Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.102-104
Maryna Tkachuk
Modern Philosophy of Law in the Context of the “Practical Turn” Strategy: Koziubra, M. I. (2024). Praktychna filosofiia prava [Practical Philosophy of Law]. Dukh i Litera
"实践转向 "战略背景下的现代法律哲学》：Koziubra, M. I. (2024).Praktychna filosofiia prava [Practical Philosophy of Law].Dukh i Litera
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Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.98-101
Stefaniia Sidorova
This report is dedicated to the fifth meeting of the Seminarium Historico-Philosophicum, held on January 20, 2024, in Kyiv. The meeting centered on the issues concerning justice, such as epistemic injustice and distributive justice. The review underscores the significance of this subject, outlines the Seminarium Historico- Philosophicum’s activities, and summarizes the presentations and discussions held during the gathering.
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Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.45-56
Taras Lyuty
This article highlights the main principles of the Nietzschean view of nihilism. The analysis is focused on considering nihilism as a special approach to examination of the modern world. Nietzsche is positioning himself not only as a theorist or an investigator of cultural and anthropological symptoms of decadence, but also speaks as a prophet or a visionary. The article traces how Nietzsche gradually comes to the problem of dangerous nihilism. Already in his first significant work devoted to Greek tragedy he traces the tendencies of the decline of Western culture. Later on, the philosopher demonstrates that the origins of nihilism go back to the doctrine of true and false worlds in Platonism and this particular idea is the basis of the Christian moral doctrine. Nietzsche continues, as a result of the spread of the Judeo-Christian worldview, the ideals of hatred, resentment, bad conscience, and guilt are established, based on which the physical world is devalued. Therefore, the weakest forms of life are justified. This has a suggestive influence on all domains of culture: philosophy, science, art, literature, etc. Finally, a man turns into a possessor of the will to nonbeing. Nietzsche exposes different types of this nihilistic movement. His words ‘death of God’ become a figure of human loss of values that provided a person with meaning, purpose, and integrity. A tired and exhausted human being is disposed to pessimism as a symptom of nihilism. In Western society, substitutes for God—progress or collective happiness—are invented to save the situation. In contrast to this, Nietzsche’s active nihilism, which opposes passive nihilism—indifference and weakness that indicates trivial joys instead of the will to power—will be able to change the condition.
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Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.3-16
Victor Kozlovskyi
Since the current volume of “NaUKMA Research Papers in Philosophy and Religious Studies” presents the first Ukrainian translation of Vittorio Hösle’s essay “The Place of Kant’s Philosophy of History in the History of the Philosophy of History,” this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the work of its author, a contemporary German and American philosopher who is a prominent figure in the “objective idealism of intersubjectivity.” The focus is on the methodology effectively employed by Hösle in his research, which combines historical and philosophical analysis of the works of ancient and modern philosophers with a paradigmatic approach to their thinking. A paradigmatic analysis enables us to examine the topic under study from the perspective of modern philosophy. Hösle’s research is primarily characterized by conceptual and systematic interests, even when delving into the works of eminent philosophers of the past, such as Plato’s philosophy of mathematics. Hösle effectively employs this methodology in his study of Kant’s philosophy of history, revealing how the moral and normative orientation of history, as outlined by Kant, is complemented, even complicated in a certain way, by the realistic anthropology of the author of the “Critique of Pure Reason.” The article also analyzes several other works by Hösle. The analysis demonstrates how, through paradigmatic and systematic methodology, Hösle identified four phases of the development of ancient philosophy, each characterized by distinct thematic and epistemological aspects. This methodology necessitates researchers to depart from the linear-progressive approach of the history of philosophy to focus on the cyclical movement of philosophical thought. Attention is drawn to the problem of the relationship between the “Science of Logic” and real philosophy (philosophy of nature and the philosophy of spirit), as well as the presence of intersubjectivity in Hegel’s philosophy. Various Hösle’s works demonstrate his ability to analyze the classical texts and cinematic masterpieces, as well as the controversial trends of the modern world and the challenges faced by humanity in the 21st century, including Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine. These challenges require new approaches in international politics and law.
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Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.67-72
V. Kebuladze
The paper is dedicated to the critical reconstruction of the project of philosophical anthropology drafted by German philosopher Max Sheler at the beginning of XX century in his article “On the Idea of Man” (“Zur Idee des Menschen”). The author tries also to show the contemporary relevance of the main notions and ideas of the anthropological conception which is drafted in this article. From the very title of the article, it becomes clear that Max Sheler based his philosophical anthropology on the phenomenological methodology. According to this methodological approach, we should grasp the idea of man in the act of ideation, which is a result of phenomenological reduction. In accordance to the phenomenological critique of the psychologism, Sheler shows that we cannot find the peculiar idea of man in the natural reality, since from this point of view a man is just an animal among other animals. Being human means overcoming yourself every movement of your existence. The “self-transcendence” is the main feature of the human being. One of the main instrument of the self-transcendence is a human language that gives world a chance to articulate itself. The human self-transcendence can lead to development and creation, but at the same time, it can lead to degradation and destruction. In the modern world, we can find many examples of the both processes.
本文致力于批判性地重建德国哲学家马克斯-谢勒（Max Sheler）在二十世纪初在其《论人的观念》（"Zur Idee des Menschen"）一文中提出的哲学人类学计划。作者还试图说明这篇文章中提出的人类学概念的主要概念和观点在当代的现实意义。从文章的标题就可以看出，马克斯-谢勒的哲学人类学是以现象学方法论为基础的。根据这一方法论，我们应在表意行为中把握人的观念，这是现象学还原的结果。根据现象学对心理主义的批判，谢勒指出，我们无法在自然现实中找到人的特殊观念，因为从这个角度来看，人只是其他动物中的一种动物。作为人，意味着在生存的每一个过程中都要战胜自己。自我超越 "是人的主要特征。自我超越的主要工具之一是人类的语言，它为世界提供了表达自己的机会。人类的自我超越可以带来发展和创造，但同时也可能导致退化和毁灭。在现代世界中，我们可以找到这两种过程的许多例子。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.57-66
Oksana Krupyna
The article presents the main issues of the works by the famous philosopher, jurist and educator Yevhen Vasyliovych Spektorskyi (1875‒1951) written during the period of forced emigration (1920‒1951) and professional activity at the universities of Belgrade, Prague, Ljubljana and the St. Volodymyr Orthodox Theological Seminary in New-York. In the intellectual biography of the thinker, these prolific years are marked by the development of issues in social science, philosophy, moral theology, and Christian ethics. In numerous works in various foreign languages, some of which have been analyzed in this article for the first time, Spektorskyi substantiated the importance of moral — as opposed to physical and mental — dimension of the existence of both individuals and society, for which he regarded the Christian religion to be a reference point. The latter, in his opinion, can truly explore the essence of the individual and social with the help of Christian sociology. The history of social philosophy is essential for social science as well as philosophy itself. Positioned between science and religion, philosophy has the capacity for free thinking, which is crucial for achieving a genuine understanding of society. As it is revealed in the article, the philosopher developed ethical guidelines within the framework of moral theology, criticizing naturalistic and mechanistic approaches to understanding society and the individual. Spektorskyi regarded freedom, dignity, and a righteous life according to the Christian ideal, as well as cultural activity, as fundamental values. The author argues that Spektorskyi’s affirmation of absolute values and the study of the relationship between the individual and society on the basis of the Christian religion provide grounds for evaluating Spektorskyi as an exceptionally religious philosopher.
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Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.26-33
Yurii Boiko
This paper examines the fundamental meanings of the concepts of “subject” and “subjectivity” in Western political philosophy, aiming to place them within the context of modern Ukraine. The discourses on Ukraine-as-a-subject are examined in relation to the two contradictory senses of subjectivity: (a) autonomous, selfpossessing, and (b) dependent, belonging subject. As the idea of an autonomous subject in Western political thought is closely related to colonial ideology and practice, this concept should be replaced with the notion of the historical, dependent subject, which is shaped by the political regime it belongs to. Consequently, the paper argues that the sense of a belonging subject (b) better reflects the actual practices of subjection, because it captures the factor of belonging to the community and presupposes the ethical, normative impact of the political collective on its subjects. Aristotle’s first systematic use of the word subject (to hupokeimenon) is based on the verb “to belong” (hupokeimai), from which the Latin civis (citizen) is also derived. Accordingly, the true ‘autonomy’ of the subject lies in the ability to choose one’s ‘belonging’ and to participate in a political community that reinterprets and changes one’s own intellectual tradition. In this case, the historicity of the subject does not mean a fateful and singular History, but rather a multiplicity of stories that give meaning and value to their subjects. The only way to partake in the act of subjectivation is through self-regulated education, which molds the social subject within the community. In the case of Ukraine, this primarily means that political power should be locally generated through civil institutions and groups that play a normative role in society. Only when education and political organization become a res publica can subjectivation be a liberating practice, as envisioned by the theorists of the Enlightenment.
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Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.17-25
Vittorio Hosle
V. Hӧsle. The Place of Kant’s Philosophy of History in the History of the Philosophy of History (translate from German by V. Kozlovskyi)
V.Hӧsle.康德的历史哲学在历史哲学史中的地位（V. Kozlovskyi 译自德文）
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Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.73-97
Vadym Menzhulin
The work of the outstanding American writer Herman Melville (1819–1891) is widely acknowledged for its profound philosophical depth. It parallels various philosophical and religious traditions, works, figures, ideas, etc. However, the author’s philosophical position remains insufficiently researched. Among his works, one key in this regard is the short story “Cock-A-Doodle-Do! or, The Crowing of the Noble Cock Beneventano” (1853). It offers Melville’s feedback on a few ideas of such representatives of American transcendentalism as Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882) and Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), with a particular focus on Thoreau’s analogy likening the purpose of philosophy to the crowing of a rooster. This story is almost completely unknown in Ukraine. Trying to reconstruct Melville’s view on Thoreau’s idea, the author recreates the context of creating “Cock-A-Doodle-Do!”, reviews available scholarly literature, and renders a technical translation of the narrative into Ukrainian. Throughout this process, the author provides commentary and clarifies its connection to ideas of Thoreau and Emerson, works by other authors, additional pieces by Melville, his biography, and related topics. The textual and intertextual analysis highlights the limitations of a common point of view whereby “Cock-A-Doodle-Do!” is only a piece of satire aimed exclusively at discrediting transcendentalism and the image of philosophy proposed by Thoreau. The author suggests that the story manifests Melville’s general attitude characteristic of his work overall and his philosophical method of philosophizing technique grounded in consistent skepticism towards any beliefs, convictions, and assertions, including those held by oneself. The systematic application of this method reveals universal ambivalence. Accordingly, Melville’s reflections on Thoreau’s idea of cockcrowing as a metaphor for philosophy reveal both critical and apologetic dimensions.
美国杰出作家赫尔曼-梅尔维尔（Herman Melville，1819-1891 年）的作品以其深刻的哲学内涵而广为人知。它与各种哲学和宗教传统、作品、人物、思想等并行不悖。然而，对作者哲学立场的研究仍然不足。在他的作品中，短篇小说《Cock-A-Doodle-Do！或，The Crowing of the Noble Cock Beneventano》（1853 年）是这方面的一个关键。这篇小说提供了麦尔维尔对拉尔夫-瓦尔多-爱默生（1803-1882 年）和亨利-戴维-梭罗（1817-1862 年）等美国超验主义代表人物的一些观点的反馈，尤其侧重于梭罗将哲学的目的比作公鸡打鸣的比喻。这个故事在乌克兰几乎无人知晓。为了重构梅尔维尔对梭罗思想的看法，作者再现了《公鸡打鸣！》的创作背景，回顾了现有的学术文献，并将该故事翻译成了乌克兰语。在整个过程中，作者提供了评论，并阐明了其与梭罗和爱默生的思想、其他作家的作品、梅尔维尔的其他作品、梅尔维尔的传记以及相关主题之间的联系。通过对文本和互文的分析，作者强调了一种常见观点的局限性，这种观点认为《Cock-A-Doodle-Do！》只是一部讽刺作品，其目的完全是为了诋毁超验主义和梭罗提出的哲学形象。作者认为，这个故事体现了麦尔维尔作品的总体态度特征，以及他的哲学方法，即对任何信仰、信念和断言，包括对自己的信仰、信念和断言，都持一贯的怀疑态度。这种方法的系统应用揭示了普遍的矛盾性。因此，梅尔维尔对梭罗以 "鸡鸣 "隐喻哲学的思考揭示了批判性和歉意性两个层面。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.34-44
Veronika Puhach
Feminist philosophy is one of the leading areas of contemporary philosophy. It has been actively developing over decades and has significant contributions in various areas of theoretical and practical philosophy. Feminist philosophy of science is particularly interesting, as it is primarily responsible for feminist formulations of basic methodological statements of feminist approach to scientific research. The goal of this article is to determine the main features of feminist approach to scientific research. In order to achieve this goal, the article analyzes the main ideas of feminist philosophy of science regarding the criticism of the ideal of value-free science, reviewing and rethinking the meaning of objectivity, and reflections on feminist methodology. Accordingly, the article consists of an introduction, three parts, and conclusion. The first part is dedicated to the causes and effects of feminist criticism of the value-free ideal of science. In the second part, feminist reflections about objectivity are outlined, drawing on the views of such prominent feminist philosophers as Sandra Harding, Helen Longino, Elisabeth Lloyd, and Heather Douglas. The relevance of these reflections for feminist historiography of philosophy is also noted. The third part addresses the question of whether there is a feminist method and explores the traits and typical properties of a feminist methodology. In conclusion, the main features of feminist approach to scientific research are formulated. These include attention to the role of values in producing and applying scientific knowledge, a preference to explanations that account for details and complexity over simplification and generalization, consideration of women’s experience, consideration of usefulness of diversity within scientific communities to mitigate assumptions and prejudices, belief is compatibility of objectivity and value-ladenness, openness to criticism, and self-reflection.
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