Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.3390/psychoactives3010003
Carmen Ferrer-Pérez, S. Montagud-Romero, M. Blanco-Gandía
It is essential to develop theories and models that enable us to understand addiction’s genesis and maintenance, providing a theoretical and empirical framework for designing more effective interventions. Numerous clinical and preclinical research studies have investigated the various brain and physiological mechanisms involved in addictive behavior. Some researchers have gone a step further, developing what we may refer to as “neurobiological theories of addiction”, which are scientific models that can explain and predict different addiction phenomena. Many of these neurobiological theories are not mutually exclusive but rather extensions and refinements of earlier theories. They all share a similar definition of addiction as a chronic disease characterized by a loss of control over substance consumption, with the brain being identified as the principal organ involved. Most propose a multifactorial causation in which both biological and environmental factors interact, accentuating or causing neurobiological dysfunction in structures and brain circuits involved in behavior and motivation. This review delves into primary neurobiological theories of addiction, commencing with the opponent-process theory—one of the earliest comprehensive explanations of the addictive process. Subsequently, we explore more contemporary formulations connecting behavioral alterations in the addictive process to changes and disruptions in various brain systems.
{"title":"Neurobiological Theories of Addiction: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Carmen Ferrer-Pérez, S. Montagud-Romero, M. Blanco-Gandía","doi":"10.3390/psychoactives3010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives3010003","url":null,"abstract":"It is essential to develop theories and models that enable us to understand addiction’s genesis and maintenance, providing a theoretical and empirical framework for designing more effective interventions. Numerous clinical and preclinical research studies have investigated the various brain and physiological mechanisms involved in addictive behavior. Some researchers have gone a step further, developing what we may refer to as “neurobiological theories of addiction”, which are scientific models that can explain and predict different addiction phenomena. Many of these neurobiological theories are not mutually exclusive but rather extensions and refinements of earlier theories. They all share a similar definition of addiction as a chronic disease characterized by a loss of control over substance consumption, with the brain being identified as the principal organ involved. Most propose a multifactorial causation in which both biological and environmental factors interact, accentuating or causing neurobiological dysfunction in structures and brain circuits involved in behavior and motivation. This review delves into primary neurobiological theories of addiction, commencing with the opponent-process theory—one of the earliest comprehensive explanations of the addictive process. Subsequently, we explore more contemporary formulations connecting behavioral alterations in the addictive process to changes and disruptions in various brain systems.","PeriodicalId":513469,"journal":{"name":"Psychoactives","volume":"138 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139604726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-14DOI: 10.3390/psychoactives3010002
Novonil Deb, Debankur Dey, Poulami Roy
Psychotropic medications, commonly prescribed for psychiatric disorders, can have underappreciated dermatological side effects. This in-depth review explores the intricate relationship between psychotropic drugs and the skin, emphasizing the significance of recognizing and managing these side effects in clinical practice. It categorizes the dermatological side effects associated with different classes of psychotropic medications. These include antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and anxiolytics. We delve into the spectrum of dermatological conditions, from mild issues like dry skin and acne to severe complications such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome and drug-induced lupus erythematosus. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the dermatological side effects of psychotropic medications is essential for healthcare providers, enabling a holistic approach to patient care. This review is a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and educators, facilitating better-informed decision-making in the treatment of mental health disorders while prioritizing skin health and overall well-being.
{"title":"Psychotropic Medications and Dermatological Side Effects: An In-Depth Review","authors":"Novonil Deb, Debankur Dey, Poulami Roy","doi":"10.3390/psychoactives3010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives3010002","url":null,"abstract":"Psychotropic medications, commonly prescribed for psychiatric disorders, can have underappreciated dermatological side effects. This in-depth review explores the intricate relationship between psychotropic drugs and the skin, emphasizing the significance of recognizing and managing these side effects in clinical practice. It categorizes the dermatological side effects associated with different classes of psychotropic medications. These include antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and anxiolytics. We delve into the spectrum of dermatological conditions, from mild issues like dry skin and acne to severe complications such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome and drug-induced lupus erythematosus. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the dermatological side effects of psychotropic medications is essential for healthcare providers, enabling a holistic approach to patient care. This review is a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and educators, facilitating better-informed decision-making in the treatment of mental health disorders while prioritizing skin health and overall well-being.","PeriodicalId":513469,"journal":{"name":"Psychoactives","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139530646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.3390/psychoactives3010001
Anjali Priyadarshani, Rishit Bhatia, Muniba Shan
Noscapine is a naturally occurring alkaloid isolated from Papaver somniferum, commonly known as opium poppy or bread seed poppy. It edges over other opioids as it lacks addictive, sedative or euphoric effects. This review chronicles the saga of endeavours with noscapine, from modest efforts in the mid-1950s to its present anticancer potential and futuristic hope in combating COVID-19. We comprehensively searched for publications including noscapine- and noscapinoid-relevant keywords in different electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholars, Elsevier, Springer Link and Science Direct up to June 2023. We excluded those in a language other than English. Noscapine has long been used as an antitussive and suppresses coughing by reducing the activity of the cough centre in the brain. A great number of water-soluble noscapine analogues have been found to be impressive microtubule-interfering agents with a superior antiproliferative activity, inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cell lines with more potency than noscapine and bromo-noscapine. With enhanced drug delivery systems, noscapine has exerted significant therapeutic efficacy in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, multiple sclerosis and other disorders. Furthermore, the merit of noscapine in crossing the blood–brain barrier makes it a putative candidate agent against neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Its long safety record, widespread availability and ease of administration make it an ideal candidate for fighting several life-threatening conditions. Recent promising docking studies onnoscapine with main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 paves the way for combinatorial drug therapy with anti-viral drugs and is hopeful in fighting and triumphing over any future COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"The Noscapine Saga: Unravelling a Valuable Jewel from a Poppy Pod—Past, Present and Future","authors":"Anjali Priyadarshani, Rishit Bhatia, Muniba Shan","doi":"10.3390/psychoactives3010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives3010001","url":null,"abstract":"Noscapine is a naturally occurring alkaloid isolated from Papaver somniferum, commonly known as opium poppy or bread seed poppy. It edges over other opioids as it lacks addictive, sedative or euphoric effects. This review chronicles the saga of endeavours with noscapine, from modest efforts in the mid-1950s to its present anticancer potential and futuristic hope in combating COVID-19. We comprehensively searched for publications including noscapine- and noscapinoid-relevant keywords in different electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholars, Elsevier, Springer Link and Science Direct up to June 2023. We excluded those in a language other than English. Noscapine has long been used as an antitussive and suppresses coughing by reducing the activity of the cough centre in the brain. A great number of water-soluble noscapine analogues have been found to be impressive microtubule-interfering agents with a superior antiproliferative activity, inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cell lines with more potency than noscapine and bromo-noscapine. With enhanced drug delivery systems, noscapine has exerted significant therapeutic efficacy in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, multiple sclerosis and other disorders. Furthermore, the merit of noscapine in crossing the blood–brain barrier makes it a putative candidate agent against neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Its long safety record, widespread availability and ease of administration make it an ideal candidate for fighting several life-threatening conditions. Recent promising docking studies onnoscapine with main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 paves the way for combinatorial drug therapy with anti-viral drugs and is hopeful in fighting and triumphing over any future COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":513469,"journal":{"name":"Psychoactives","volume":"74 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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