Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4030022
Mohammad Munzir Ahanger, M. A. Wani, Vasile Palade
This paper introduces a parameter-efficient transformer-based model designed for scientific literature classification. By optimizing the transformer architecture, the proposed model significantly reduces memory usage, training time, inference time, and the carbon footprint associated with large language models. The proposed approach is evaluated against various deep learning models and demonstrates superior performance in classifying scientific literature. Comprehensive experiments conducted on datasets from Web of Science, ArXiv, Nature, Springer, and Wiley reveal that the proposed model’s multi-headed attention mechanism and enhanced embeddings contribute to its high accuracy and efficiency, making it a robust solution for text classification tasks.
本文介绍了一种为科学文献分类而设计的基于转换器的参数高效模型。通过优化转换器架构，所提出的模型大大减少了内存使用量、训练时间、推理时间以及与大型语言模型相关的碳足迹。针对各种深度学习模型对所提出的方法进行了评估，结果表明该方法在科学文献分类方面表现出色。在来自 Web of Science、ArXiv、Nature、Springer 和 Wiley 的数据集上进行的综合实验表明，所提模型的多头关注机制和增强型嵌入有助于实现高准确率和高效率，使其成为文本分类任务的稳健解决方案。
{"title":"sBERT: Parameter-Efficient Transformer-Based Deep Learning Model for Scientific Literature Classification","authors":"Mohammad Munzir Ahanger, M. A. Wani, Vasile Palade","doi":"10.3390/knowledge4030022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge4030022","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a parameter-efficient transformer-based model designed for scientific literature classification. By optimizing the transformer architecture, the proposed model significantly reduces memory usage, training time, inference time, and the carbon footprint associated with large language models. The proposed approach is evaluated against various deep learning models and demonstrates superior performance in classifying scientific literature. Comprehensive experiments conducted on datasets from Web of Science, ArXiv, Nature, Springer, and Wiley reveal that the proposed model’s multi-headed attention mechanism and enhanced embeddings contribute to its high accuracy and efficiency, making it a robust solution for text classification tasks.","PeriodicalId":510293,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge","volume":" 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141825281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4030021
Carla Terron-Santiago, J. Martínez-Román, J. Burriel-Valencia, Ángel Sapena-Bañó
Undergraduate courses in electrical machines often include an introduction to the air gap magnetic field as a basic element in the energy conversion process. The students must learn the main properties of the field produced by basic winding configurations and how they relate to the winding current and frequency. This paper describes a new test equipment design aimed at helping students achieve these learning goals. The test equipment is designed based on four main elements: a modified slip ring induction machine, a winding current driver board, the DAQ boards, and a PC-based virtual instrument. The virtual instrument provides the winding current drivers with suitable current references depending on the user selected machine operational status (single- or three-phase/winding with DC or AC current) and measures and displays the air gap magnetic field for that operational status. Students’ laboratory work is organized into a series of experiments that guide their achievement of these air gap field-related abilities. Student learning, assessed based on pre- and post-lab exams and end-of-semester exams, has increased significantly. The students’ opinions of the relevance, usefulness, and motivational effects of the laboratory were also positive.
电机专业的本科课程通常包括气隙磁场的介绍，这是能量转换过程中的一个基本要素。学生必须了解基本绕组配置所产生磁场的主要特性，以及它们与绕组电流和频率的关系。本文介绍了一种新的测试设备设计，旨在帮助学生实现这些学习目标。测试设备的设计基于四个主要元素：改进的滑环感应机、绕组电流驱动器板、DAQ 板和基于 PC 的虚拟仪器。虚拟仪器根据用户选择的机器运行状态（单相或三相/绕组，直流或交流电流）为绕组电流驱动器提供合适的电流基准，并测量和显示该运行状态下的气隙磁场。学生的实验室工作被组织成一系列实验，指导他们实现这些与气隙磁场相关的能力。根据实验前和实验后考试以及学期末考试对学生学习情况的评估，学生的学习成绩有了显著提高。学生们对实验室的相关性、实用性和激励效果也给予了积极评价。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4030020
Karl Jensen Cayme, Vince Andrei Retutal, Miguel Edwin Salubre, P. Astillo, Luis Gerardo Cañete, Gaurav Choudhary
In response to the recent formalization of Filipino Sign Language (FSL) and the lack of comprehensive studies, this paper introduces a real-time FSL gesture recognition system. Unlike existing systems, which are often limited to static signs and asynchronous recognition, it offers dynamic gesture capturing and recognition of 10 common expressions and five transactional inquiries. To this end, the system sequentially employs cropping, contrast adjustment, grayscale conversion, resizing, and normalization of input image streams. These steps serve to extract the region of interest, reduce the computational load, ensure uniform input size, and maintain consistent pixel value distribution. Subsequently, a Convolutional Neural Network and Long-Short Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) model was employed to recognize nuances of real-time FSL gestures. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed technique over existing FSL recognition systems, achieving an impressive average accuracy, recall, and precision rate of 98%, marking an 11.3% improvement in accuracy. Furthermore, this article also explores lightweight conversion methods, including post-quantization and quantization-aware training, to facilitate the deployment of the model on resource-constrained platforms. The lightweight models show a significant reduction in model size and memory utilization with respect to the base model when executed in a Raspberry Pi minicomputer. Lastly, the lightweight model trained with the quantization-aware technique (99%) outperforms the post-quantization approach (97%), showing a notable 2% improvement in accuracy.
{"title":"Gesture Recognition of Filipino Sign Language Using Convolutional and Long Short-Term Memory Deep Neural Networks","authors":"Karl Jensen Cayme, Vince Andrei Retutal, Miguel Edwin Salubre, P. Astillo, Luis Gerardo Cañete, Gaurav Choudhary","doi":"10.3390/knowledge4030020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge4030020","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the recent formalization of Filipino Sign Language (FSL) and the lack of comprehensive studies, this paper introduces a real-time FSL gesture recognition system. Unlike existing systems, which are often limited to static signs and asynchronous recognition, it offers dynamic gesture capturing and recognition of 10 common expressions and five transactional inquiries. To this end, the system sequentially employs cropping, contrast adjustment, grayscale conversion, resizing, and normalization of input image streams. These steps serve to extract the region of interest, reduce the computational load, ensure uniform input size, and maintain consistent pixel value distribution. Subsequently, a Convolutional Neural Network and Long-Short Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) model was employed to recognize nuances of real-time FSL gestures. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed technique over existing FSL recognition systems, achieving an impressive average accuracy, recall, and precision rate of 98%, marking an 11.3% improvement in accuracy. Furthermore, this article also explores lightweight conversion methods, including post-quantization and quantization-aware training, to facilitate the deployment of the model on resource-constrained platforms. The lightweight models show a significant reduction in model size and memory utilization with respect to the base model when executed in a Raspberry Pi minicomputer. Lastly, the lightweight model trained with the quantization-aware technique (99%) outperforms the post-quantization approach (97%), showing a notable 2% improvement in accuracy.","PeriodicalId":510293,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge","volume":"122 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141667471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4030019
William Lawless, Ira S. Moskowitz
We develop a new theory of knowledge with mathematics and a broad-based series of case studies to seek a better understanding of what constitutes knowledge in the field and its value for autonomous human–machine teams facing uncertainty in the open. Like humans, as teammates, artificial intelligence (AI) machines must be able to determine what constitutes the usable knowledge that contributes to a team’s success when facing uncertainty in the field (e.g., testing “knowledge” in the field with debate; identifying new knowledge; using knowledge to innovate), its failure (e.g., troubleshooting; identifying weaknesses; discovering vulnerabilities; exploitation using deception), and feeding the results back to users and society. It matters not whether a debate is public, private, or unexpressed by an individual human or machine agent acting alone; regardless, in this exploration, we speculate that only a transparent process advances the science of autonomous human–machine teams, assists in interpretable machine learning, and allows a free people and their machines to co-evolve. The complexity of the team is taken into consideration in our search for knowledge, which can also be used as an information metric. We conclude that the structure of “knowledge”, once found, is resistant to alternatives (i.e., it is ordered); that its functional utility is generalizable; and that its useful applications are multifaceted (akin to maximum entropy production). Our novel finding is the existence of Shannon holes that are gaps in knowledge, a surprising “discovery” to only find Shannon there first.
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Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4020016
A. Lourenço, Maria Olímpia Paiva
The Program for International Student Assessment highlights the persistent lack of commitment and motivation among students worldwide in their school activities, which are resulting in decreased proficiency levels in reading, mathematics, and science. The magnitude of this phenomenon, with its clear social implications, suggests that we are facing a concerning quest for immediate answers and results. This research focuses on the impact of the relationships between self-regulated learning processes and the planning of time management that is dedicated to school activities on student performance, specifically in the subjects of the Mother Tongue and Mathematics. The instruments used for analysis included the Inventory of Self-Regulated Learning Processes, the Inventory of Time Management Planning, a personal data sheet, and a school data sheet. The sample in this study consisted of 688 students from primary schools in northern Portugal. The results reveal that self-regulated learning has a positive influence on how students plan time management, both in the short and long term. Additionally, a positive and statistically significant relationship is observed between short-term and long-term time management planning and students’ academic performance. This study provides an in-depth perspective on the dynamics between these elements, shedding light on the crucial nuances that shape students’ academic journeys.
国际学生评估项目（Program for International Student Assessment）强调，全世界的学生在学校活动中持续缺乏投入和动力，导致阅读、数学和科学水平下降。这一现象的严重性及其明显的社会影响表明，我们正面临着一个急需答案和结果的问题。本研究的重点是自我调节学习过程与学校活动时间管理规划之间的关系对学生成绩的影响，特别是在母语和数学学科方面。用于分析的工具包括自我调节学习过程量表、时间管理规划量表、个人数据表和学校数据表。本研究的样本包括葡萄牙北部小学的 688 名学生。研究结果表明，无论从短期还是长期来看，自我调节学习对学生如何规划时间管理都有积极影响。此外，短期和长期时间管理规划与学生的学业成绩之间存在积极的统计学意义上的显著关系。本研究深入透视了这些要素之间的动态关系，揭示了塑造学生学业历程的关键细微差别。
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Pub Date : 2024-05-16DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4020015
Ognjen Arandjelovíc
Background: In an era of dramatic technological progress, the consequent economic transformations, and an increasing need for an adaptable workforce, the importance of education has risen to the forefront of the social discourse. The concurrent increase in the awareness of issues pertaining to social justice and the debate over what this justice entails and how it ought to be effected, feed into the education policy more than ever before. From the nexus of the aforementioned considerations, concern about the so-called education gap has emerged, with worldwide efforts to close it. Methods: I analyze the premises behind such efforts and demonstrate that they are founded upon fundamentally flawed ideas. Results: I show that in a society in which education is delivered equitably, education gaps emerge naturally as a consequence of differentiation due to talents, the tendency for matched mate selection, and the heritability of intellectual traits. Conclusion: I issue a call for a redirection of efforts away from the ill-founded idea of closing the education gap to the understanding of the magnitude of its unfair contributions, as well as to those social aspects that can modulate it in accordance with what a society deems fair according to its values.
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Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4020014
Paweł Turek, Ewelina Dudek, Mateusz Grzywa, Kacper Więcek
This paper presents the process of digital data flow in RE/CAD/RP/CAI systems to develop models for planning surgical procedures in the craniofacial area. At the first RE modeling stage, digital data processing, segmentation, and the reconstruction of the geometry of the anatomical structures were performed. During the CAD modeling stage, three different concepts were utilized. The first concept was used to create a tool that could mold the geometry of the cranial vault. The second concept was created to prepare a prototype implant that would complement the anterior part of the mandibular geometry. And finally, the third concept was used to design a customized prototype surgical plate that would match the mandibular geometry accurately. Physical models were made using a rapid prototyping technique. A Bambu Lab X1 3D printer was used for this purpose. The process of geometric accuracy evaluation was carried out on manufactured prototypes of surgical plates made of ABS+, CPE, PLA+, and PETG material. In the geometric accuracy evaluation process, the smallest deviation values were obtained for the ABS plus material, within a tolerance of ±0.1 mm, and the largest were obtained for CPE (±0.2 mm) and PLA plus (±0.18 mm). In terms of the surface roughness evaluation, the highest value of the Sa parameter was obtained for the PLA plus material, which was 4.15 µm, and the lowest was obtained for the CPE material, equal to 3.62 µm. The knowledge of the flow of digital data and the identification of factors determining the accuracy of mapping the geometry of anatomical structures allowed for the development of a procedure that improves the modeling and manufacturing of anatomical structures within the craniofacial region.
本文介绍了在 RE/CAD/RP/CAI 系统中开发用于规划颅面外科手术的模型的数字数据流过程。在第一个 RE 建模阶段，进行了数字数据处理、分割和解剖结构几何重建。在 CAD 建模阶段，使用了三种不同的概念。第一个概念用于创建一个可以塑造颅顶几何形状的工具。第二个概念是用来制作种植体原型，以补充下颌骨前部的几何形状。最后，第三个概念用于设计一个定制的手术板原型，以准确匹配下颌骨的几何形状。物理模型是使用快速原型技术制作的。为此使用了 Bambu Lab X1 3D 打印机。几何精度评估过程是在 ABS+、CPE、PLA+ 和 PETG 材料制成的手术板原型上进行的。在几何精度评估过程中，ABS+材料的偏差值最小，公差为±0.1毫米，CPE（±0.2毫米）和PLA+（±0.18毫米）的偏差值最大。在表面粗糙度评估方面，PLA plus 材料的 Sa 参数值最高，为 4.15 微米，CPE 材料的 Sa 参数值最低，为 3.62 微米。通过对数字数据流的了解和对决定解剖结构几何图形绘制精度的因素的识别，可以开发出一种程序，改进颅面部解剖结构的建模和制造。
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Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4020013
Jonas Bambi, G. Dong, Yudi Santoso, Ken Moselle, Sophie Dugas, Kehinde Olobatuyi, Abraham Rudnick, Ernie Chang, Alex Kuo
Healthcare organizations have a contractual obligation to the public to address population-level inequities to health services access and shed light on them. Various studies have focused on achieving equitable access to healthcare services for vulnerable patients. However, these studies do not provide a nuanced perspective based on the local reality across the full continuum of care. In previous work, graph topology was used to provide visual depictions of the dynamics of patients’ movement across a complex healthcare system. Using patients’ encounters data represented as a graph, this study expands on previous work and proposes a methodology to identify and quantify cohort-specific disparities in accessing healthcare services across the continuum of care. The result has demonstrated that a more nuanced approach to assessing access-to-care disparity is doable using patients’ patterns of service utilization from a longitudinal cross-continuum healthcare dataset. The proposed method can be used as part of a toolkit to support healthcare organizations that wish to structure their services to provide better care to their vulnerable populations based on the local realities. This provides a first step in addressing inequities for vulnerable patients in accessing healthcare services. However, additional steps need to be considered to fully address these inequities.
{"title":"Patterns of Service Utilization across the Full Continuum of Care: Using Patient Journeys to Assess Disparities in access to Health Services","authors":"Jonas Bambi, G. Dong, Yudi Santoso, Ken Moselle, Sophie Dugas, Kehinde Olobatuyi, Abraham Rudnick, Ernie Chang, Alex Kuo","doi":"10.3390/knowledge4020013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge4020013","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare organizations have a contractual obligation to the public to address population-level inequities to health services access and shed light on them. Various studies have focused on achieving equitable access to healthcare services for vulnerable patients. However, these studies do not provide a nuanced perspective based on the local reality across the full continuum of care. In previous work, graph topology was used to provide visual depictions of the dynamics of patients’ movement across a complex healthcare system. Using patients’ encounters data represented as a graph, this study expands on previous work and proposes a methodology to identify and quantify cohort-specific disparities in accessing healthcare services across the continuum of care. The result has demonstrated that a more nuanced approach to assessing access-to-care disparity is doable using patients’ patterns of service utilization from a longitudinal cross-continuum healthcare dataset. The proposed method can be used as part of a toolkit to support healthcare organizations that wish to structure their services to provide better care to their vulnerable populations based on the local realities. This provides a first step in addressing inequities for vulnerable patients in accessing healthcare services. However, additional steps need to be considered to fully address these inequities.","PeriodicalId":510293,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-11DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4020011
Mariángela Napoli
Over the last two decades, the knowledge production, research, and reconfiguration of universities have been understood as ways of giving new meanings to the university–society binomial. In this regard, humanities are the subject of multiple debates in the face of ideas about their impact in relation to the “other sciences”. Based on these premises, this article sets out to explore possible meanings attributed by researchers to the concepts of commitment, mobilization, and transfer of research in humanities in view of the debates on the university–society interaction and the third mission of the university. The methodology used will address bibliographical analysis, theoretical background, and statements from different institutions, as well as the analysis of material from four interviews. As a first instance, the preliminary results show that strengthening critical thinking as forms of commitment emerge as central senses, focusing on Hungarian characteristics and productions in order to unravel the ways of understanding and imagining Eastern European reality. In this respect, the discussion of certain aspects of Western knowledge is seen as a task associated with social commitment with public universities as a focus of resistance.
{"title":"Reflections on Knowledge Production in Humanities from an Academic Exchange Experience","authors":"Mariángela Napoli","doi":"10.3390/knowledge4020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge4020011","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last two decades, the knowledge production, research, and reconfiguration of universities have been understood as ways of giving new meanings to the university–society binomial. In this regard, humanities are the subject of multiple debates in the face of ideas about their impact in relation to the “other sciences”. Based on these premises, this article sets out to explore possible meanings attributed by researchers to the concepts of commitment, mobilization, and transfer of research in humanities in view of the debates on the university–society interaction and the third mission of the university. The methodology used will address bibliographical analysis, theoretical background, and statements from different institutions, as well as the analysis of material from four interviews. As a first instance, the preliminary results show that strengthening critical thinking as forms of commitment emerge as central senses, focusing on Hungarian characteristics and productions in order to unravel the ways of understanding and imagining Eastern European reality. In this respect, the discussion of certain aspects of Western knowledge is seen as a task associated with social commitment with public universities as a focus of resistance.","PeriodicalId":510293,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140714066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.3390/knowledge4020010
Carla Terron-Santiago, J. Burriel-Valencia, J. Martínez-Román, Ángel Sapena-Bañó
This contribution describes the change in methodology introduced in the subject of electrical technology within the industrial technologies engineering degree at Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València. The main purpose of the methodology change was to improve the attainment of student outcomes by the introduction of project-based learning supported by flipped teaching. Moreover, a software tool was developed that generates standard exercise statements for the design of electrical installations. Using this tool, students can practice with different problem exercises, enter their solution, and receive immediate feedback on their results, improving the teaching–learning experience. The level of student outcomes attained was improved, and other positive aspects arose from the experience, such as boosting students’ responsibility in their own learning (learn to learn), their ability to solve problems, and students’ motivation. Furthermore, the instructors’ opinions on the methodology change were highly positive.
{"title":"An Active Approach for Teaching and Learning Electrical Technology","authors":"Carla Terron-Santiago, J. Burriel-Valencia, J. Martínez-Román, Ángel Sapena-Bañó","doi":"10.3390/knowledge4020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/knowledge4020010","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution describes the change in methodology introduced in the subject of electrical technology within the industrial technologies engineering degree at Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València. The main purpose of the methodology change was to improve the attainment of student outcomes by the introduction of project-based learning supported by flipped teaching. Moreover, a software tool was developed that generates standard exercise statements for the design of electrical installations. Using this tool, students can practice with different problem exercises, enter their solution, and receive immediate feedback on their results, improving the teaching–learning experience. The level of student outcomes attained was improved, and other positive aspects arose from the experience, such as boosting students’ responsibility in their own learning (learn to learn), their ability to solve problems, and students’ motivation. Furthermore, the instructors’ opinions on the methodology change were highly positive.","PeriodicalId":510293,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge","volume":"92 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140726106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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