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Public Administration in the Context of Digital Transformation: Innovations and Challenges 数字化转型背景下的公共行政:创新与挑战
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.8
Lina Storozhenko, Oleksandr Olshanskyi, Nataliia Stativka, Alina Chernoivanenko, Yevheniia Hordiienko
The processes of the management system transformation in various spheres of socio-economic relations towards the growth of the role of publicity, information accessibility, and digitalization of management algorithms are among the current global trends. The study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the aspects of public administration mechanism implementation in the context of digital transformation. The research identifies the main issues of the management paradigm and options for its solution. The study was carried out based on general scientific methods of cognition. They include logical and structural analysis, comparison, theoretical modeling, abstraction, induction, and deduction, as well as statistical methods, specification, generalization, and formalization. The article explores the innovative aspects of public administration in the context of global digital transformation. The authors have considered the public administration digitalization process's main issues, challenges, and achievements. It has been determined that the effective use of digital transformation opportunities is an essential prerequisite for intensifying the effectiveness of economic processes. Moreover, the authors developed a universal model of effective digitalization of the public administration system. Furthermore, the practical significance of the research findings is seen in the possibility of their application during the development of relevant programs. The latter aims to improve the efficiency of the public administration system, increase the productivity of various spheres of socio-economic activity, and form a versatile, effective model of digital optimization of management processes in the context of sustainable development.
在社会经济关系的各个领域中,管理体制的转型进程正朝着宣传作用的增强、信息的可获取性和管理算法的数字化等方向发展,这是当前的全球趋势之一。本研究旨在全面分析数字化转型背景下公共行政机制实施的各个方面。研究确定了管理模式的主要问题及其解决方案的选择。研究是在一般科学认知方法的基础上进行的。这些方法包括逻辑和结构分析、比较、理论建模、抽象、归纳和演绎,以及统计方法、规范、概括和形式化。文章探讨了全球数字化转型背景下的公共行政创新问题。作者考虑了公共行政数字化过程中的主要问题、挑战和成就。文章认为,有效利用数字化转型机遇是提高经济流程效率的重要前提。此外,作者还开发了公共管理系统有效数字化的通用模型。此外,研究成果的实际意义还体现在其在相关计划制定过程中的应用可能性上。后者旨在提高公共行政系统的效率,提高社会经济活动各领域的生产力,并在可持续发展的背景下形成管理流程数字化优化的通用有效模式。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Educational Inclusion and School Segregation: New Perspectives from the Case Study of Romania 探索教育包容与学校隔离:罗马尼亚案例研究的新视角
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.3
Luminita Costache, Eugen Crai, C. Ivan
The article discusses the relationship between school segregation and the inclusive education related goals, analysing auspices that could lead to the success of educational policies aimed at desegregating schools. It goes in depth with nuances necessary for understanding the school segregation phenomenon and mechanisms for monitoring school segregation as a public policy project stemming from the case of Romania. While previous studies on school segregation have focused on inter-school segregation (the distribution of students from various categories among different schools), we argue that it is equally important to consider the intra-school segregation side (i.e. segregation within the same school learning spaces). Relevant social context elements which are paramount for the success of desegregation policies are also discussed, such as the level of public support granted for such an educational policy, the impact of the "marketization" of educational services (degree of freedom in choosing educational services or the privatization thereof, etc.), awareness of the positive effects of school desegregation both from moral and economic perspective, and the necessity of ongoing monitoring of the phenomenon to prevent school re-segregation. The benefits of school desegregation are analysed from the perspective of different stakeholders, including parents of vulnerable students involved in schooling as well as parents of better-off students, placed at the top of the socioeconomic hierarchy. The conclusion we draw is that providing educational services in a desegregated manner is beneficial not only to society as a whole but also to each category of stakeholders considered separately. The article also suggests new future guidelines for researching and documenting school segregation.
文章讨论了学校隔离与全纳教育相关目标之间的关系,分析了促使旨在消除学校隔离的教育政策取得成功的因素。文章以罗马尼亚为例,深入分析了理解学校隔离现象所需的细微差别,以及作为公共政策项目的学校隔离的监督机制。以往关于学校隔离的研究主要集中在校际隔离(不同类别的学生在不同学校之间的分布)方面,而我们认为,考虑校内隔离(即同一学校学习空间内的隔离)也同样重要。我们还讨论了对取消种族隔离政策的成功至关重要的相关社会背景因素,如公众对此类教育政策的支持程度、教育服务 "市场化 "的影响(选择教育服务的自由度或教育服务的私有化等)、从道德和经济角度对学校取消种族隔离的积极影响的认识,以及持续监测这一现象以防止学校重新种族隔离的必要性。我们从不同利益相关者的角度分析了学校取消隔离的好处,这些利益相关者包括参与学校教育的弱势学生家长以及处于社会经济阶层顶端的富裕学生家长。我们得出的结论是,以取消种族隔离的方式提供教育服务不仅对整个社会有益,而且对单独考虑的各类利益相关者也有益。文章还为研究和记录学校隔离现象提出了新的指导原则。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Region of Andalusia in Spain in the area of Social Work in the Web of Science 通过科学网分析西班牙安达卢西亚大区在社会工作领域的科研成果
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.14
Alfonso Chaves-Montero
Scientific research in Social Work has become increasingly important in higher education. Although this discipline's incorporation into academic research was delayed, it remains highly relevant. This article explores and analyzes the current bibliographic production in Social Work in Andalusia, using the Web of Science database. The main objective is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of this field, examining indices related to Social Work and identifying its weaknesses and strengths. The analysis will use three primary tools: SPSS, SCIMAT, and VosViewer. This bibliometric analysis will evaluate the scientific production in Social Work, offering a comprehensive overview of its scope and quality. Results may indicate that the bibliometric index of this field is below expected or potential standards. Additionally, it might be noted that higher-indexed articles are often written in English by professionals outside the specific field of Social Work. These findings suggest the need to strengthen research in Social Work by increasing scientific production and encouraging the participation of social work professionals in knowledge generation. The results also highlight the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and establishing connections with professionals from other related research areas. This study aims to provide a detailed insight into the bibliographic production in Social Work in Andalusia through a bibliometric approach. The results will help identify strengths and weaknesses in this field, offering valuable information for future research and the development of Social Work as a scientific discipline.
社会工作科学研究在高等教育中的地位日益重要。虽然这门学科被纳入学术研究的时间较晚,但仍具有很强的现实意义。本文利用 "科学网 "数据库对安达卢西亚社会工作领域目前的文献生产情况进行了探讨和分析。主要目的是对这一领域进行文献计量分析,研究与社会工作相关的指数,找出其弱点和优势。分析将使用三种主要工具:SPSS、SCIMAT 和 VosViewer。该文献计量分析将对社会工作领域的科学成果进行评估,全面概述其范围和质量。结果可能表明,该领域的文献计量指数低于预期或潜在的标准。此外,可以注意到,索引较高的文章往往是由社会工作特定领域之外的专业人士用英语撰写的。这些研究结果表明,有必要通过增加科研成果和鼓励社会工作专业人员参与知识创造来加强社会工作领域的研究。研究结果还强调了跨学科合作以及与其他相关研究领域的专业人员建立联系的重要性。本研究旨在通过文献计量学方法详细了解安达卢西亚社会工作领域的文献生产情况。研究结果将有助于确定该领域的优势和劣势,为今后的研究以及社会工作作为一门科学学科的发展提供有价值的信息。
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引用次数: 0
The Creativity Levels Of Pre-Service Teachers and the Preferences of a Teacher Model Supporting Creativity 职前教师的创造力水平和对支持创造力的教师模式的偏好
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.13
Arikhan Emine
Creativity is significant in the education world. Pre-service teachers who adopt the methods of creativity and benefit from them are as important as the methods that reveal creativity in the teaching process. In this context, the purpose of this study is to measure the creativity levels of pre-service teachers and the preferences of a teacher model supporting creativity. For that purpose, three scales were used and analyzed. The first scale is ‘Hacettepe Personality Inventory scale’; the second scale is “Teacher Index Scale Supporting Creativity (CFTIS Scale)” and the third scale is “Kaufman Creativity Domains Scale Turkish Form (KCAS-TF)” test. According to the findings of the study, it can be claimed that the personality traits and creativity areas of the pre-service teachers and the teaching styles that support creativity are shaped in accordance with these definitions, and that the ability to produce new ideas and the skills to create new ideas are frequently used in the field of creativity, especially by the individuals studying in departments that require artistic creativity. Also, students who receive art education are more creative than those who do not.
创造力在教育界意义重大。采用创造性方法并从中受益的职前教师与在教学过程中展现创造性的方法同样重要。在这种情况下,本研究的目的是测量职前教师的创造力水平以及对支持创造力的教师模式的偏好。为此,我们使用并分析了三个量表。第一个量表是 "哈克特佩人格量表";第二个量表是 "支持创造力的教师指数量表(CFTIS 量表)";第三个量表是 "考夫曼创造力领域量表土耳其表(KCAS-TF)"测试。根据研究结果,可以说职前教师的个性特征和创造力领域以及支持创造力的教学风格都是根据这些定义形成的,产生新想法的能力和创造新想法的技能经常被用于创造力领域,尤其是在需要艺术创造力的专业学习的人。此外,接受艺术教育的学生比不接受艺术教育的学生更有创造力。
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引用次数: 0
Disability Inclusion in the Workplace: Perspectives of Romanian Human Resources Specialists 残疾人融入工作场所:罗马尼亚人力资源专家的观点
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.4
O. Blaga, Marian Padure, Cornel Amariei, M. Dascăl
In Romania, people with disabilities (PWDs) represent 18% of the working-age population. Yet, participation in the workforce for PWDs is very low. This study is a cross-sectional, online survey of human resources (HR) specialists from 82 companies activating in Romania that aims to assess the extent to which companies hire PWDs, evaluate the perceived barriers to employing PWDs, and identify potential strategies to facilitate the employment of PWDs. Participants are mostly women (81.5%), are hired by companies located in Bucharest (42.7%), Cluj (15.9%), and Brasov (7.3%), and belong to the service sector of activity (61%). The 33/82 companies from the study that employ PWDs collectively hire 739 PWDs. After employing an individual with disabilities, 63.6% of the companies do not offer any type of training/workshops for typical employees. The most reported challenge in employing PWDs is the fact that qualified PWDs are hard to find (36.6%). The HR specialists mentioned that the most useful information that would persuade companies to hire PWDs would be information showing how employing PWDs has benefited other companies in the same sector (79.3%).
在罗马尼亚,残疾人(PWDs)占劳动适龄人口的 18%。然而,残疾人的劳动力参与率却非常低。本研究是一项横断面在线调查,调查对象是罗马尼亚 82 家公司的人力资源(HR)专家,目的是评估公司雇用残疾人的程度,评估雇用残疾人所面临的障碍,并确定促进残疾人就业的潜在策略。参与者大多为女性(81.5%),受雇于布加勒斯特(42.7%)、克卢日(15.9%)和布拉索夫(7.3%)的公司,属于服务行业(61%)。研究中 33/82 家雇用残疾人的公司共雇用了 739 名残疾人。雇用残疾人后,63.6%的公司没有为典型员工提供任何类型的培训/讲习班。据报告,雇用残疾人面临的最大挑战是很难找到合格的残疾人(36.6%)。人力资源专家提到,能说服公司雇用残疾人的最有用信息是显示雇用残疾人如何使同一行业的其他公司受益的信息(79.3%)。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Top Management Commitment to HRM Practices on Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Workforce Sustainability 高层管理人员对人力资源管理实践的承诺对工作满意度的影响:劳动力可持续性的中介作用
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.7
Raqiya AL DARWISHI, ehmet Yeşiltaş
This study explores the relationship between top management commitment (TMC) to training, reward systems, and empowerment, workforce sustainability (WFS) and job satisfaction (JBS) in the context of commercial banks in Oman. Specifically, the investigation focuses on the mediating influence of workforce sustainability in the connection between TMC to training, reward systems, and empowerment initiatives on JBS. A sample of 310 employees from various commercial banks in Oman participated in this research is achieved using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The study employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) as the primary analytical tool to assess the relationships and interactions in this study. The Findings of this study indicated a positive interaction of TMC regrading training on JBS. However, it shows an insignificant impact of TMC to empowerment and reward on JBS. This study also indicated a positive interaction of TMC regrading training and empowerment on WFS. However, it shows an insignificant impact of TMC to reward on WFS. WFS also have a positive impact on JBS. Additionally, WFS has a mediating influence in the interaction between TMC to training and empowerment on JBS. However, the mediating influence of WFS in the interaction TMC to reward on JBS is not supported. The findings of this study are anticipated to provide valuable insights for both academic and practical purposes. This research contributes to the broader discourse on organizational management and human resources practices, offering meaningful implications for cultivating a positive and sustainable work environment in the banking industry.
本研究以阿曼商业银行为背景,探讨了高层管理人员对培训、奖励制度和授权的承诺(TMC)、劳动力可持续性(WFS)和工作满意度(JBS)之间的关系。具体而言,调查重点是劳动力可持续性在高层管理承诺(TMC)与培训、奖励制度和授权举措之间对工作满意度(JBS)的中介影响。本研究采用自填式调查问卷的方式,对来自阿曼各商业银行的 310 名员工进行了抽样调查。本研究采用部分最小二乘法结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)作为主要分析工具,以评估本研究中的关系和相互作用。研究结果表明,TMC 分级培训对 JBS 有积极的交互作用。然而,TMC 对授权和奖励对 JBS 的影响并不显著。本研究还表明,TMC 提升培训和授权对 WFS 具有正向交互作用。然而,研究表明 TMC 与奖励对 WFS 的影响并不显著。WFS 对 JBS 也有积极影响。此外,在 TMC 与培训和授权对 JBS 的交互作用中,WFS 具有中介影响。然而,WFS 在培训管理委员会与奖励之间的相互作用中对 JBS 的中介影响没有得到支持。本研究的结果预计将为学术界和实践界提供有价值的见解。本研究有助于组织管理和人力资源实践的广泛讨论,为在银行业培养积极和可持续的工作环境提供有意义的启示。
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引用次数: 0
The Phenomenon of Unaccompanied International Migrant Children in Nariño - Colombia and their State of Exposure to Vulnerability Factors in Transit Circuits 哥伦比亚纳里尼奥无人陪伴的国际移民儿童现象及其在转运过程中易受脆弱性因素影响的状况
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.1
Alejandra Duarte Lasso, Mirtha Silvana Garat de Marin, Emmanuel SORIANO FLORES, Eduardo Silva Alvarado
International migration in border territories converges in multilevel territorial dynamics that are linked to different forms of vulnerability, risks, and violence. These forms of vulnerability, risks, and violence tend to be concentrated in specific segments of the migrant population, particularly women, children, and adolescents. This article presents as a research product a situated analytical description of migratory processes of unaccompanied international children and their state of exposure to vulnerability in migratory transit circuits in Nariño Colombia. The problem was typified in two categories: to characterize the population segment of unaccompanied international migrant children and adolescents in a migratory transit situation (in terms of socio-demographics, migratory movements, and transit routes) and to determine their state of exposure to vulnerability factors. The research had a qualitative-quantitative approach with an exploratory-descriptive scope. The type of sampling applied was non-probabilistic with a multiple case study sample and triangulation analysis method considering the criteria of pertinence and relevance. The analysis was based on the following axes: territories, subjects, and transits versus dimensions and factors of vulnerability. The results showed individual and collective migration processes of unaccompanied international adolescents between 16 and 18 years of age. Exposure factors in the geographic and physical dimensions showed a greater proclivity to suffer gender-based violence and other forms of violence that emerge from trans-territorial dynamics in areas of influence sensitive to armed conflicts, which converge with their transit circuits. In addition, it was found that this segment faces systems of multidimensional violence at the levels of communities, territories, and institutions that reproduce an effect of expulsion, marginalization, and segregation as a result of the geopolitics of the territories in Nariño, border migration management, but also of the traditional protection model based on family reunification and humanitarian aid.
边境地区的国际移民与不同形式的脆弱性、风险和暴力联系在一起,形成了多层次的地区动态。这些形式的脆弱性、风险和暴力往往集中在特定的移民群体中,尤其是妇女、儿童和青少年。本文作为一项研究成果,对无人陪伴的国际儿童的移民过程及其在哥伦比亚纳里尼奥的移民过境路线中面临的脆弱性状况进行了情景分析描述。问题分为两类:描述无人陪伴的国际移民儿童和青少年群体在移民过境情况下的特征(从社会人口学、移民流动和过境路线等方面),并确定他们受脆弱性因素影响的状况。研究采用定性-定量方法,范围为探索性-描述性。抽样类型为非概率抽样,采用多案例研究样本和三角分析方法,并考虑到相关性和关联性标准。分析以下列轴心为基础:领土、主体、过境与脆弱性的维度和因素。结果显示了 16 至 18 岁无人陪伴国际青少年的个人和集体移民过程。地理和物理层面的暴露因素表明,在与他们的过境路线交汇的对武装冲突敏感的影响地区,他们更容易遭受基于性别的暴力和其他形式的暴力。此外,研究还发现,由于纳里尼奥地区的地缘政治、边境移民管理以及以家庭团聚和人道主义援助为基础的传统保护模式,这部分人在社区、领土和机构层面面临着多层面的暴力系统,这些系统再现了驱逐、边缘化和隔离的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Student Evaluation from the Perspective of Competency for Enhancing the Competency Strategies of College Counselors 从能力角度分析学生评价,提升高校辅导员的能力策略
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.2
Gang Liu, Jingxi Liao
In the higher education system, college counselors play a crucial role. They are not only guides for student growth, but also the backbone of student ideological and political education and daily management. However, with the changes of the times and the diversification of student needs, the competence of college counselors is facing unprecedented challenges. Among them, student evaluation, as a direct way to reflect the effectiveness of counselor work has important reference value for improving the competence of counselors. This article analyzes in depth the importance and practical significance of student evaluation in enhancing the competence strategy of college counselors from the perspective of competence. Study the application algorithm of k-means algorithm as the research model. Collect basic information, work attitudes, and student management skills of counselors through a questionnaire survey. Then, using data mining techniques to process and analyze the collected data, key indicators and influencing factors of the counselor’s ability are extracted. Through a review of a large number of relevant literature and field research, this article reveals the core role of college counselors in student education and management, as well as the key role of competence in their work. At the same time, this article elaborates on student evaluation as an important means of measuring the competence of counselors. It not only helps counselors to comprehensively understand their own work performance, but also provides targeted improvement directions for counselors.
在高等教育体系中,高校辅导员起着至关重要的作用。他们不仅是学生成长的引路人,也是学生思想政治教育和日常管理工作的骨干力量。然而,随着时代的变迁和学生需求的多样化,高校辅导员的能力正面临着前所未有的挑战。其中,学生评教作为反映辅导员工作成效的直接方式,对于提升辅导员能力素质具有重要的参考价值。本文从胜任力的角度深入分析了学生评教在提升高校辅导员胜任力策略中的重要性和现实意义。以k-means算法为研究模型,研究其应用算法。通过问卷调查收集辅导员的基本信息、工作态度、学生管理能力等。然后,利用数据挖掘技术对收集到的数据进行处理和分析,提取出辅导员能力的关键指标和影响因素。通过查阅大量相关文献和实地调研,本文揭示了高校辅导员在学生教育和管理中的核心作用,以及能力在辅导员工作中的关键作用。同时,本文阐述了学生评教是衡量辅导员能力的重要手段。这不仅有助于辅导员全面了解自身的工作绩效,也为辅导员提供了有针对性的改进方向。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Strategy Selection for Social Leading Enterprise Partners in Social Entrepreneurship Ecosystem 社会创业生态系统中社会领军企业合作伙伴的战略选择分析
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.5
Xiaoli Lin, Dongphil Chun
The social entrepreneurship ecosystem is an innovation system composed of multiple stakeholders, linked by social responsibility, based on cooperation and symbiosis, and aimed at resource complementarity. In this system, social leading enterprises serve as the core force, and the optimization of their partners is crucial for the stability and development of the entire system. This article aims to explore the optimization selection methods of social leading enterprise partners in the social entrepreneurship ecosystem, in order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the social entrepreneurship ecosystem. This article takes the entrepreneurial ecosystem as the background to explore the growth process and self-organizing evolution mechanism of social enterprises. Based on the social enterprise growth model, this paper analyzes the different stages of social enterprise growth in entrepreneurial ecosystems to varying degrees, proposes a self-organizing evolution model, and proves that the selection of social enterprise partners in entrepreneurial ecosystems has an impact on the self-organizing evolution of social enterprises. It has the characteristics of self-renewal, self adaptation, self catalysis, and self circulation. Research has shown that only through continuous exploration and bold innovation, a favorable external environment, and the benign interaction of various elements within the system can a sustainable and relatively mature social entrepreneurship ecosystem be constructed.
社会创业生态系统是一个由多方利益相关者组成的创新体系,以社会责任为纽带,以合作共生为基础,以资源互补为目标。在这个系统中,社会领军企业是核心力量,其合作伙伴的优化对整个系统的稳定和发展至关重要。本文旨在探讨社会创业生态系统中社会龙头企业合作伙伴的优化选择方法,以促进社会创业生态系统的持续健康发展。本文以创业生态系统为背景,探讨社会企业的成长过程和自组织演化机制。基于社会企业成长模型,本文不同程度地分析了创业生态系统中社会企业成长的不同阶段,提出了自组织演化模型,并证明了创业生态系统中社会企业合作伙伴的选择对社会企业自组织演化的影响。它具有自我更新、自我适应、自我催化、自我循环的特点。研究表明,只有不断探索、大胆创新,加上良好的外部环境,以及系统内各要素的良性互动,才能构建一个可持续发展、相对成熟的社会创业生态系统。
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引用次数: 0
Critical Success Factors in AI Healthcare Industry Executing Service Marketing 人工智能医疗行业执行服务营销的关键成功因素
Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.33788/rcis.85.12
Wen-Jung Tsai, Shuen-Huei Yao
The popularity of telecommute and telehealth care models as well as people’s changes in consumption patterns accelerate the transformation and reform of healthcare industry. Under the catalysis of real needs and technologies, smart healthcare will become the mainstream in the future. Under the specific time and space background, solutions for medical technology innovation has to keep pace with times. Current marketing strategies do not simply rely on external publicity, but also stress on the promotion of service quality for customers actually experiencing good service attitudes. Aiming at customers of AI healthcare industry as the questionnaire analysis objects, total 300 copies of questionnaire are distributed, and 241 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 80%. The research results show that external marketing is the most emphasized dimension in AI healthcare industry executing service marketing, and top five indicators, among 12, are ordered information system, customer oriented service process, internal training, media communication, and regulations for service personnel. Finally, conclusions and suggestions are proposed according to the results, expecting to deeply understand critical success factors in AI healthcare industry executing service marketing and provide valuable information for AI healthcare industry making management decisions in the execution of service marketing.
远程办公和远程医疗模式的普及以及人们消费模式的改变,加速了医疗行业的转型和变革。在现实需求和技术的催化下,智慧医疗将成为未来的主流。在特定的时空背景下,医疗技术创新的解决方案必须与时俱进。当前的营销策略并不是简单地依靠对外宣传,而是强调服务质量的提升,让客户切实体验到良好的服务态度。以人工智能医疗行业客户为问卷分析对象,共发放问卷 300 份,回收有效问卷 241 份,回收率为 80%。研究结果表明,外部营销是人工智能医疗行业执行服务营销最重视的维度,12 项指标中排名前五的指标分别是有序的信息系统、客户导向的服务流程、内部培训、媒体沟通、服务人员的规章制度。最后,根据研究结果提出结论和建议,希望能深入理解人工智能医疗行业实施服务营销的关键成功因素,为人工智能医疗行业在实施服务营销时的管理决策提供有价值的信息。
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引用次数: 0
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