Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09507-z
Reynell Badillo-Sarmiento, Luis Fernando Trejos-Rosero
Abstract This article explores how organized criminal organizations exercise criminal governance over other organized and non-organized criminals using public messaging, lethal and extra-lethal violence. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, over 350 press reports, and an original database on inter-criminal lethal violence, we show, in line with recent literature on organized crime, that while these organizations use violence to build their reputation as actors willing to use force, they also provide benefits to other criminals such as financing and protection from state and competitors. This article contributes to the literature on criminal governance by elaborating on the mechanisms shown in recent work and by detailing an unexplored case study in Barranquilla (Colombia).
{"title":"Governing the underworld: how organized crime governs other criminals in Colombian cities","authors":"Reynell Badillo-Sarmiento, Luis Fernando Trejos-Rosero","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09507-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09507-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores how organized criminal organizations exercise criminal governance over other organized and non-organized criminals using public messaging, lethal and extra-lethal violence. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, over 350 press reports, and an original database on inter-criminal lethal violence, we show, in line with recent literature on organized crime, that while these organizations use violence to build their reputation as actors willing to use force, they also provide benefits to other criminals such as financing and protection from state and competitors. This article contributes to the literature on criminal governance by elaborating on the mechanisms shown in recent work and by detailing an unexplored case study in Barranquilla (Colombia).","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135511789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09511-3
Sophia De Seranno, Charlotte Colman
{"title":"It’s a man’s world but it would be nothing without a woman: The involvement of women in Belgian synthetic drugs trafficking","authors":"Sophia De Seranno, Charlotte Colman","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09511-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09511-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":"2 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09508-y
Klaus von Lampe
{"title":"Recent publications on organized crime: the year 2022","authors":"Klaus von Lampe","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09508-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09508-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":"2011 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134975792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09509-x
Marc Balcells
Abstract Tombaroli (the Italian name for looters of archaeological heritage) have criminally preyed on Italy’s ancient tombs for centuries. Criminological research on archaeological looting in Italy, however, is scarce. This research focused on the nature of the relationship between tombaroli and organized crime groups in Italy: a misrepresented relationship, as some media outlets depict looters as involved with organized crime. This research project drew on a multidisciplinary body of literature on Italian archaeological looting and interviews with looters, law enforcement officials, archeologists, prosecutors, and journalists, among others. It demonstrated that Italian archaeological looting is not a problem of organized crime. The study concluded that, presently, the relationship between looters and traditional Italian criminal organizations is anecdotal at best, nor currently looters could be considered organized criminals but rather criminals that need a certain level of organization to operate.
{"title":"Organized crime involvement in antiquities looting in Italy","authors":"Marc Balcells","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09509-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09509-x","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tombaroli (the Italian name for looters of archaeological heritage) have criminally preyed on Italy’s ancient tombs for centuries. Criminological research on archaeological looting in Italy, however, is scarce. This research focused on the nature of the relationship between tombaroli and organized crime groups in Italy: a misrepresented relationship, as some media outlets depict looters as involved with organized crime. This research project drew on a multidisciplinary body of literature on Italian archaeological looting and interviews with looters, law enforcement officials, archeologists, prosecutors, and journalists, among others. It demonstrated that Italian archaeological looting is not a problem of organized crime. The study concluded that, presently, the relationship between looters and traditional Italian criminal organizations is anecdotal at best, nor currently looters could be considered organized criminals but rather criminals that need a certain level of organization to operate.","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09506-0
Etannibi Alemika, Elodie Apard, Philippe Frowd, Lala Ireland, Gernot Klantschnig
{"title":"Professor Etannibi Alemika’s Interview on Organized Crime in West Africa","authors":"Etannibi Alemika, Elodie Apard, Philippe Frowd, Lala Ireland, Gernot Klantschnig","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09506-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09506-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135770474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09505-1
Mirko Nazzari
Abstract Cybercriminals are commonly assumed to engage in cybercrime for monetary rewards. Like traditional offenders, they must launder their illicit proceeds to obscure the permanent trails in online environments. The mainstream narrative argues that these offenders engage in complex money laundering schemes because of the use of new technologies. However, empirical research on the money laundering activities associated with cybercrime has been scarce. To address this knowledge gap, the present study analyzes money laundering transactions from 182 Bitcoin addresses belonging to 56 members of the Conti ransomware group using blockchain analysis. The results show that offenders are quite unsophisticated when laundering their illicit proceeds. Most of the addresses transact directly with an entity (52%) and concentrate 80% or more of the illicit proceeds in one singular service (69%). In terms of destinations, exchanges and dark web services are the preferred choices, being involved in 71% and 30% of the transactions respectively. Conversely, the use of mixers is more limited (8%). There are significant differences in money laundering strategies used by offenders based on the amounts of illicit proceeds to launder. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
{"title":"From payday to payoff: Exploring the money laundering strategies of cybercriminals","authors":"Mirko Nazzari","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09505-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09505-1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cybercriminals are commonly assumed to engage in cybercrime for monetary rewards. Like traditional offenders, they must launder their illicit proceeds to obscure the permanent trails in online environments. The mainstream narrative argues that these offenders engage in complex money laundering schemes because of the use of new technologies. However, empirical research on the money laundering activities associated with cybercrime has been scarce. To address this knowledge gap, the present study analyzes money laundering transactions from 182 Bitcoin addresses belonging to 56 members of the Conti ransomware group using blockchain analysis. The results show that offenders are quite unsophisticated when laundering their illicit proceeds. Most of the addresses transact directly with an entity (52%) and concentrate 80% or more of the illicit proceeds in one singular service (69%). In terms of destinations, exchanges and dark web services are the preferred choices, being involved in 71% and 30% of the transactions respectively. Conversely, the use of mixers is more limited (8%). There are significant differences in money laundering strategies used by offenders based on the amounts of illicit proceeds to launder. Implications for research and policy are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09501-5
Mark Berry, Mike Salinas, R. V. Gundur
Abstract The illicit drug trade generates billions of dollars in revenue per year, much of which comes from wholesale and retail sales late in the supply chain. Yet, the methods retailers and low-level wholesalers use to launder this revenue remain poorly understood. Using in-depth interviews with illicit drug entrepreneurs in the United States and the United Kingdom, this article analyses laundering strategies among such market actors. Our findings indicate that a significant proportion of their illicit proceeds are disposed of through relatively small-scale ‘everyday’ cash transactions (< $1,000) that are effectively untraceable. For those generating more substantial revenues, a variety of accessible and uncomplicated laundering strategies are employed, such as reporting such revenues as taxable income, using proxies to launder funds, and using revenues as investment capital within small-scale legal enterprise. Ultimately, we identify uncomplicated, yet largely effective, methods of laundering criminal proceeds amongst our sample of low- to medium-level illicit drug sellers. Though the sums at an individual level are relatively trivial, the ‘mass of minor offences’ of this nature likely accounts for a significant share of laundered drug revenues in Western consumer drug markets.
{"title":"Financial risk management strategies of small to medium illicit drug enterprises: considering low-level money laundering","authors":"Mark Berry, Mike Salinas, R. V. Gundur","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09501-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09501-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The illicit drug trade generates billions of dollars in revenue per year, much of which comes from wholesale and retail sales late in the supply chain. Yet, the methods retailers and low-level wholesalers use to launder this revenue remain poorly understood. Using in-depth interviews with illicit drug entrepreneurs in the United States and the United Kingdom, this article analyses laundering strategies among such market actors. Our findings indicate that a significant proportion of their illicit proceeds are disposed of through relatively small-scale ‘everyday’ cash transactions (< $1,000) that are effectively untraceable. For those generating more substantial revenues, a variety of accessible and uncomplicated laundering strategies are employed, such as reporting such revenues as taxable income, using proxies to launder funds, and using revenues as investment capital within small-scale legal enterprise. Ultimately, we identify uncomplicated, yet largely effective, methods of laundering criminal proceeds amongst our sample of low- to medium-level illicit drug sellers. Though the sums at an individual level are relatively trivial, the ‘mass of minor offences’ of this nature likely accounts for a significant share of laundered drug revenues in Western consumer drug markets.","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135060920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09504-2
Precious Oghale Diagboya
{"title":"Ethical and conceptual challenges in researching human trafficking in Edo state, Nigeria","authors":"Precious Oghale Diagboya","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09504-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09504-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49138130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09502-4
Yarin Eski, A. Sergi
{"title":"Ethnic profiling of organised crime? A tendency of mafia-cation in the Netherlands","authors":"Yarin Eski, A. Sergi","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09502-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09502-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41778840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-15DOI: 10.1007/s12117-023-09503-3
C. Kelly
{"title":"Rule of law approaches to countering transnational organized crime in Africa: going beyond criminal justice","authors":"C. Kelly","doi":"10.1007/s12117-023-09503-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-023-09503-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51733,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Organized Crime","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46179686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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