Abstract. In previous studies, the “cocoon” webs built by spiders of the genera Cyclosa Menge, 1866 and Allocyclosa Levi, 1999 under the influence of Polysphincta spp. wasps resembled molting webs built by unparasitized spiders; this behavioral manipulation was associated with increased concentrations of the molting hormone ecdysone. The present study documents an additional aspect of the cocoon webs of Allocyclosa bifurca (McCook, 1887) built under the influence of the wasp Polysphincta gutfreundi Gauld, 1991. Molting webs were more likely to have an associated barrier web than were prey capture orbs; and cocoon webs were even more likely to have barrier webs. The similarity between molting and cocoon webs accords with previous indications of ecdysone use by the wasps. The accentuation of molting web traits in the cocoon webs (also seen in other species) implies that the wasps manipulate the spiders using mechanisms other than simply replicating hormonal stimuli involved in normal molting.
{"title":"Zombie spiders and ecdysone: manipulation of Allocyclosa bifurca (Araneae: Araneidae) behavior by a parasitic wasp","authors":"W. Eberhard","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-19-046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-19-046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In previous studies, the “cocoon” webs built by spiders of the genera Cyclosa Menge, 1866 and Allocyclosa Levi, 1999 under the influence of Polysphincta spp. wasps resembled molting webs built by unparasitized spiders; this behavioral manipulation was associated with increased concentrations of the molting hormone ecdysone. The present study documents an additional aspect of the cocoon webs of Allocyclosa bifurca (McCook, 1887) built under the influence of the wasp Polysphincta gutfreundi Gauld, 1991. Molting webs were more likely to have an associated barrier web than were prey capture orbs; and cocoon webs were even more likely to have barrier webs. The similarity between molting and cocoon webs accords with previous indications of ecdysone use by the wasps. The accentuation of molting web traits in the cocoon webs (also seen in other species) implies that the wasps manipulate the spiders using mechanisms other than simply replicating hormonal stimuli involved in normal molting.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"49 1","pages":"250 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43322972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The arachnid order Pseudoscorpiones is characterized by a huge number of different mating strategies. Cheliferidae, for instance, have developed complex mating dances, including the use of the curious ram's horn organs of males. The present study provides a detailed description of the mating behavior of Dactylochelifer latreillii latreillii (Leach, 1817), including first quantitative data for each behavioral unit, based on the analysis of laboratory video captures of individual mating ceremonies. Previous studies on mating in cheliferids have been purely qualitative, including a description of mating in a distinct subspecies of D. latreillii, D. l. septentrionalis Beier, 1932. Qualitatively, our data on Dactylochelifer l. latreillii is roughly consistent with these older observations except for some differences in the vibrating behavior of males.
摘要蛛形纲伪蝎子的特点是有大量不同的交配策略。例如，Cheliferidae已经发展出复杂的交配舞蹈，包括使用雄性奇特的公羊角器官。本研究详细描述了Dactylochelifer latreillii latreillii (Leach, 1817)的交配行为，包括每个行为单元的第一个定量数据，基于对单个交配仪式的实验室视频捕获的分析。以前对cheliferids交配的研究是纯粹定性的，包括对D. latreillii的一个亚种的交配描述，D. l. septentrionalis Beier, 1932。从质量上讲，我们关于Dactylochelifer l. latreillii的数据与这些较早的观察结果大致一致，除了雄性的振动行为存在一些差异。
{"title":"Mating behavior of Dactylochelifer latreillii latreillii (Pseudoscorpiones: Cheliferidae): A quantitative study","authors":"Gabriel Kirchmair, G. Raspotnig","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-20-057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-057","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The arachnid order Pseudoscorpiones is characterized by a huge number of different mating strategies. Cheliferidae, for instance, have developed complex mating dances, including the use of the curious ram's horn organs of males. The present study provides a detailed description of the mating behavior of Dactylochelifer latreillii latreillii (Leach, 1817), including first quantitative data for each behavioral unit, based on the analysis of laboratory video captures of individual mating ceremonies. Previous studies on mating in cheliferids have been purely qualitative, including a description of mating in a distinct subspecies of D. latreillii, D. l. septentrionalis Beier, 1932. Qualitatively, our data on Dactylochelifer l. latreillii is roughly consistent with these older observations except for some differences in the vibrating behavior of males.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"49 1","pages":"198 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43808517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Paraphidippus basalis (Banks, 1904) is a large jumping spider that occurs in the sky islands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. To date, P. basalis has only been incidentally reported on rosette-forming plants in the family Asparagaceae (yucca, agave, and sotol), even though the sky islands support a rich and diverse vegetation community. This apparent specialization is unusual because jumping spiders do not typically have strong associations with the plants on which they live. However, given that the ecology of P. basalis has yet to be studied, the microhabitat preferences of P. basalis remain unclear. We investigated microhabitat choice in P. basalis in the Patagonia Mountains of southeastern Arizona, to determine whether these spiders were specifically associated with rosette-forming plants. We surveyed 160 plots for jumping spiders, 80 with rosette-forming plants and 80 without. P. basalis was found only in rosette-forming plants, whereas other species of jumping spiders showed no preference for rosette or control plots. Larger rosette plants were more likely to contain P. basalis. This study provides an unusual example of host plant structural specificity in a jumping spider.
{"title":"Plant structure specialization in Paraphidippus basalis (Araneae: Salticidae), a jumping spider of the Madrean Sky Islands","authors":"S. M. Cobbold, Ryan P. O’Donnell","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-20-053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-053","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Paraphidippus basalis (Banks, 1904) is a large jumping spider that occurs in the sky islands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. To date, P. basalis has only been incidentally reported on rosette-forming plants in the family Asparagaceae (yucca, agave, and sotol), even though the sky islands support a rich and diverse vegetation community. This apparent specialization is unusual because jumping spiders do not typically have strong associations with the plants on which they live. However, given that the ecology of P. basalis has yet to be studied, the microhabitat preferences of P. basalis remain unclear. We investigated microhabitat choice in P. basalis in the Patagonia Mountains of southeastern Arizona, to determine whether these spiders were specifically associated with rosette-forming plants. We surveyed 160 plots for jumping spiders, 80 with rosette-forming plants and 80 without. P. basalis was found only in rosette-forming plants, whereas other species of jumping spiders showed no preference for rosette or control plots. Larger rosette plants were more likely to contain P. basalis. This study provides an unusual example of host plant structural specificity in a jumping spider.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"49 1","pages":"159 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42668109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaynan Queiroz de Carvalho Martins, Glenda Dias, Marcelo Martins de Oliveira, H. Bozdoğan, J. Serrão, V. A. Araújo
Abstract. Arachnida evolved different reproductive strategies in the terrestrial habitats. Knowledge of the morphology of reproductive systems varies depending on the group, and for Opiliones only a few studies exists addressing this topic. Here, we describe the morphology of the male reproductive tract and the spermatozoon of the harvestman Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer, 1913). In this species, males have a single testis, a pair of deferent ducts, a seminal vesicle, a propelling organ and a penis. The lumen of the folded seminal vesicle and testis follicles are filled with spermatozoa, suggesting a storage of sperm related to a possible reproductive strategy involving multiple matings. The spermatozoa are aflagellate and ca. 6.5 µm in length. This study sheds light on the knowledge of the harvestman's reproductive biology and life strategy, which can be used in future studies involving Opiliones behavior and systematics.
{"title":"Morphology of the male reproductive tract of the harvestman Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer, 1913) (Gonyleptidae: Opiliones: Chelicerata)","authors":"Kaynan Queiroz de Carvalho Martins, Glenda Dias, Marcelo Martins de Oliveira, H. Bozdoğan, J. Serrão, V. A. Araújo","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-20-018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Arachnida evolved different reproductive strategies in the terrestrial habitats. Knowledge of the morphology of reproductive systems varies depending on the group, and for Opiliones only a few studies exists addressing this topic. Here, we describe the morphology of the male reproductive tract and the spermatozoon of the harvestman Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer, 1913). In this species, males have a single testis, a pair of deferent ducts, a seminal vesicle, a propelling organ and a penis. The lumen of the folded seminal vesicle and testis follicles are filled with spermatozoa, suggesting a storage of sperm related to a possible reproductive strategy involving multiple matings. The spermatozoa are aflagellate and ca. 6.5 µm in length. This study sheds light on the knowledge of the harvestman's reproductive biology and life strategy, which can be used in future studies involving Opiliones behavior and systematics.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"49 1","pages":"272 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48342982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. A. Villanueva-Bonilla, Marcio Lopes Faustino, W. R. dos Santos, Luis Campili Pereira, Diego Galvão de Pádua, J. F. Sobczak
Abstract. In this study, we report a new interaction of the wasp Zatypota riverai Gauld, 1991 (Ichneumonidae) parasitizing the spider Cyclosa fililineata Hingston, 1932 (Araneidae) and we describe the modified spider web. Our results show that parasitized spiders build modified webs that are clearly different from normal capture webs. This modified web presents several additional lines at the center of the web, forming a disk-like structure that was also observed in modified webs of other host orb-weaving spiders. To our knowledge, Z. riverai (this study) and Z. kauros Gauld, 1984 are the only two species of the genus Zatypota that use spiders from different families as host. However, the unexpected host C. fililineata could be an accidental host, since in the same region there are two of the typical hosts, the theridiid spiders Anelosimus baeza Agnarsson, 2006 and Theridion sp.
{"title":"Behavioral manipulation of a “Trashline Orb-weaving spider” Cyclosa fililineata (Araneidae) by the parasitoid wasp Zatypota riverai (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae)","authors":"G. A. Villanueva-Bonilla, Marcio Lopes Faustino, W. R. dos Santos, Luis Campili Pereira, Diego Galvão de Pádua, J. F. Sobczak","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-20-043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this study, we report a new interaction of the wasp Zatypota riverai Gauld, 1991 (Ichneumonidae) parasitizing the spider Cyclosa fililineata Hingston, 1932 (Araneidae) and we describe the modified spider web. Our results show that parasitized spiders build modified webs that are clearly different from normal capture webs. This modified web presents several additional lines at the center of the web, forming a disk-like structure that was also observed in modified webs of other host orb-weaving spiders. To our knowledge, Z. riverai (this study) and Z. kauros Gauld, 1984 are the only two species of the genus Zatypota that use spiders from different families as host. However, the unexpected host C. fililineata could be an accidental host, since in the same region there are two of the typical hosts, the theridiid spiders Anelosimus baeza Agnarsson, 2006 and Theridion sp.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"49 1","pages":"146 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42832507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-11DOI: 10.1636/0161-8202-49.1.157
{"title":"INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS (revised June 2020)","authors":"","doi":"10.1636/0161-8202-49.1.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202-49.1.157","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"49 1","pages":"157 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49345920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeremy D. Wilson, M. Rix, D. Schmidt, J. Hughes, R. Raven
Abstract. The arbanitine spiny trapdoor spiders of the genus Cryptoforis Wilson, Rix & Raven, 2020 are revised, and 15 new species are described from eastern Australia: C. absona sp. nov., C. arenaria sp. nov., C. cairncross sp. nov., C. cassisi sp. nov., C. celata sp. nov., C. cooloola sp. nov, C. fallax sp. nov., C. grayi sp. nov., C. hickmani sp. nov., C. mainae sp. nov., C. montana sp. nov., C. monteithi sp. nov., C. woondum sp. nov., C. xenophila sp. nov., and C. zophera sp. nov. The type species, C. hughesae Wilson, Rix & Raven, 2020, and two other previously described species, C. tasmanica (Hickman, 1928) and C. victoriensis (Main, 1995), are re-described and re-diagnosed, and a key to all species in the genus is provided. Species of Cryptoforis are characterized by ‘wafer-door' burrow entrances; the cryptic nature of these burrows in the natural environment likely contributed to the relatively recent recognition of their widespread occurrence in mainland eastern Australia. One species, however, is an exception: C. fallax sp. nov. constructs a ‘palisade’ type burrow remarkably similar to those created by the turrificus-group in the sister-genus Euoplos Rainbow, 1914. The subtropical region around the McPherson–Macleay overlap appears to be the center of diversity for Cryptoforis; however, given the cryptic nature of burrows, and the confinement of some known species to cool, high elevation habitats (which can be difficult to access and sample), we suggest that additional species likely remain undiscovered in parts of New South Wales and tropical northern Queensland.
{"title":"Systematics of the spiny trapdoor spider genus Cryptoforis (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae: Euoplini): documenting an enigmatic lineage from the eastern Australian mesic zone","authors":"Jeremy D. Wilson, M. Rix, D. Schmidt, J. Hughes, R. Raven","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-18-100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-18-100","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The arbanitine spiny trapdoor spiders of the genus Cryptoforis Wilson, Rix & Raven, 2020 are revised, and 15 new species are described from eastern Australia: C. absona sp. nov., C. arenaria sp. nov., C. cairncross sp. nov., C. cassisi sp. nov., C. celata sp. nov., C. cooloola sp. nov, C. fallax sp. nov., C. grayi sp. nov., C. hickmani sp. nov., C. mainae sp. nov., C. montana sp. nov., C. monteithi sp. nov., C. woondum sp. nov., C. xenophila sp. nov., and C. zophera sp. nov. The type species, C. hughesae Wilson, Rix & Raven, 2020, and two other previously described species, C. tasmanica (Hickman, 1928) and C. victoriensis (Main, 1995), are re-described and re-diagnosed, and a key to all species in the genus is provided. Species of Cryptoforis are characterized by ‘wafer-door' burrow entrances; the cryptic nature of these burrows in the natural environment likely contributed to the relatively recent recognition of their widespread occurrence in mainland eastern Australia. One species, however, is an exception: C. fallax sp. nov. constructs a ‘palisade’ type burrow remarkably similar to those created by the turrificus-group in the sister-genus Euoplos Rainbow, 1914. The subtropical region around the McPherson–Macleay overlap appears to be the center of diversity for Cryptoforis; however, given the cryptic nature of burrows, and the confinement of some known species to cool, high elevation habitats (which can be difficult to access and sample), we suggest that additional species likely remain undiscovered in parts of New South Wales and tropical northern Queensland.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"49 1","pages":"28 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46686422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In this paper, 319 incidents of snake predation by spiders are reported based on a comprehensive global literature and social media survey. Snake-catching spiders have been documented from all continents except Antarctica. Snake predation by spiders has been most frequently documented in USA (51% of all incidents) and Australia (29%). The captured snakes are predominantly small-sized with an average body length of 25.9 ± 1.3 cm (median = 27 cm; range: 5.8–100 cm). Altogether >90 snake species from seven families have been documented to be captured by >40 spider species from 11 families. About 60% of the reported incidents were attributable to theridiids (≈0.6–1.1 cm body length), a spider family that uses strong tangle webs for prey capture. Especially the Australian redback spider (Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870), the African button spider (Latrodectus indistinctus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904), an Israeli widow spider (Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948), and four species of North American widow spiders (Latrodectus geometricus C.L. Koch, 1841, Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935, Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775), and Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837) – equipped with a very potent vertebrate-specific toxin (α-latrotoxin) – have proven to be expert snake catchers. The use of vertebrates as a supplementary food source by spiders represents an opportunity to enlarge their food base, resulting in enhanced survival capability. Interestingly, the snakes captured by spiders also encompasses some species from the families Elapidae and Viperidae known to be highly toxic to humans and other vertebrates. Not only do spiders sometimes capture and kill snakes, quite often the tables are turned – that is, a larger number of arthropod-eating snake species (in particular nonvenomous species in the family Colubridae) include spiders in their diets.
{"title":"Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) feeding on snakes (Reptilia: Squamata)","authors":"M. Nyffeler, J. Gibbons","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-20-050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-050","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this paper, 319 incidents of snake predation by spiders are reported based on a comprehensive global literature and social media survey. Snake-catching spiders have been documented from all continents except Antarctica. Snake predation by spiders has been most frequently documented in USA (51% of all incidents) and Australia (29%). The captured snakes are predominantly small-sized with an average body length of 25.9 ± 1.3 cm (median = 27 cm; range: 5.8–100 cm). Altogether >90 snake species from seven families have been documented to be captured by >40 spider species from 11 families. About 60% of the reported incidents were attributable to theridiids (≈0.6–1.1 cm body length), a spider family that uses strong tangle webs for prey capture. Especially the Australian redback spider (Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870), the African button spider (Latrodectus indistinctus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904), an Israeli widow spider (Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948), and four species of North American widow spiders (Latrodectus geometricus C.L. Koch, 1841, Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935, Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775), and Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837) – equipped with a very potent vertebrate-specific toxin (α-latrotoxin) – have proven to be expert snake catchers. The use of vertebrates as a supplementary food source by spiders represents an opportunity to enlarge their food base, resulting in enhanced survival capability. Interestingly, the snakes captured by spiders also encompasses some species from the families Elapidae and Viperidae known to be highly toxic to humans and other vertebrates. Not only do spiders sometimes capture and kill snakes, quite often the tables are turned – that is, a larger number of arthropod-eating snake species (in particular nonvenomous species in the family Colubridae) include spiders in their diets.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"49 1","pages":"1 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42772364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Propositions of homology are fundamental in systematics, since they provide the basis for supporting clades. Consequently, such phylogenetic propositions rely on correct character and character state definitions. Although male genital morphology is a key source of information for understanding the phylogeny and classification of the Withiidae (Pseudoscorpiones), they have only been subjected to examination in six of the 170 species of the family. The suprageneric classification of the Withiidae is unstable, as subfamilies and tribes are not well supported by morphological characters, and only the unranked group of genera Cacodemoniini is currently accepted. The aim of the present work is to characterize the male genital armature of the Cacodemoniini and propose homology statements for these structures based upon their morphological correspondence. Through direct examination and literature review of 12 of the 13 genera of the Cacodemoniini, we provide the first structural correspondence statements and descriptions of variation for the dorsal apodemes, the ejaculatory canal, the lateral apodemes, and the lateral rods; we also conclude that unlike other pseudoscorpions, the Cacodemoniini have paired, independent lateral rods and a long ejaculatory canal formed not by the dorsal apodemes exclusively, but by a fusion of the dorsal and the lateral apodemes. The proposed interpretations lay the groundwork for phylogenetic testing of homologies and may allow a better understanding of the formation of the spermatophore, given that it is molded by the genital armature.
{"title":"A comparative study of the male genitalia of the Cacodemoniini (Pseudoscorpiones: Withiidae)","authors":"Catalina Romero-Ortiz, C. Sarmiento","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-19-068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-19-068","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Propositions of homology are fundamental in systematics, since they provide the basis for supporting clades. Consequently, such phylogenetic propositions rely on correct character and character state definitions. Although male genital morphology is a key source of information for understanding the phylogeny and classification of the Withiidae (Pseudoscorpiones), they have only been subjected to examination in six of the 170 species of the family. The suprageneric classification of the Withiidae is unstable, as subfamilies and tribes are not well supported by morphological characters, and only the unranked group of genera Cacodemoniini is currently accepted. The aim of the present work is to characterize the male genital armature of the Cacodemoniini and propose homology statements for these structures based upon their morphological correspondence. Through direct examination and literature review of 12 of the 13 genera of the Cacodemoniini, we provide the first structural correspondence statements and descriptions of variation for the dorsal apodemes, the ejaculatory canal, the lateral apodemes, and the lateral rods; we also conclude that unlike other pseudoscorpions, the Cacodemoniini have paired, independent lateral rods and a long ejaculatory canal formed not by the dorsal apodemes exclusively, but by a fusion of the dorsal and the lateral apodemes. The proposed interpretations lay the groundwork for phylogenetic testing of homologies and may allow a better understanding of the formation of the spermatophore, given that it is molded by the genital armature.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"49 1","pages":"108 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45774585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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