Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae218
Duncan N. E. Stibbard-Hawkes, Linda Abarbanell, Ibrahim A Mabulla, Endeko S. Endeko, C. Legare, C. Apicella
Behavioural research in traditional subsistence populations is often conducted in a non-native language. Recent studies show that non-native language-use systematically influences behaviour, including in widely-used methodologies. However, such studies are largely conducted in rich, industrialised societies, using at least one European language. This study expands sample diversity. We presented four standard tasks ― a ‘dictator’ game, two sacrificial dilemmas, a wager task and five Likert- risk tolerance measures ― to 129 Hadza participants. We randomly varied study languages ― Hadzane and Kiswahili ― between participants. We report a moderate impact of study language on wager decisions, alongside a substantial effect on dilemma decisions and responses to Likert-assessments of risk. As expected, non-native languages fostered utilitarian choices in sacrificial dilemmas. Unlike previous studies, non-native-language-use decreased risk preference in wager and Likert-tasks. We consider alternative explanatory mechanisms to account for this reversal, including linguistic relativity and cultural context. Given the strength of the effects reported here, we recommend, where possible, that future cross-cultural research should be conducted in participants’ first language.
{"title":"Foreign-language effects in cross-cultural behavioural research: Evidence from the Tanzanian Hadza","authors":"Duncan N. E. Stibbard-Hawkes, Linda Abarbanell, Ibrahim A Mabulla, Endeko S. Endeko, C. Legare, C. Apicella","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae218","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Behavioural research in traditional subsistence populations is often conducted in a non-native language. Recent studies show that non-native language-use systematically influences behaviour, including in widely-used methodologies. However, such studies are largely conducted in rich, industrialised societies, using at least one European language. This study expands sample diversity. We presented four standard tasks ― a ‘dictator’ game, two sacrificial dilemmas, a wager task and five Likert- risk tolerance measures ― to 129 Hadza participants. We randomly varied study languages ― Hadzane and Kiswahili ― between participants. We report a moderate impact of study language on wager decisions, alongside a substantial effect on dilemma decisions and responses to Likert-assessments of risk. As expected, non-native languages fostered utilitarian choices in sacrificial dilemmas. Unlike previous studies, non-native-language-use decreased risk preference in wager and Likert-tasks. We consider alternative explanatory mechanisms to account for this reversal, including linguistic relativity and cultural context. Given the strength of the effects reported here, we recommend, where possible, that future cross-cultural research should be conducted in participants’ first language.","PeriodicalId":509985,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"21 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141271194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae002
Hiroshi Hongo, T. Kosaka, Ken-ichi Takayama, Y. Baba, Y. Yasumizu, Koji Ueda, Yutaka Suzuki, Satoshi Inoue, H. Beltran, M. Oya
Although the treatment armamentarium for patients with metastatic prostate cancer has improved recently, treatment options after progression on cabazitaxel (CBZ) are limited. To identify the mechanisms underlying CBZ resistance and new therapeutic targets, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with CBZ-resistant prostate cancer. Cells were clustered based on gene expression profiles. In silico screening was used to nominate candidate drugs for overcoming CBZ resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. CTCs were divided into 3–4 clusters, reflecting intra-patient tumor heterogeneity in refractory prostate cancer. Pathway analysis revealed that clusters in two cases showed upregulation of the oxytocin (OXT) receptor signaling pathway. Spatial gene expression analysis of CBZ-resistant prostate cancer tissues confirmed the heterogeneous expression of OXT signaling molecules. Cloperastine had significant antitumor activity against CBZ-resistant prostate cancer cells. Mass spectrometric phosphoproteome analysis revealed the suppression of OXT signaling specific to CBZ-resistant models. These results support the potential of cloperastine as a candidate drug for overcoming CBZ-resistant prostate cancer via the inhibition of OXT signaling.
{"title":"G protein signaling of oxytocin receptor as a potential target for cabazitaxel-resistant prostate cancer","authors":"Hiroshi Hongo, T. Kosaka, Ken-ichi Takayama, Y. Baba, Y. Yasumizu, Koji Ueda, Yutaka Suzuki, Satoshi Inoue, H. Beltran, M. Oya","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although the treatment armamentarium for patients with metastatic prostate cancer has improved recently, treatment options after progression on cabazitaxel (CBZ) are limited. To identify the mechanisms underlying CBZ resistance and new therapeutic targets, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with CBZ-resistant prostate cancer. Cells were clustered based on gene expression profiles. In silico screening was used to nominate candidate drugs for overcoming CBZ resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. CTCs were divided into 3–4 clusters, reflecting intra-patient tumor heterogeneity in refractory prostate cancer. Pathway analysis revealed that clusters in two cases showed upregulation of the oxytocin (OXT) receptor signaling pathway. Spatial gene expression analysis of CBZ-resistant prostate cancer tissues confirmed the heterogeneous expression of OXT signaling molecules. Cloperastine had significant antitumor activity against CBZ-resistant prostate cancer cells. Mass spectrometric phosphoproteome analysis revealed the suppression of OXT signaling specific to CBZ-resistant models. These results support the potential of cloperastine as a candidate drug for overcoming CBZ-resistant prostate cancer via the inhibition of OXT signaling.","PeriodicalId":509985,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"25 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139385255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad483
Jian He, C. Harkins, K. O’Dell, Meng Li, C. Francoeur, K. Aikin, Susan Anenberg, B. Baker, Steven S. Brown, M. Coggon, Gregory J Frost, J. Gilman, Shobha Kongdragunta, A. Lamplugh, Congmeng Lyu, Zachary Moon, Bradley Pierce, R. Schwantes, C. Stockwell, C. Warneke, Kai Yang, C. Nowlan, G. González Abad, Brian C. McDonald
The COVID-19 stay-at-home orders issued in the US caused significant reductions in traffic and economic activities. To understand the pandemic’s perturbations on US emissions and impacts on urban air quality, we developed near-real-time bottom-up emission inventories based on publicly available energy and economic datasets, simulated the emission changes in a chemical transport model, and evaluated air quality impacts against various observations. The COVID-19 pandemic affected US emissions across broad-based energy and economic sectors and the impacts persisted to 2021. Compared to 2019 business-as-usual emission scenario, COVID-19 perturbations resulted in annual decreases of 10-15% in emissions of ozone (O3) and fine particle (PM2.5) gas-phase precursors, which are about 2-4 times larger than long-term annual trends during 2010-2019. While significant COVID-induced reductions in transportation and industrial activities, particularly in April-June 2020, resulted in overall national decreases in air pollutants, meteorological variability across the nation led to local increases or decreases of air pollutants, and mixed air quality changes across the US between 2019 and 2020. Over a full year (April 2020 to March 2021), COVID-induced emission reductions led to 3-4% decreases in national population-weighted annual 4th maximum of daily maximum 8-hour average O3 and annual PM2.5. Assuming these emission reductions could be maintained in the future, the result would be a 4-5% decrease in premature mortality attributable to ambient air pollution, suggesting that continued efforts to mitigate gaseous pollutants from anthropogenic sources can further protect human health from air pollution in the future.
{"title":"COVID-19 perturbation on US air quality and human health impact assessment","authors":"Jian He, C. Harkins, K. O’Dell, Meng Li, C. Francoeur, K. Aikin, Susan Anenberg, B. Baker, Steven S. Brown, M. Coggon, Gregory J Frost, J. Gilman, Shobha Kongdragunta, A. Lamplugh, Congmeng Lyu, Zachary Moon, Bradley Pierce, R. Schwantes, C. Stockwell, C. Warneke, Kai Yang, C. Nowlan, G. González Abad, Brian C. McDonald","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad483","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The COVID-19 stay-at-home orders issued in the US caused significant reductions in traffic and economic activities. To understand the pandemic’s perturbations on US emissions and impacts on urban air quality, we developed near-real-time bottom-up emission inventories based on publicly available energy and economic datasets, simulated the emission changes in a chemical transport model, and evaluated air quality impacts against various observations. The COVID-19 pandemic affected US emissions across broad-based energy and economic sectors and the impacts persisted to 2021. Compared to 2019 business-as-usual emission scenario, COVID-19 perturbations resulted in annual decreases of 10-15% in emissions of ozone (O3) and fine particle (PM2.5) gas-phase precursors, which are about 2-4 times larger than long-term annual trends during 2010-2019. While significant COVID-induced reductions in transportation and industrial activities, particularly in April-June 2020, resulted in overall national decreases in air pollutants, meteorological variability across the nation led to local increases or decreases of air pollutants, and mixed air quality changes across the US between 2019 and 2020. Over a full year (April 2020 to March 2021), COVID-induced emission reductions led to 3-4% decreases in national population-weighted annual 4th maximum of daily maximum 8-hour average O3 and annual PM2.5. Assuming these emission reductions could be maintained in the future, the result would be a 4-5% decrease in premature mortality attributable to ambient air pollution, suggesting that continued efforts to mitigate gaseous pollutants from anthropogenic sources can further protect human health from air pollution in the future.","PeriodicalId":509985,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139390643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad485
Messi H.J. Lee, Jacob M Montgomery, Calvin K Lai
America’s racial framework can be summarized using two distinct dimensions: superiority/inferiority and Americanness/foreignness (Zou & Cheryan, 2017). We investigated America’s racial framework in a corpus of spoken and written language using word embeddings. Word embeddings place words on a low-dimensional space where words with similar meanings are proximate, allowing researchers to test whether the positions of group and attribute words in a semantic space reflect stereotypes. We trained a word embedding model on the Corpus of Contemporary American English - a corpus of one-billion words that span thirty years and eight text categories - and compared the positions of racial/ethnic groups with respect to superiority and Americanness. We found that America’s racial framework is embedded in American English. We also captured an additional nuance: Asian people were stereotyped as more American than Hispanic people. These results are empirical evidence that America’s racial framework is embedded in American English.
美国的种族框架可以用两个不同的维度来概括：优越感/自卑感和美国性/异国性（Zou & Cheryan, 2017）。我们在口语和书面语语料库中使用单词嵌入法研究了美国的种族框架。单词嵌入将单词置于低维空间中，在该空间中，具有相似含义的单词较为接近，从而使研究人员能够测试群体和属性单词在语义空间中的位置是否反映了刻板印象。我们在《当代美国英语语料库》（Corpus of Contemporary American English）上训练了一个词语嵌入模型，该语料库包含 10 亿个词语，跨越 30 年和 8 个文本类别，并比较了种族/民族群体在优越感和美国性方面的位置。我们发现，美国的种族框架根植于美式英语之中。我们还捕捉到了一个额外的细微差别：与西班牙裔相比，亚洲人被刻板地认为更美国化。这些结果是美国的种族框架嵌入美式英语的经验证据。
{"title":"America’s racial framework of superiority and Americanness embedded in natural language","authors":"Messi H.J. Lee, Jacob M Montgomery, Calvin K Lai","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad485","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 America’s racial framework can be summarized using two distinct dimensions: superiority/inferiority and Americanness/foreignness (Zou & Cheryan, 2017). We investigated America’s racial framework in a corpus of spoken and written language using word embeddings. Word embeddings place words on a low-dimensional space where words with similar meanings are proximate, allowing researchers to test whether the positions of group and attribute words in a semantic space reflect stereotypes. We trained a word embedding model on the Corpus of Contemporary American English - a corpus of one-billion words that span thirty years and eight text categories - and compared the positions of racial/ethnic groups with respect to superiority and Americanness. We found that America’s racial framework is embedded in American English. We also captured an additional nuance: Asian people were stereotyped as more American than Hispanic people. These results are empirical evidence that America’s racial framework is embedded in American English.","PeriodicalId":509985,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mitochondrial features and activities vary in a cell type- and developmental stage-dependent manner to critically impact cell function and lineage development. Particularly in male germ cells, mitochondria are uniquely clustered into intermitochondrial cement (IMC), an electron-dense granule in the cytoplasm to support proper spermatogenesis. But it remains puzzling how mitochondria assemble into such a stable structure as IMC without limiting membrane during development. Here, we showed that GASZ, a mitochondrion-localized germ cell-specific protein, self-interacted with each other to cluster mitochondria and maintain protein stability for IMC assembling. When the self-interaction of GASZ was disrupted by either deleting its critical interaction motif or using a blocking peptide, the IMC structure was destabilized, which in turn led to impaired spermatogenesis. Notably, the blocked spermatogenesis was reversible once GASZ self-interaction was recovered. Our findings thus reveal a critical mechanism by which mitochondrion-based granules are properly assembled to support germ cell development, while providing a new strategy for developing non-hormonal male contraceptives by targeting IMC protein interactions.
{"title":"GASZ self-interaction clusters mitochondria into the intermitochondrial cement for proper germ cell development","authors":"Junru Miao, Chuanyun Wang, Wei Chen, Yongsheng Wang, Shalin Kakasani, Yuan Wang","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad480","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mitochondrial features and activities vary in a cell type- and developmental stage-dependent manner to critically impact cell function and lineage development. Particularly in male germ cells, mitochondria are uniquely clustered into intermitochondrial cement (IMC), an electron-dense granule in the cytoplasm to support proper spermatogenesis. But it remains puzzling how mitochondria assemble into such a stable structure as IMC without limiting membrane during development. Here, we showed that GASZ, a mitochondrion-localized germ cell-specific protein, self-interacted with each other to cluster mitochondria and maintain protein stability for IMC assembling. When the self-interaction of GASZ was disrupted by either deleting its critical interaction motif or using a blocking peptide, the IMC structure was destabilized, which in turn led to impaired spermatogenesis. Notably, the blocked spermatogenesis was reversible once GASZ self-interaction was recovered. Our findings thus reveal a critical mechanism by which mitochondrion-based granules are properly assembled to support germ cell development, while providing a new strategy for developing non-hormonal male contraceptives by targeting IMC protein interactions.","PeriodicalId":509985,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"116 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139390818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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