D. Rego, Fabrício G. S. Silva, Rodrigo C. Gusmão, Vitaly F. Rodriguez-Esquerre
Artificial intelligence paradigms hold significant potential to advance nanophotonics. This study presents a novel approach to designing a plasmonic absorber using an artificial neural network as a surrogate model in conjunction with a genetic algorithm. The methodology involved numerical simulations of multilayered metal–dielectric plasmonic structures to establish a dataset for training an artificial neural network (ANN). The results demonstrate the proficiency of the trained ANN in predicting reflectance spectra and its ability to generalize intricate relationships between desired performance and geometric configurations, with values of correlation higher than 98% in comparison with ground-truth electromagnetic simulations. Furthermore, the ANN was employed as a surrogate model in a genetic algorithm (GA) loop to achieve target optical behaviors. The proposed methodology provides a powerful means of inverse designing multilayered metal–dielectric devices tailored for visible band wavelength filtering. This research demonstrates that the integration of AI-driven approaches in nanophotonics leads to efficient and effective design strategies.
人工智能范式在推动纳米光子学发展方面具有巨大潜力。本研究提出了一种设计等离子体吸收器的新方法，使用人工神经网络作为代用模型，并结合遗传算法。该方法包括对多层金属电介质质子结构进行数值模拟，以建立用于训练人工神经网络（ANN）的数据集。结果表明，训练有素的人工神经网络能熟练预测反射光谱，并能归纳出所需性能与几何配置之间错综复杂的关系，与地面实况电磁模拟的相关性值高于 98%。此外，在遗传算法（GA）循环中，还将 ANN 用作替代模型，以实现目标光学行为。所提出的方法为反向设计多层金属-电介质器件提供了一种强大的手段，该器件专为可见波段波长滤波而量身定制。这项研究表明，在纳米光子学中集成人工智能驱动的方法，可带来高效和有效的设计策略。
{"title":"Design of Planar Multilayer Devices for Optical Filtering Using Surrogate Model Based on Artificial Neural Network","authors":"D. Rego, Fabrício G. S. Silva, Rodrigo C. Gusmão, Vitaly F. Rodriguez-Esquerre","doi":"10.3390/opt5010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010009","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence paradigms hold significant potential to advance nanophotonics. This study presents a novel approach to designing a plasmonic absorber using an artificial neural network as a surrogate model in conjunction with a genetic algorithm. The methodology involved numerical simulations of multilayered metal–dielectric plasmonic structures to establish a dataset for training an artificial neural network (ANN). The results demonstrate the proficiency of the trained ANN in predicting reflectance spectra and its ability to generalize intricate relationships between desired performance and geometric configurations, with values of correlation higher than 98% in comparison with ground-truth electromagnetic simulations. Furthermore, the ANN was employed as a surrogate model in a genetic algorithm (GA) loop to achieve target optical behaviors. The proposed methodology provides a powerful means of inverse designing multilayered metal–dielectric devices tailored for visible band wavelength filtering. This research demonstrates that the integration of AI-driven approaches in nanophotonics leads to efficient and effective design strategies.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":"99 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140086819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strong coupling of quantum states with electromagnetic modes of topological matter offer an interesting platform for the exploration of new physics and applications. In this work, we report a novel hybrid mode, a surface topological plexciton, arising from strong coupling between the surface topological plasmon mode of a Bi2Se3 topological insulator nanoparticle and the exciton of a two-level quantum emitter. We study the power absorption spectrum of the system by working within the dipole and rotating-wave approximations, using a density matrix approach for the emitter, and a classical dielectric-function approach for the topological-insulator nanoparticle. We show that a Rabi-type splitting can appear in the spectrum suggesting the presence of strong coupling. Furthermore, we study the dependence of the splitting on the separation of the two nanoparticles as well as the dipole moment of the quantum emitter. These results can be useful for exploring exotic phases of matter, furthering research in topological insulator plasmonics, as well as for applications in the far-infrared and quantum computing.
{"title":"Surface Topological Plexcitons: Strong Coupling in a Bi2Se3 Topological Insulator Nanoparticle-Quantum Dot Molecule","authors":"George Kountouris, V. Yannopapas","doi":"10.3390/opt5010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010008","url":null,"abstract":"Strong coupling of quantum states with electromagnetic modes of topological matter offer an interesting platform for the exploration of new physics and applications. In this work, we report a novel hybrid mode, a surface topological plexciton, arising from strong coupling between the surface topological plasmon mode of a Bi2Se3 topological insulator nanoparticle and the exciton of a two-level quantum emitter. We study the power absorption spectrum of the system by working within the dipole and rotating-wave approximations, using a density matrix approach for the emitter, and a classical dielectric-function approach for the topological-insulator nanoparticle. We show that a Rabi-type splitting can appear in the spectrum suggesting the presence of strong coupling. Furthermore, we study the dependence of the splitting on the separation of the two nanoparticles as well as the dipole moment of the quantum emitter. These results can be useful for exploring exotic phases of matter, furthering research in topological insulator plasmonics, as well as for applications in the far-infrared and quantum computing.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140424494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Richter, A. Magunia, M. Rebholz, Christian Ott, T. Pfeifer
We simulate ultrafast electronic transitions in an atom and corresponding absorption line changes with a numerical, few-level model, similar to previous work. In addition, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed for the first time to predict electronic state populations based on the simulated modifications of the absorption lines. We utilize a two-level and four-level system, as well as a variety of laser-pulse peak intensities and detunings, to account for different common scenarios of light–matter interaction. As a first step towards the use of CNNs for experimental absorption data in the future, we apply two different noise levels to the simulated input absorption data.
{"title":"Electronic Population Reconstruction from Strong-Field-Modified Absorption Spectra with a Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Daniel Richter, A. Magunia, M. Rebholz, Christian Ott, T. Pfeifer","doi":"10.3390/opt5010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010007","url":null,"abstract":"We simulate ultrafast electronic transitions in an atom and corresponding absorption line changes with a numerical, few-level model, similar to previous work. In addition, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed for the first time to predict electronic state populations based on the simulated modifications of the absorption lines. We utilize a two-level and four-level system, as well as a variety of laser-pulse peak intensities and detunings, to account for different common scenarios of light–matter interaction. As a first step towards the use of CNNs for experimental absorption data in the future, we apply two different noise levels to the simulated input absorption data.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":"43 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140431295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Image fusion is an effective and efficient way to express the feature information of an infrared image and abundant detailed information of a visible image in a single fused image. However, obtaining a fused result with good visual effect, while preserving and inheriting those characteristic details, seems a challenging problem. In this paper, by combining a multi-level smoothing filter and regional weight analysis, a dual-band image fusion approach is proposed. Firstly, a series of dual-band image layers with different details are obtained using smoothing results. With different parameters in a bilateral filter, different smoothed results are achieved at different levels. Secondly, regional weight maps are generated for each image layer, and then we fuse the dual-band image layers with their corresponding regional weight map. Finally, by imposing proper weights, those fused image layers are synthetized. Through comparison with seven excellent fusion methods, both subjective and objective evaluations for the experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can produce the best fused image, which has the best visual effect with good contrast, and those small details are preserved and highlighted, too. In particular, for the image pairs with a size of 640 × 480, the algorithm could provide a good visual effect result within 2.86 s, and the result has almost the best objective metrics.
{"title":"Dual-Band Image Fusion Approach Using Regional Weight Analysis Combined with a Multi-Level Smoothing Filter","authors":"Jia Yi, Huilin Jiang, Xiaoyong Wang, Yong Tan","doi":"10.3390/opt5010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010006","url":null,"abstract":"Image fusion is an effective and efficient way to express the feature information of an infrared image and abundant detailed information of a visible image in a single fused image. However, obtaining a fused result with good visual effect, while preserving and inheriting those characteristic details, seems a challenging problem. In this paper, by combining a multi-level smoothing filter and regional weight analysis, a dual-band image fusion approach is proposed. Firstly, a series of dual-band image layers with different details are obtained using smoothing results. With different parameters in a bilateral filter, different smoothed results are achieved at different levels. Secondly, regional weight maps are generated for each image layer, and then we fuse the dual-band image layers with their corresponding regional weight map. Finally, by imposing proper weights, those fused image layers are synthetized. Through comparison with seven excellent fusion methods, both subjective and objective evaluations for the experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can produce the best fused image, which has the best visual effect with good contrast, and those small details are preserved and highlighted, too. In particular, for the image pairs with a size of 640 × 480, the algorithm could provide a good visual effect result within 2.86 s, and the result has almost the best objective metrics.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. R. Bongu, Maximilian Buchmüller, Daniel Neumaier, Patrick Görrn
The feasibility of introducing optical nonlinearity in poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) using organic solvent swelling was investigated. The third-order nonlinear refraction and absorption properties of the individual materials, as well as the PDMS/solvent compounds after swelling were characterized. The well-established Z-scan technique served as characterization method for the nonlinear properties under picosecond pulsed laser excitation at a 532 nm wavelength. These experiments included investigations on the organic solvents nitrobenzene, 2,6-lutidine, and toluene, which showed inherent optical nonlinearity. We showed that nitrobenzene, one of the most well-known nonlinear optical materials, has proven suboptimal in this context due to its limited swelling effect in PDMS and comparatively high (non)linear absorption, resulting in undesirable thermal effects and potential photo-induced damage in the composite material. Toluene and 2,6-lutidine not only exhibited lower absorption compared to nitrobenzene but also show a more pronounced swelling effect in PDMS. The incorporation of toluene caused a weight change of up to 116% of PDMS, resulting in substantial nonlinear optical effects, reflected in the nonlinear refractive index of the PDMS/toluene composite n2=3.1×10−15 cm2/W.
{"title":"Introducing Optical Nonlinearity in PDMS Using Organic Solvent Swelling","authors":"S. R. Bongu, Maximilian Buchmüller, Daniel Neumaier, Patrick Görrn","doi":"10.3390/opt5010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010005","url":null,"abstract":"The feasibility of introducing optical nonlinearity in poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) using organic solvent swelling was investigated. The third-order nonlinear refraction and absorption properties of the individual materials, as well as the PDMS/solvent compounds after swelling were characterized. The well-established Z-scan technique served as characterization method for the nonlinear properties under picosecond pulsed laser excitation at a 532 nm wavelength. These experiments included investigations on the organic solvents nitrobenzene, 2,6-lutidine, and toluene, which showed inherent optical nonlinearity. We showed that nitrobenzene, one of the most well-known nonlinear optical materials, has proven suboptimal in this context due to its limited swelling effect in PDMS and comparatively high (non)linear absorption, resulting in undesirable thermal effects and potential photo-induced damage in the composite material. Toluene and 2,6-lutidine not only exhibited lower absorption compared to nitrobenzene but also show a more pronounced swelling effect in PDMS. The incorporation of toluene caused a weight change of up to 116% of PDMS, resulting in substantial nonlinear optical effects, reflected in the nonlinear refractive index of the PDMS/toluene composite n2=3.1×10−15 cm2/W.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":"378 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139833858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. R. Bongu, Maximilian Buchmüller, Daniel Neumaier, Patrick Görrn
The feasibility of introducing optical nonlinearity in poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) using organic solvent swelling was investigated. The third-order nonlinear refraction and absorption properties of the individual materials, as well as the PDMS/solvent compounds after swelling were characterized. The well-established Z-scan technique served as characterization method for the nonlinear properties under picosecond pulsed laser excitation at a 532 nm wavelength. These experiments included investigations on the organic solvents nitrobenzene, 2,6-lutidine, and toluene, which showed inherent optical nonlinearity. We showed that nitrobenzene, one of the most well-known nonlinear optical materials, has proven suboptimal in this context due to its limited swelling effect in PDMS and comparatively high (non)linear absorption, resulting in undesirable thermal effects and potential photo-induced damage in the composite material. Toluene and 2,6-lutidine not only exhibited lower absorption compared to nitrobenzene but also show a more pronounced swelling effect in PDMS. The incorporation of toluene caused a weight change of up to 116% of PDMS, resulting in substantial nonlinear optical effects, reflected in the nonlinear refractive index of the PDMS/toluene composite n2=3.1×10−15 cm2/W.
{"title":"Introducing Optical Nonlinearity in PDMS Using Organic Solvent Swelling","authors":"S. R. Bongu, Maximilian Buchmüller, Daniel Neumaier, Patrick Görrn","doi":"10.3390/opt5010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010005","url":null,"abstract":"The feasibility of introducing optical nonlinearity in poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) using organic solvent swelling was investigated. The third-order nonlinear refraction and absorption properties of the individual materials, as well as the PDMS/solvent compounds after swelling were characterized. The well-established Z-scan technique served as characterization method for the nonlinear properties under picosecond pulsed laser excitation at a 532 nm wavelength. These experiments included investigations on the organic solvents nitrobenzene, 2,6-lutidine, and toluene, which showed inherent optical nonlinearity. We showed that nitrobenzene, one of the most well-known nonlinear optical materials, has proven suboptimal in this context due to its limited swelling effect in PDMS and comparatively high (non)linear absorption, resulting in undesirable thermal effects and potential photo-induced damage in the composite material. Toluene and 2,6-lutidine not only exhibited lower absorption compared to nitrobenzene but also show a more pronounced swelling effect in PDMS. The incorporation of toluene caused a weight change of up to 116% of PDMS, resulting in substantial nonlinear optical effects, reflected in the nonlinear refractive index of the PDMS/toluene composite n2=3.1×10−15 cm2/W.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":"4 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139774249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple method (first-order approximation) to determine the impact of M2 and the Strehl Ratio on the effective focusable spot size avoiding complex propagations of the beam wavefront is proposed. The model is based upon previous models and the definition of M2 and the Strehl Ratio in a simple manner. This work provides qualitative and quantitative estimates for the interplay of M2 and the Strehl Ratio on the effectively focusable spot size.
{"title":"Simple Estimate of the Impact of M2 and Strehl Ratio on the Effective Focusable Spot Size","authors":"S. Arba-Mosquera, Pascal Naubereit, Simas Sobutas","doi":"10.3390/opt5010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010004","url":null,"abstract":"A simple method (first-order approximation) to determine the impact of M2 and the Strehl Ratio on the effective focusable spot size avoiding complex propagations of the beam wavefront is proposed. The model is based upon previous models and the definition of M2 and the Strehl Ratio in a simple manner. This work provides qualitative and quantitative estimates for the interplay of M2 and the Strehl Ratio on the effectively focusable spot size.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":"70 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140486810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biao Wang, Xiaoling Cao, Meiling Lan, Chang Wu, Yonghong Wang
DSPI (Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry) is a non-destructive optical measurement technique that obtains phase information of an object through phase unwrapping. Traditional phase unwrapping algorithms depend on the quality of the images, which demands preprocessing such as filtering and denoising. Moreover, the unwrapping time is highly influenced by the size of the images. In this study, we proposed a new deep learning-based phase unwrapping algorithm combining the residual network and U-Net network. Additionally, we incorporated an improved SSIM function as the loss function based on camera characteristics. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved higher quality in highly noisy phase unwrapping maps compared to traditional algorithms, with SSIM values consistently above 0.98. In addition, we applied image stitching to the network to process maps of various sizes and the unwrapping time remained around 1 s even for larger images. In conclusion, our proposed network is able to achieve efficient and accurate phase unwrapping.
{"title":"An Anti-Noise-Designed Residual Phase Unwrapping Neural Network for Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry","authors":"Biao Wang, Xiaoling Cao, Meiling Lan, Chang Wu, Yonghong Wang","doi":"10.3390/opt5010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010003","url":null,"abstract":"DSPI (Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry) is a non-destructive optical measurement technique that obtains phase information of an object through phase unwrapping. Traditional phase unwrapping algorithms depend on the quality of the images, which demands preprocessing such as filtering and denoising. Moreover, the unwrapping time is highly influenced by the size of the images. In this study, we proposed a new deep learning-based phase unwrapping algorithm combining the residual network and U-Net network. Additionally, we incorporated an improved SSIM function as the loss function based on camera characteristics. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved higher quality in highly noisy phase unwrapping maps compared to traditional algorithms, with SSIM values consistently above 0.98. In addition, we applied image stitching to the network to process maps of various sizes and the unwrapping time remained around 1 s even for larger images. In conclusion, our proposed network is able to achieve efficient and accurate phase unwrapping.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139613613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel T. Cassidy, Philippe Pagnod-Rossiaux, Merwan Mokhtari
Notes on fits of analytic estimations, 2D finite element method (FEM), and 3D FEM simulations to measurements of the cathodoluminescence (CL) and to the degree of polarization (DOP) of the CL from the top surface of a (100) GaAs substrate with a 6.22 μm wide SiN stripe are presented. Three interesting features are found in the DOP of CL data. Presumably these features are noticeable owing to the spatial resolution of the CL measurement system. Comparisons of both strain and spatial resolutions obtained by CL and photoluminescence (PL) systems are presented. The width of the central feature in the measured DOP is less than the width of the SiN, as measured from the CL. This suggests horizontal cracks or de-laminations into each side of the SiN of about 0.7 μm. In addition, it appears that deformed regions of widths of ≈1.5 μm and adjacent to the SiN must exist to explain some of the features.
本文介绍了分析估计、二维有限元法（FEM）和三维有限元模拟与阴极发光（CL）测量值以及来自带有 6.22 μm 宽 SiN 条纹的 (100) GaAs 衬底顶面的 CL 极化程度（DOP）的拟合。在 CL 数据的 DOP 中发现了三个有趣的特征。这些特征可能是由于 CL 测量系统的空间分辨率造成的。报告对 CL 和光致发光 (PL) 系统获得的应变和空间分辨率进行了比较。根据 CL 测量，DOP 中的中心特征宽度小于 SiN 的宽度。这表明在 SiN 的每一侧都有大约 0.7 μm 的水平裂缝或去层。此外，似乎必须存在宽度≈1.5 μm 且与 SiN 相邻的变形区域，才能解释某些特征。
{"title":"Degree of Polarization of Cathodoluminescence from a (100) GaAs Substrate with SiN Stripes","authors":"Daniel T. Cassidy, Philippe Pagnod-Rossiaux, Merwan Mokhtari","doi":"10.3390/opt5010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010002","url":null,"abstract":"Notes on fits of analytic estimations, 2D finite element method (FEM), and 3D FEM simulations to measurements of the cathodoluminescence (CL) and to the degree of polarization (DOP) of the CL from the top surface of a (100) GaAs substrate with a 6.22 μm wide SiN stripe are presented. Three interesting features are found in the DOP of CL data. Presumably these features are noticeable owing to the spatial resolution of the CL measurement system. Comparisons of both strain and spatial resolutions obtained by CL and photoluminescence (PL) systems are presented. The width of the central feature in the measured DOP is less than the width of the SiN, as measured from the CL. This suggests horizontal cracks or de-laminations into each side of the SiN of about 0.7 μm. In addition, it appears that deformed regions of widths of ≈1.5 μm and adjacent to the SiN must exist to explain some of the features.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139617290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nikita Marchenkov, E. Mareev, Anton Kulikov, Fedor Pilyak, Eduard Ibragimov, Yuri Pisarevskii, Fedor Potemkin
The synchronization of laser and X-ray sources is essential for time-resolved measurements in the study of ultrafast processes, including photo-induced piezo-effects, shock wave generation, and phase transitions. On the one hand, optical diagnostics (by synchronization of two laser sources) provides information about changes in vibration frequencies, shock wave dynamics, and linear and nonlinear refractive index behavior. On the other hand, optical pump–X-ray probe diagnostics provide an opportunity to directly reveal lattice dynamics. To integrate two approaches into a unified whole, one needs to create a robust method for the synchronization of two systems with different repetition rates up to the MHz range. In this paper, we propose a universal approach utilizing a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to achieve precise synchronization between different MHz sources such as various lasers and synchrotron X-ray sources. This synchronization method offers numerous advantages, such as high flexibility, fast response, and low jitter. Experimental results demonstrate the successful synchronization of two different MHz systems with a temporal resolution of 250 ps. This enables ultrafast measurements with a sub-nanosecond resolution, facilitating the uncovering of complex dynamics in ultrafast processes.
在研究超快过程（包括光诱导压电效应、冲击波产生和相变）时，激光源和 X 射线源的同步对于时间分辨测量至关重要。一方面，光学诊断（通过同步两个激光源）可提供有关振动频率变化、冲击波动力学以及线性和非线性折射率行为的信息。另一方面，光学泵浦-X 射线探针诊断为直接揭示晶格动态提供了机会。为了将两种方法整合为一个统一的整体，我们需要创建一种稳健的方法，用于同步两个重复率不同的系统，最高可达 MHz 范围。在本文中，我们提出了一种利用现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）的通用方法，以实现各种激光和同步辐射 X 射线源等不同 MHz 源之间的精确同步。这种同步方法具有许多优点，如灵活性高、响应速度快、抖动小等。实验结果表明，两个不同的 MHz 系统成功实现了时间分辨率为 250 ps 的同步。这使得超快测量的分辨率达到亚纳秒级，有助于揭示超快过程中的复杂动态。
{"title":"Hybrid Approach for Multiscale and Multimodal Time-Resolved Diagnosis of Ultrafast Processes in Materials via Tailored Synchronization of Laser and X-ray Sources at MHz Repetition Rates","authors":"Nikita Marchenkov, E. Mareev, Anton Kulikov, Fedor Pilyak, Eduard Ibragimov, Yuri Pisarevskii, Fedor Potemkin","doi":"10.3390/opt5010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010001","url":null,"abstract":"The synchronization of laser and X-ray sources is essential for time-resolved measurements in the study of ultrafast processes, including photo-induced piezo-effects, shock wave generation, and phase transitions. On the one hand, optical diagnostics (by synchronization of two laser sources) provides information about changes in vibration frequencies, shock wave dynamics, and linear and nonlinear refractive index behavior. On the other hand, optical pump–X-ray probe diagnostics provide an opportunity to directly reveal lattice dynamics. To integrate two approaches into a unified whole, one needs to create a robust method for the synchronization of two systems with different repetition rates up to the MHz range. In this paper, we propose a universal approach utilizing a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to achieve precise synchronization between different MHz sources such as various lasers and synchrotron X-ray sources. This synchronization method offers numerous advantages, such as high flexibility, fast response, and low jitter. Experimental results demonstrate the successful synchronization of two different MHz systems with a temporal resolution of 250 ps. This enables ultrafast measurements with a sub-nanosecond resolution, facilitating the uncovering of complex dynamics in ultrafast processes.","PeriodicalId":516083,"journal":{"name":"Optics","volume":" 71","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139619270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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