for diabetes were considered if the random blood sugar reading was ≥200 mg/dL, whereas a diagnosis of hypertension was taken into consideration if the systolic blood pressure reading was ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure was ≥90 mmHg. Among the 2245 participants that took part in the study, 15.5% were diabetics and 17.2% were hypertensive. There was a strong association of diabetes among consumers of alcohol, with more than one-third having a high prevalence of the disease (odds ratio (OR): 2.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.1–3.9). More than half the population were consumers of junk food; the prevalence of diabetes in this group was 1.35 times higher than that in their counterparts (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.0–1.8). A significant association of diabetes was also seen among those identified with central obesity (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.4–2.5). One-third of the population who consumed alcohol were found to be diagnosed with hypertension (OR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.6–5.9), and one-fifth of individuals who were regular consumers of junk food had a higher prevalence of hypertension (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.1–1.8). A higher prevalence of hypertension was also seen among individuals with central obesity or a body mass index (BMI) of >30 (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.2–2.1; OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.4–2.6). The findings from our study conducted in an urban underprivileged area of Bengaluru city shed light on the significant associations between diabetes and hypertension and various demographic and lifestyle factors. Specifically, male gender and lower educational status were found to have a significant association with diabetes, whereas being unmarried and having a high BMI status were strongly linked to hypertension. In addition, the study revealed that elderly individuals, alcohol consumers, junk food eaters, and those with central obesity demonstrated an increased risk for both diabetes and hypertension. By identifying these risk factors, targeted interventions can be developed to addre
{"title":"Diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in an urban underprivileged community in Bangalore city, India","authors":"David John, Avita R. Johnson, Farah N. Fathima, Rose Mundackal","doi":"10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1256_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1256_23","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Diabetes and hypertension are major risk factors of cardiovascular disease, which is known to be the leading cause of global mortality in the world today. Studies have shown that the prevalence of these risk factors is on the rise, with the burden of diabetes alone increasing by 80% in the last two decades. Complications of diabetes and hypertension result in huge public health challenges for the country and catastrophic medical expenditures for families among the urban poor. Our study aims to estimate the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk factors among adults in an urban underprivileged community of Bengaluru city.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 6 months where 2245 individuals aged 30 or older were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire used to capture sociodemographic details that assessed modifiable risk factors for diabetes and hypertension. Inclusion criteria for diabetes were considered if the random blood sugar reading was ≥200 mg/dL, whereas a diagnosis of hypertension was taken into consideration if the systolic blood pressure reading was ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure was ≥90 mmHg.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Among the 2245 participants that took part in the study, 15.5% were diabetics and 17.2% were hypertensive. There was a strong association of diabetes among consumers of alcohol, with more than one-third having a high prevalence of the disease (odds ratio (OR): 2.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.1–3.9). More than half the population were consumers of junk food; the prevalence of diabetes in this group was 1.35 times higher than that in their counterparts (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.0–1.8). A significant association of diabetes was also seen among those identified with central obesity (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.4–2.5). One-third of the population who consumed alcohol were found to be diagnosed with hypertension (OR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.6–5.9), and one-fifth of individuals who were regular consumers of junk food had a higher prevalence of hypertension (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.1–1.8). A higher prevalence of hypertension was also seen among individuals with central obesity or a body mass index (BMI) of >30 (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.2–2.1; OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.4–2.6).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The findings from our study conducted in an urban underprivileged area of Bengaluru city shed light on the significant associations between diabetes and hypertension and various demographic and lifestyle factors. Specifically, male gender and lower educational status were found to have a significant association with diabetes, whereas being unmarried and having a high BMI status were strongly linked to hypertension. In addition, the study revealed that elderly individuals, alcohol consumers, junk food eaters, and those with central obesity demonstrated an increased risk for both diabetes and hypertension. By identifying these risk factors, targeted interventions can be developed to addre","PeriodicalId":509702,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140765994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_923_23
Sudip Bhattacharya, Amarjeet Singh, Vishal Kumar, V. Raj, A. Grover, G. Jahnavi, Suneela Garg
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Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1481_23
Eman M. Alissa
ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and vitamin D deficiency are becoming highly prevalent among general populations. Despite plausible biological mechanisms for the role of vitamin D in cardio-protection, a cause-and-effect relationship has not yet been established. The interest in vitamin D as a potential therapeutic target to attenuate cardiovascular risk has been raised. The question about the benefit of vitamin D supplementation for cardiovascular outcomes cannot be answered certainly for the moment. The association between hypovitaminosis D and CVD has been proven by some studies while other studies deny any such link. The present narrative review gives a comprehensive overview of studies on the potential impact of hypovitaminosis D on CVD. The potential role of vitamin D supplementation in the management of CVD is also evaluated. Particular emphasis is paid to those studies that achieve a high level of scientific evidence.
摘要 心血管疾病（CVD）和维生素 D 缺乏症在普通人群中越来越普遍。尽管维生素 D 在心血管保护中的作用具有可信的生物学机制，但其因果关系尚未确立。将维生素 D 作为一种潜在的治疗靶点，以降低心血管风险，这引起了人们的兴趣。关于补充维生素 D 对心血管疾病是否有益的问题，目前还无法给出肯定的答案。一些研究证实了维生素 D 不足与心血管疾病之间的联系，而另一些研究则否认这种联系。本综述全面概述了有关维生素 D 不足对心血管疾病潜在影响的研究。此外，还对维生素 D 补充剂在心血管疾病治疗中的潜在作用进行了评估。其中特别强调了那些获得高度科学证据的研究。
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Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1616_23
Binu Areekal, Nayana K. Thumbayil, T. E. F. Thasleema, Akshay Hareesh, Nidhinraj Parambath, N. Rithu, Betsy Varghese
ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has affected millions of people worldwide in the last 4 years. Among those infected, the long-term COVID-19 syndrome, in which symptoms of COVID-19 persist for a variable period, is posing new challenges to the health system, but few studies are available in India that examine the post-COVID-19 syndrome, that is, 6 months and beyond COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to find the prevalence and determinants of post-COVID-19 syndrome among patients 6 months and beyond their infection. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 patients who were admitted and discharged from Government Medical College, Thrissur, at least 6 months before with a diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. The data collection was performed using a semi-structured interview schedule through a telephonic interview. The analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. 21% of the patients studied had at least one persistent symptom at the end of 6 months, and 4.1% had more than one symptom. Among the symptoms persisting most commonly were fatigue (11%) and dyspnea (7.7%). Other than persisting symptoms, 21% of patients developed exertional dyspnea and 19% developed sleep disturbances during the 6 months after discharge. The factors that were associated with persistent symptoms in univariate analysis were increasing age, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The study concludes that one-fifth of the patients still suffer from post-COVID-19 syndrome even 6 months after the COVID-19 infection. Our health systems should be prepared for the long-term management of COVID-19-infected people and prepare policies for the same.
{"title":"Prevalence and determinants of post-COVID-19 syndrome among patients 6 months post-discharge from a teaching hospital in South India","authors":"Binu Areekal, Nayana K. Thumbayil, T. E. F. Thasleema, Akshay Hareesh, Nidhinraj Parambath, N. Rithu, Betsy Varghese","doi":"10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1616_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1616_23","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has affected millions of people worldwide in the last 4 years. Among those infected, the long-term COVID-19 syndrome, in which symptoms of COVID-19 persist for a variable period, is posing new challenges to the health system, but few studies are available in India that examine the post-COVID-19 syndrome, that is, 6 months and beyond COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to find the prevalence and determinants of post-COVID-19 syndrome among patients 6 months and beyond their infection.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 patients who were admitted and discharged from Government Medical College, Thrissur, at least 6 months before with a diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. The data collection was performed using a semi-structured interview schedule through a telephonic interview. The analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 21% of the patients studied had at least one persistent symptom at the end of 6 months, and 4.1% had more than one symptom. Among the symptoms persisting most commonly were fatigue (11%) and dyspnea (7.7%). Other than persisting symptoms, 21% of patients developed exertional dyspnea and 19% developed sleep disturbances during the 6 months after discharge. The factors that were associated with persistent symptoms in univariate analysis were increasing age, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study concludes that one-fifth of the patients still suffer from post-COVID-19 syndrome even 6 months after the COVID-19 infection. Our health systems should be prepared for the long-term management of COVID-19-infected people and prepare policies for the same.\u0000","PeriodicalId":509702,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140778479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_587_24
Raman Kumar
ABSTRACT Dr. Prakash Chand (PC) Bhatla MBBS was one of the illustrious past presidents (1975–76) of Indian Medical Association (IMA). He was a General Practitioner by vocation and a towering professional leader. He made an immense contribution to the discipline of Family Medicine – the academic discipline, medical specialty, and the knowledge domain of Family Physicians/Family Doctors within India as well as the global level. He was a brilliant human being and professional par excellence. He was probably one of the greatest leaders of the medical profession in India and a rightful successor to Dr BC Roy’s legacy. As a rare achievement, he received the Dr BC Roy National Award from the President of India twice. He received this prestigious recognition award in 1977 for socio-medical relief in India and again in 1982 for the promotion of Specialty of General Practice. He founded IMA CGP (Indian Medical College of General Practitioners), and his foundational work led to the recognition of Family Medicine as a specialty in India. Due to his efforts, Family Medicine was included in the list of recognized specialties by the National Board of Examinations (NBE) as well by the Medical Council of India (MCI). His contribution to medicine at a global level is also remarkable. He is also considered one of the founding forefathers of WONCA – World Organization of Family Doctors. He was associated with the foundation process of WONCA from the beginning (1964). The International Liaison Committee organized the first World meeting of General Practice in Montreal (Canada) in 1964 and the second meeting in Salsburg in 1966. Dr Bhatla was the convenor of the Third World Conference on General Practice in New Delhi, India, in 1968. A global representative body of Family Medicine/General Practice was launched in 1972 in Melbourne, Australia. Due to contribution to WONCA, he was elected for the first ever WONCA fellowship, the most prestigious global Family Medicine award. He was contemporary to other world leaders of Family Medicine and Primary Care such as Ian McWhinney and Barbara Starfeild. He is rightfully recognized and remembered as Father of Family Medicine. Dr Bhatla’s intellectual, professional, and administrative contribution laid down the sound background for the foundation of a Specialty body of Family Medicine in India called the Academy of Family Physicians of India. Life and work of Dr PC Bhatla continues to inspire family doctors, family physicians, general practitioners, and Family Medicine specialists across India, South Asia, and the World in the 21st century.
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