Context HW-3 acts as a pyruvate dehydrogenase herbicide for weed control. However, its biological efficacy against weeds, as well as its safety concerning gramineous crops, remains poorly understood. Aims The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of HW-3 against common weeds in corn fields and identify the safety of HW-3 on different cultivars and leaf stages of corn. Methods This study determined the toxicity of HW-3 to common weeds in cornfields under greenhouse conditions through whole plant bioassay. The study also determined the mechanism of action and selectivity principle of HW-3 through in vitro enzyme activity measurements. Key results When HW-3 was applied at 150 g of active ingredient ha−1, the fresh weight inhibition rates of the broad-leaved weeds Eclipta prostrata, Ludwigia prostrata, Ammannia baccifera, Ammannia auriculata, Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Abutilon theophrasti, and Cyperus rotundus in the corn field were all above 90%. The selectivity indices of HW-3 in common corn, sweet corn, and glutinous corn were 4.29, 4.22, and 4.98, respectively, indicating the safety of HW-3 across different corn types. The concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50 value) of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in A. theophrasti treated with HW-3 was 287.94 mg L−1, and the IC50 value of PDH activity in corn was much greater than 1000 mg L−1. This indicates that HW-3 is a selective pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Conclusions HW-3 has potential use for the control of broad-leaved weeds in cornfields and is safe for different types and leaf stages of corn. Implications This research provides a reference for the commercial application of HW-3.
{"title":"Weed control, corn safety, and mechanism of the novel herbicide HW-3","authors":"Haitao Gao, Xiaole Li, Jiaxing Yu, Xiuhui Hou, Jie Li, Hongwu He, Liyao Dong","doi":"10.1071/cp24164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp24164","url":null,"abstract":"Context HW-3 acts as a pyruvate dehydrogenase herbicide for weed control. However, its biological efficacy against weeds, as well as its safety concerning gramineous crops, remains poorly understood. Aims The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of HW-3 against common weeds in corn fields and identify the safety of HW-3 on different cultivars and leaf stages of corn. Methods This study determined the toxicity of HW-3 to common weeds in cornfields under greenhouse conditions through whole plant bioassay. The study also determined the mechanism of action and selectivity principle of HW-3 through in vitro enzyme activity measurements. Key results When HW-3 was applied at 150 g of active ingredient ha−1, the fresh weight inhibition rates of the broad-leaved weeds Eclipta prostrata, Ludwigia prostrata, Ammannia baccifera, Ammannia auriculata, Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Abutilon theophrasti, and Cyperus rotundus in the corn field were all above 90%. The selectivity indices of HW-3 in common corn, sweet corn, and glutinous corn were 4.29, 4.22, and 4.98, respectively, indicating the safety of HW-3 across different corn types. The concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50 value) of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in A. theophrasti treated with HW-3 was 287.94 mg L−1, and the IC50 value of PDH activity in corn was much greater than 1000 mg L−1. This indicates that HW-3 is a selective pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Conclusions HW-3 has potential use for the control of broad-leaved weeds in cornfields and is safe for different types and leaf stages of corn. Implications This research provides a reference for the commercial application of HW-3.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"42 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141805623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Barrett-Lennard, Nicholas George, Mario D’Antuono, Karen W. Holmes, Phillip R. Ward
Context Water is widely assumed to be the factor most limiting the growth of annual crops in rainfed environments, but this is rarely tested at sub-continental scale. Aims Our study aimed to determine the key environmental and management variables influencing the yield of wheat and barley in the grain-production regions of southern Australia, using data from National Variety Trials. Methods We used generalised additive models to determine the importance of climatic and management variables on wheat and barley grain yield. We determined the effects of the best one, two or three variables and their interactions. Key results The aridity index, defined as the ratio of cumulative rainfall to potential evapotranspiration, was the single strongest determinant of grain yield for both crops. Model performance was further improved by separating the aridity index into pre-seasonal and seasonal components. Interestingly, other variables that might be expected to influence yield, such as nitrogen fertilisation and extreme temperatures, had relatively minor effects. A comparison between data collected over two 6-year periods showed that there had been yield gains and increased water-use efficiency with time, especially in wetter environments. Conclusions Our findings illustrate the importance of water availability for grain production in this region and suggest opportunities for benchmarking and yield prediction through use of readily available climate data. Implications Our study reinforces the importance of factors such as water-use efficiency and drought tolerance as goals for cultivar development and agronomic research in wheat and barley. It also highlights the potential of National Variety Trial data as a resource for understanding grain production systems and climate resilience. Further work could explore the value of additional variables and improved weather data.
{"title":"Rain and potential evapotranspiration are the main drivers of yield for wheat and barley in southern Australia: insights from 12 years of National Variety Trials","authors":"E. Barrett-Lennard, Nicholas George, Mario D’Antuono, Karen W. Holmes, Phillip R. Ward","doi":"10.1071/cp23320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp23320","url":null,"abstract":"Context Water is widely assumed to be the factor most limiting the growth of annual crops in rainfed environments, but this is rarely tested at sub-continental scale. Aims Our study aimed to determine the key environmental and management variables influencing the yield of wheat and barley in the grain-production regions of southern Australia, using data from National Variety Trials. Methods We used generalised additive models to determine the importance of climatic and management variables on wheat and barley grain yield. We determined the effects of the best one, two or three variables and their interactions. Key results The aridity index, defined as the ratio of cumulative rainfall to potential evapotranspiration, was the single strongest determinant of grain yield for both crops. Model performance was further improved by separating the aridity index into pre-seasonal and seasonal components. Interestingly, other variables that might be expected to influence yield, such as nitrogen fertilisation and extreme temperatures, had relatively minor effects. A comparison between data collected over two 6-year periods showed that there had been yield gains and increased water-use efficiency with time, especially in wetter environments. Conclusions Our findings illustrate the importance of water availability for grain production in this region and suggest opportunities for benchmarking and yield prediction through use of readily available climate data. Implications Our study reinforces the importance of factors such as water-use efficiency and drought tolerance as goals for cultivar development and agronomic research in wheat and barley. It also highlights the potential of National Variety Trial data as a resource for understanding grain production systems and climate resilience. Further work could explore the value of additional variables and improved weather data.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141117784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Context Broadening the genetic base of canola (Brassica napus) is needed to develop improved hybrid cultivars. Wide genetic diversity is present in its parental species B. rapa and B. oleracea. In the case of B. rapa, the yellow sarson type from Asia is genetically distinct from all other types. Aims The objective of this research was to investigate the prospect of using yellow sarson to improve the performance of hybrid canola cultivars. Methods Inbred B. napus canola lines derived from an B. napus × B. rapa interspecific cross, and their F1 hybrids with the B. napus parent, as a tester, were compared on agronomic and seed quality traits; the inbreds were also evaluated for genetic diversity by using molecular markers. Key results Seed yield of the hybrids was significantly greater than the inbreds and the B. napus parent and exhibited more than 15% mid-parent heterosis (MPH). Genetic diversity did not show significant correlation with seed yield in the inbred population; however, it showed a positive correlation with MPH. Inbred yield as well as MPH showed a positive correlation with hybrid yield. For other traits, the performance of the inbreds showed a significant positive correlation with the performance of the hybrids; the average MPH for these traits was low or close to zero. Conclusions The yellow sarson gene pool showed great potential for use in the breeding of hybrid canola. Implications The knowledge gained and germplasm developed from this research can be used by breeders and researchers to develop improved canola cultivars.
背景 需要拓宽油菜籽（Brassica napus）的遗传基础，以改良杂交栽培品种。油菜的亲本 B. rapa 和 B. oleracea 具有广泛的遗传多样性。就 B. rapa 而言，来自亚洲的黄籽型在遗传上与所有其他类型截然不同。目的 本研究的目的是调查利用黄沙生来提高杂交油菜栽培品种性能的前景。方法 比较了从油菜×油菜种间杂交中获得的油菜近交系及其以油菜为母本的 F1 代杂交种的农艺性状和种子品质性状；还利用分子标记对近交系的遗传多样性进行了评估。主要结果 杂交种的种子产量明显高于近交种和油菜亲本，并表现出 15%以上的亲本中间异质性（MPH）。在近交系群体中，遗传多样性与种子产量没有明显的相关性，但与 MPH 呈正相关。近交系产量和 MPH 与杂交种产量呈正相关。在其他性状方面，近交系的表现与杂交种的表现呈显著正相关；这些性状的平均 MPH 较低或接近零。结论 黄沙生基因库在杂交油菜籽育种中显示出巨大的应用潜力。意义 本研究获得的知识和开发的种质可用于育种者和研究人员开发改良油菜栽培品种。
{"title":"Potential of increasing yield of spring Brassica napus canola by using Brassica rapa gene pool with emphasis on yellow sarson","authors":"B. Kebede, Gholamreza Habibi, Habibur Rahman","doi":"10.1071/cp23307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp23307","url":null,"abstract":"Context Broadening the genetic base of canola (Brassica napus) is needed to develop improved hybrid cultivars. Wide genetic diversity is present in its parental species B. rapa and B. oleracea. In the case of B. rapa, the yellow sarson type from Asia is genetically distinct from all other types. Aims The objective of this research was to investigate the prospect of using yellow sarson to improve the performance of hybrid canola cultivars. Methods Inbred B. napus canola lines derived from an B. napus × B. rapa interspecific cross, and their F1 hybrids with the B. napus parent, as a tester, were compared on agronomic and seed quality traits; the inbreds were also evaluated for genetic diversity by using molecular markers. Key results Seed yield of the hybrids was significantly greater than the inbreds and the B. napus parent and exhibited more than 15% mid-parent heterosis (MPH). Genetic diversity did not show significant correlation with seed yield in the inbred population; however, it showed a positive correlation with MPH. Inbred yield as well as MPH showed a positive correlation with hybrid yield. For other traits, the performance of the inbreds showed a significant positive correlation with the performance of the hybrids; the average MPH for these traits was low or close to zero. Conclusions The yellow sarson gene pool showed great potential for use in the breeding of hybrid canola. Implications The knowledge gained and germplasm developed from this research can be used by breeders and researchers to develop improved canola cultivars.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Pasquini Neto, Althieres José Furtado, Gabriele Voltareli da Silva, Annelise Aila Gomes Lobo, A. A. Abdalla Filho, Henrique Bauab Brunetti, C. Bosi, André de Faria Pedroso, J. R. Pezzopane, Patrícia Perondi Anchão Oliveira, Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues
Context A challenge for the livestock sector is to improve the production and nutritive value of forage grasses through sustainable management strategies. Aims This study evaluated the impact of management on the productive and nutritive value of five pasture-based production systems: irrigated pasture with 600 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1 (IP600); rainfed pasture with 400 kg N ha−1 (RP400); rainfed pasture with 200 kg N ha−1 (RP200); silvopastoral with 200 kg N ha−1 (SP200); and degraded pasture without N fertilisation (DP0). Methods During two experimental years, samples were collected pre- and post-grazing to determine forage and nutritional parameters. Land-saving effects and efficiencies of N fertilisation and water use were calculated. Key results For C4 grasses, forage mass accumulation was greater for IP600 and RP400. IP600 also presented the greatest leaf area index and crude protein concentration, whereas DP0 presented the lowest values of both. For C3 grasses in the IP600 treatment, greater forage mass accumulation and leaf area index were found in winter than in autumn; all nutritional characteristics were not affected by season of the year. For land-saving effect, and N- and water-use efficiencies, IP600, RP400 and RP200 presented higher values than DP0 and SP200. Conclusions More intensified systems with proper management allowed better productive and nutritional characteristics than degraded pasture or silvopasture, especially during seasons with greater precipitation or when irrigated. Implications Intensification practices make better use of natural resources (water and land) and agricultural inputs (N fertiliser) to ameliorate the effects of seasonality and improve quality and productivity of tropical grasses in pasture-based livestock production systems.
{"title":"Forage accumulation and nutritive value in extensive, intensive, and integrated pasture-based beef cattle production systems","authors":"R. Pasquini Neto, Althieres José Furtado, Gabriele Voltareli da Silva, Annelise Aila Gomes Lobo, A. A. Abdalla Filho, Henrique Bauab Brunetti, C. Bosi, André de Faria Pedroso, J. R. Pezzopane, Patrícia Perondi Anchão Oliveira, Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues","doi":"10.1071/cp24043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp24043","url":null,"abstract":"Context A challenge for the livestock sector is to improve the production and nutritive value of forage grasses through sustainable management strategies. Aims This study evaluated the impact of management on the productive and nutritive value of five pasture-based production systems: irrigated pasture with 600 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1 (IP600); rainfed pasture with 400 kg N ha−1 (RP400); rainfed pasture with 200 kg N ha−1 (RP200); silvopastoral with 200 kg N ha−1 (SP200); and degraded pasture without N fertilisation (DP0). Methods During two experimental years, samples were collected pre- and post-grazing to determine forage and nutritional parameters. Land-saving effects and efficiencies of N fertilisation and water use were calculated. Key results For C4 grasses, forage mass accumulation was greater for IP600 and RP400. IP600 also presented the greatest leaf area index and crude protein concentration, whereas DP0 presented the lowest values of both. For C3 grasses in the IP600 treatment, greater forage mass accumulation and leaf area index were found in winter than in autumn; all nutritional characteristics were not affected by season of the year. For land-saving effect, and N- and water-use efficiencies, IP600, RP400 and RP200 presented higher values than DP0 and SP200. Conclusions More intensified systems with proper management allowed better productive and nutritional characteristics than degraded pasture or silvopasture, especially during seasons with greater precipitation or when irrigated. Implications Intensification practices make better use of natural resources (water and land) and agricultural inputs (N fertiliser) to ameliorate the effects of seasonality and improve quality and productivity of tropical grasses in pasture-based livestock production systems.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"67 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140976151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danilo Batista Nogueira, Alfredo Mendonça de Sousa, Alexsandro O. da Silva, Bruno Ricardo Silva Costa, Rafaela da Silva Arruda, F. Putti
Context The productivity of crops is influenced by the available net water balance, which relies on a complex interplay of edaphic and climatic factors. In this sense, rainfall is the leading water input for crop growth and yield, especially in water-scarce regions under semi-arid climates worldwide. Aims This study aimed to define the optimum cropping calendar and the agroclimatic and agroecological zones for rainfed maize in the state of Ceará, which is predominantly located within the Brazilian semi-arid region, assuming different rainfall scenarios. Methods We considered the subdivision of the study area into eight homogeneous precipitation regions according to the regional rainfall pattern. The climatic water balance for each region over two decades was calculated from historical weather data series, assuming three rainy scenarios: dry, regular, and rainy. The agroclimatic zoning was defined through the crop water balance results, soil classification, land use and occupation, slope and temperature, weighted through a multi-criteria decision analysis based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Key results The recommended planting period was broader in rainy conditions. However, there may be some dry spells between two 10-day intervals of the calendar, which impair plant growth depending on their intensity. For the dry scenario, the agroclimatic zoning showed that the marginal water deficiency covered 96.55% of the study area. Conclusions Rainfed maize cultivated under the semi-arid climate of Ceará state is viable in rainy conditions, partially restricted in regular years, and not recommended in dry years. Implications This study emphasises the importance of climate monitoring in effective planning for rainfed maize cultivation in semi-arid regions.
{"title":"Cropping calendar, agroclimatic and agroecological zoning for rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) under different rainfall scenarios in a semi-arid region of Brazil","authors":"Danilo Batista Nogueira, Alfredo Mendonça de Sousa, Alexsandro O. da Silva, Bruno Ricardo Silva Costa, Rafaela da Silva Arruda, F. Putti","doi":"10.1071/cp23117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp23117","url":null,"abstract":"Context The productivity of crops is influenced by the available net water balance, which relies on a complex interplay of edaphic and climatic factors. In this sense, rainfall is the leading water input for crop growth and yield, especially in water-scarce regions under semi-arid climates worldwide. Aims This study aimed to define the optimum cropping calendar and the agroclimatic and agroecological zones for rainfed maize in the state of Ceará, which is predominantly located within the Brazilian semi-arid region, assuming different rainfall scenarios. Methods We considered the subdivision of the study area into eight homogeneous precipitation regions according to the regional rainfall pattern. The climatic water balance for each region over two decades was calculated from historical weather data series, assuming three rainy scenarios: dry, regular, and rainy. The agroclimatic zoning was defined through the crop water balance results, soil classification, land use and occupation, slope and temperature, weighted through a multi-criteria decision analysis based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Key results The recommended planting period was broader in rainy conditions. However, there may be some dry spells between two 10-day intervals of the calendar, which impair plant growth depending on their intensity. For the dry scenario, the agroclimatic zoning showed that the marginal water deficiency covered 96.55% of the study area. Conclusions Rainfed maize cultivated under the semi-arid climate of Ceará state is viable in rainy conditions, partially restricted in regular years, and not recommended in dry years. Implications This study emphasises the importance of climate monitoring in effective planning for rainfed maize cultivation in semi-arid regions.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140985410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rosane C. Rodrigues, Bruno Eduardo Caxias Miranda, Edson Mauro Santos, F. N. Santos, E. Silva, Dilier Olivera-Viciedo, A. Zanine, R. Silva, Antônio Marcos Santos, Izakiel Reis Marinho, M. Teixeira
Context Seasonal variations between the rain and dry seasons are the main obstacle to agricultural productivity in tropical regions, making it essential to conserve surplus for periods of scarcity. One of the limiting factors in ensiling grasses is moisture, requiring the use of additives or withering. Using a mixture of grasses and legumes can be an alternative to balance the advantages and disadvantages of both in the ensiling process, and mata-pasto hay (MPH) can be an option. Aims This study evaluated different forms of Tanzania grass (Megathyrsus maximum) and MPH silages, as well as silages with increasing levels of MPH. Methods Silages of Tanzania grass and MPH in their natural form, as well as silages with increasing doses of MPH, were evaluated for nutritional value, degradability in situ. The microbiology was also evaluated. Key results Among the types of silages, natural MPH and wilted MPH were superior to natural Tanzania grass silage. The use of MPH in Tanzania grass silages improves fermentation processes, the population of beneficial microorganisms, resulting in better nutritional value of these silages. Conclusions Natural and wilted MPH hay silages are qualitatively better compared to natural Tanzania grass silage. Increasing doses of MPH improve the quality of the silage. A recommended dose is 30% of MPH hay. Implications Adding MPH to silages is a way to reduce the negative impacts of this weed on pastures. However, further studies with the use of complementary additives are needed.
{"title":"Evaluation of strategies to improve the quality of Tanzania grass (Megathyrsus maximum) silage with increasing levels of mata-pasto hay (Senna obtusifolia)","authors":"Rosane C. Rodrigues, Bruno Eduardo Caxias Miranda, Edson Mauro Santos, F. N. Santos, E. Silva, Dilier Olivera-Viciedo, A. Zanine, R. Silva, Antônio Marcos Santos, Izakiel Reis Marinho, M. Teixeira","doi":"10.1071/cp23125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp23125","url":null,"abstract":"Context Seasonal variations between the rain and dry seasons are the main obstacle to agricultural productivity in tropical regions, making it essential to conserve surplus for periods of scarcity. One of the limiting factors in ensiling grasses is moisture, requiring the use of additives or withering. Using a mixture of grasses and legumes can be an alternative to balance the advantages and disadvantages of both in the ensiling process, and mata-pasto hay (MPH) can be an option. Aims This study evaluated different forms of Tanzania grass (Megathyrsus maximum) and MPH silages, as well as silages with increasing levels of MPH. Methods Silages of Tanzania grass and MPH in their natural form, as well as silages with increasing doses of MPH, were evaluated for nutritional value, degradability in situ. The microbiology was also evaluated. Key results Among the types of silages, natural MPH and wilted MPH were superior to natural Tanzania grass silage. The use of MPH in Tanzania grass silages improves fermentation processes, the population of beneficial microorganisms, resulting in better nutritional value of these silages. Conclusions Natural and wilted MPH hay silages are qualitatively better compared to natural Tanzania grass silage. Increasing doses of MPH improve the quality of the silage. A recommended dose is 30% of MPH hay. Implications Adding MPH to silages is a way to reduce the negative impacts of this weed on pastures. However, further studies with the use of complementary additives are needed.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"77 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140984639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naiyue Hu, Zhiqiang Gao, Wanqing Zhang, Chenghang Du, Yinghua Zhang, Zhigan Zhao, Zhimin Wang
Context The spike is a crucial organ for intercepting exogenous zinc (Zn) at the late growth stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the role of spikes in wheat biofortification has drawn little attention, and knowledge gaps exist with respect to absorption and translocation of exogenous Zn by wheat. Aims This study aims to determine the role of spikes in wheat biofortification when Zn is applied to the canopy, and to characterise the absorption and translocation of Zn applied to different wheat organs. Methods In two field experiments and one pot experiment, Zn was applied at different stages (heading or early filling stage) to the canopy or to different organs (flag leaf or spike), and Zn concentrations in various organs were determined. Zn interception, Zn absorption, recovery in grain, and translocation amount and rate were calculated. Key results With application to the canopy, the Zn interception rate of spikes was 13% at heading and 28% at early filling. Grain Zn concentration was improved by 17–33% under flag leaf Zn application and 30–37% under spike Zn application, with absorption accounting for 68–90% and 88–99% of Zn applied, respectively. Zn applied at heading was translocated throughout plants before anthesis, and then to spikes. Zn applied at early filling was entirely translocated to spikes. The amount of Zn translocated after flag leaf application and spike application accounted for 16–40% and 13–14% of absorbed Zn, respectively. Conclusions Spikes are critical for intercepting and absorbing exogenous Zn. The Zn absorbed by the spike was more effective for grain Zn biofortification than the Zn absorbed by the flag leaf. Implications The information generated from this study assists in understanding how wheat plants intercept, absorb and translocate Zn.
{"title":"Zinc interception and absorption in wheat spikes contribute significantly to grain zinc biofortification","authors":"Naiyue Hu, Zhiqiang Gao, Wanqing Zhang, Chenghang Du, Yinghua Zhang, Zhigan Zhao, Zhimin Wang","doi":"10.1071/cp23170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp23170","url":null,"abstract":"Context The spike is a crucial organ for intercepting exogenous zinc (Zn) at the late growth stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the role of spikes in wheat biofortification has drawn little attention, and knowledge gaps exist with respect to absorption and translocation of exogenous Zn by wheat. Aims This study aims to determine the role of spikes in wheat biofortification when Zn is applied to the canopy, and to characterise the absorption and translocation of Zn applied to different wheat organs. Methods In two field experiments and one pot experiment, Zn was applied at different stages (heading or early filling stage) to the canopy or to different organs (flag leaf or spike), and Zn concentrations in various organs were determined. Zn interception, Zn absorption, recovery in grain, and translocation amount and rate were calculated. Key results With application to the canopy, the Zn interception rate of spikes was 13% at heading and 28% at early filling. Grain Zn concentration was improved by 17–33% under flag leaf Zn application and 30–37% under spike Zn application, with absorption accounting for 68–90% and 88–99% of Zn applied, respectively. Zn applied at heading was translocated throughout plants before anthesis, and then to spikes. Zn applied at early filling was entirely translocated to spikes. The amount of Zn translocated after flag leaf application and spike application accounted for 16–40% and 13–14% of absorbed Zn, respectively. Conclusions Spikes are critical for intercepting and absorbing exogenous Zn. The Zn absorbed by the spike was more effective for grain Zn biofortification than the Zn absorbed by the flag leaf. Implications The information generated from this study assists in understanding how wheat plants intercept, absorb and translocate Zn.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura E. Goward, R. Haling, Rowan W. Smith, Beth Penrose, Richard J. Simpson
Context Reliable seed production is a key requirement for successful year-on-year regeneration of annual pasture legumes. Aims The study aims were to investigate the developmental patterns of flowers and pods and the effect on seed number among cultivars of French (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) and yellow serradella (O. compressus L.); and to assess the effects of early flower loss. Methods Four cultivars of each species were grown in a glasshouse under non-limiting growth conditions. Date of flowering and numbers of flowers, pods and seeds were assessed for up to 20 reproductive nodes on two stem axes per plant (n = 5 plants). A flower removal treatment was imposed to assess whether early flower loss affected flower and/or pod production. Key results Flowering in the serradellas was indeterminate, but for all cultivars there was a peak period of flower and pod production, with the timing and duration of the peak period differing among cultivars. Peak flowering occurred primarily because the proportion of plants flowering began to decline, but the number of flowers per reproductive node and the number of pods formed per node also declined with time. Compensation for early flower loss was observed for most cultivars because of a longer duration of pod formation and/or greater numbers of pods developed on higher reproductive nodes. Conclusions This study demonstrated that there is diversity in the patterns of flowering and podding and number of seeds initiated among serradellas. Implications Diversity in flowering and podding patterns combined with a capacity to compensate for early flower loss may be used to develop serradellas better able to cope with environmental stressors (frost, drought, heat) experienced during the flowering window.
{"title":"Developmental patterns of flowers and pods and the effect on seed number in French serradella (Ornithopus sativus) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) cultivars","authors":"Laura E. Goward, R. Haling, Rowan W. Smith, Beth Penrose, Richard J. Simpson","doi":"10.1071/cp23324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp23324","url":null,"abstract":"Context Reliable seed production is a key requirement for successful year-on-year regeneration of annual pasture legumes. Aims The study aims were to investigate the developmental patterns of flowers and pods and the effect on seed number among cultivars of French (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) and yellow serradella (O. compressus L.); and to assess the effects of early flower loss. Methods Four cultivars of each species were grown in a glasshouse under non-limiting growth conditions. Date of flowering and numbers of flowers, pods and seeds were assessed for up to 20 reproductive nodes on two stem axes per plant (n = 5 plants). A flower removal treatment was imposed to assess whether early flower loss affected flower and/or pod production. Key results Flowering in the serradellas was indeterminate, but for all cultivars there was a peak period of flower and pod production, with the timing and duration of the peak period differing among cultivars. Peak flowering occurred primarily because the proportion of plants flowering began to decline, but the number of flowers per reproductive node and the number of pods formed per node also declined with time. Compensation for early flower loss was observed for most cultivars because of a longer duration of pod formation and/or greater numbers of pods developed on higher reproductive nodes. Conclusions This study demonstrated that there is diversity in the patterns of flowering and podding and number of seeds initiated among serradellas. Implications Diversity in flowering and podding patterns combined with a capacity to compensate for early flower loss may be used to develop serradellas better able to cope with environmental stressors (frost, drought, heat) experienced during the flowering window.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"40 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141047294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Context Well-organised leaf architecture produces compact canopies and allows for greater sunlight penetration, higher photosynthetic rates, and thus greater yields. Breeding for enhanced leaf architecture of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), a key food source in semi-arid regions, benefits its overall production. Aims The study focuses on selecting useful genotypes with excellent leaf architecture for grain sorghum improvement. Methods In total, 185 sorghum genotypes were subjected to multi-environment trials. Leaf flagging-point length, leaf length, leaf width, leaf angle and leaf orientation value (LOV) were characterised under field conditions. Genotype + genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was used to identify the most stable genotypes with the highest LOV. Key results Statistical analysis showed significant effects of genotype × environment interaction (P < 0.001), and high broad-sense heritability for the traits. Correlation analysis demonstrated negative correlations (P < 0.001) between LOV and its components. Singular value decomposition of LOVs in the first two principal components explained 89.19% of the total variation. GGE biplot analysis identified G55 as the ideotype with the highest and most stable LOV. Conclusions Leaf architecture optimisation should be given greater attention. This study has identified a genotype with optimal and stable leaf architecture, laying the foundation for improvement in breeding to increase overall yields of sorghum. Implications Genotype G55 can be utilised as a parent with other parents that display economically important characteristics in breeding programs to produce offspring that can be planted densely to increase population yields. Genotypes identified with loose leaf architecture are useful in dissecting genes controlling leaf architecture by crossing with G55 to construct genetic mapping populations.
{"title":"Identification of superior genotypes for leaf architecture traits in Sorghum bicolor through GGE biplot analysis","authors":"Runfeng Wang, Yingxing Zhao, Hailian Wang, E. Chen, Feifei Li, Shaoming Huang, Ling Qin, Yan-bing Yang, Yan'an Guan, Bin Liu, Hua-wen Zhang","doi":"10.1071/cp23078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp23078","url":null,"abstract":"Context Well-organised leaf architecture produces compact canopies and allows for greater sunlight penetration, higher photosynthetic rates, and thus greater yields. Breeding for enhanced leaf architecture of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), a key food source in semi-arid regions, benefits its overall production. Aims The study focuses on selecting useful genotypes with excellent leaf architecture for grain sorghum improvement. Methods In total, 185 sorghum genotypes were subjected to multi-environment trials. Leaf flagging-point length, leaf length, leaf width, leaf angle and leaf orientation value (LOV) were characterised under field conditions. Genotype + genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was used to identify the most stable genotypes with the highest LOV. Key results Statistical analysis showed significant effects of genotype × environment interaction (P < 0.001), and high broad-sense heritability for the traits. Correlation analysis demonstrated negative correlations (P < 0.001) between LOV and its components. Singular value decomposition of LOVs in the first two principal components explained 89.19% of the total variation. GGE biplot analysis identified G55 as the ideotype with the highest and most stable LOV. Conclusions Leaf architecture optimisation should be given greater attention. This study has identified a genotype with optimal and stable leaf architecture, laying the foundation for improvement in breeding to increase overall yields of sorghum. Implications Genotype G55 can be utilised as a parent with other parents that display economically important characteristics in breeding programs to produce offspring that can be planted densely to increase population yields. Genotypes identified with loose leaf architecture are useful in dissecting genes controlling leaf architecture by crossing with G55 to construct genetic mapping populations.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"104 S110","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Stagnati, A. Lanubile, G. Soffritti, Paola Giorni, G. Rossi, A. Marocco, M. Busconi
Context Maize is a major crop in Italy and is constantly affected by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, producing ear rot and grain contamination by fumonisins. Finding new genotypes resistant to Fusarium infection is an important goal for the improvement of maize cultivation. Aims The objective of this work was to test a collection of 33 traditional landraces from the Emilia-Romagna (Italy) region for Fusarium ear rot (FER) severity, fumonisin content, and their agronomic performance. Methods Primary ears were artificially inoculated with a toxigenic strain of F. verticillioides in a 2-year experimental trial. The landrace ‘Nostrano di Storo’ and a commercial hybrid of FAO maturity class 300 were also included and used as comparisons representing a well-known and highly valued landrace and a modern flint hybrid, respectively. Key results The collection showed great phenotypic variability for all the agronomic traits assessed and responded differently to the Fusarium infection with percentages of FER ranging from 6.6% to 49.3%, and fumonisins from 4.3 mg/kg to 34.5 mg/kg. Thirteen and six landraces displayed FER percentages and fumonisin content very similar to the hybrid, respectively. Moreover, eight landraces exhibited grain yield values comparable to the hybrid. Interestingly, Va221, Va227 and EMR03 showed the best combination among these three traits. Conclusions This local material can be considered suitable for breeding purposes targeting the development of FER and fumonisin resistant germplasm. Implications The collection may represent a resource for future research aimed at evaluating the response to multiple pathogens and their associated mycotoxins.
{"title":"Phenotypic characterisation and evaluation of resistance to Fusarium ear rot, fumonisin contamination and agronomic traits in a collection of maize landraces","authors":"L. Stagnati, A. Lanubile, G. Soffritti, Paola Giorni, G. Rossi, A. Marocco, M. Busconi","doi":"10.1071/cp23080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp23080","url":null,"abstract":"Context Maize is a major crop in Italy and is constantly affected by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, producing ear rot and grain contamination by fumonisins. Finding new genotypes resistant to Fusarium infection is an important goal for the improvement of maize cultivation. Aims The objective of this work was to test a collection of 33 traditional landraces from the Emilia-Romagna (Italy) region for Fusarium ear rot (FER) severity, fumonisin content, and their agronomic performance. Methods Primary ears were artificially inoculated with a toxigenic strain of F. verticillioides in a 2-year experimental trial. The landrace ‘Nostrano di Storo’ and a commercial hybrid of FAO maturity class 300 were also included and used as comparisons representing a well-known and highly valued landrace and a modern flint hybrid, respectively. Key results The collection showed great phenotypic variability for all the agronomic traits assessed and responded differently to the Fusarium infection with percentages of FER ranging from 6.6% to 49.3%, and fumonisins from 4.3 mg/kg to 34.5 mg/kg. Thirteen and six landraces displayed FER percentages and fumonisin content very similar to the hybrid, respectively. Moreover, eight landraces exhibited grain yield values comparable to the hybrid. Interestingly, Va221, Va227 and EMR03 showed the best combination among these three traits. Conclusions This local material can be considered suitable for breeding purposes targeting the development of FER and fumonisin resistant germplasm. Implications The collection may represent a resource for future research aimed at evaluating the response to multiple pathogens and their associated mycotoxins.","PeriodicalId":517535,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140743736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：