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Disentangling Bare Nouns and Nominals Introduced by a Partitive Article 分词冠词引入的裸名词和名词辨析
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1163/9789004437500
D. Gerards, E. Stark, Tabea Ihsane
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引用次数: 9
SYNCRETISM AS PF-REPAIR: THE CASE OF SE-INSERTION IN SPANISH 作为pf修复的融合:西班牙语中自我插入的例子
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2012-04-17 DOI: 10.1108/S0092-4563(2012)0000038012
M. Pujalte, Andrés Saab
This chapter focuses on the mechanism that determines the distribution of clitic insertion (CL-insertion) in a set of well-known argument alternations in Spanish (reflexives, anticausatives, and passives/impersonals). We claim that a clitic is inserted post-syntactically when v([EXT ARG]) is not merged with a DP in the syntax. The absence of a Spec, vP is due to the lack of phi-features on C or v. By adapting Muller's (2010) proposal that Merge is induced by subcategorization features, we argue that these features must be discharged at the morphological level for well-formedness conditions. If some of these features are not satisfied in the syntax, CL-insertion applies as a repair strategy to remove the surviving subcategorization feature. This is precisely the case in the empirical domain with which we are concerned: a v([EXT ARG]) that is not merged with any DP in the syntax induces CL-insertion at PF as a last resort operation. Such an operation is subject to strict locality conditions that determine morphological visibility for cyclic computation (Embick, 2010; Marvin, 2002). We will show that a restrictive theory of CL-insertion not only derives the basic distribution of some argument alternations, but also accounts for why CL-insertion can rescue external arguments but not internal ones. If our approach is on the right track, it follows that the notion of argument structure should be considered as an epiphenomenon and not as primitive of grammatical theory.
本章重点讨论了在西班牙语中一系列著名的论元变化(反身句、反止句和被动语态/非人格)中,阴蒂插入语分布的决定机制。我们声称,当v([EXT ARG])没有与语法中的DP合并时,在语法后插入一个关键字。没有Spec, vP是由于C或v上缺乏phi-feature。通过采用Muller(2010)的建议,即合并是由子分类特征引起的,我们认为这些特征必须在形态水平上为格式良好的条件排出。如果语法不满足其中的某些特性,则应用cl插入作为修复策略来删除幸存的子分类特性。这正是我们所关注的经验领域的情况:在语法中没有与任何DP合并的v([EXT ARG])将在PF处插入cl作为最后的手段操作。这种操作受制于严格的局部条件,这些局部条件决定了循环计算的形态可见性(Embick, 2010;马文,2002)。我们将证明cl -插入的限制理论不仅推导出一些参数交替的基本分布,而且解释了为什么cl -插入可以挽救外部参数而不能挽救内部参数。如果我们的方法是正确的,那么论点结构的概念应该被视为一种附带现象,而不是语法理论的原始概念。
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引用次数: 20
8: On Geographical Adequacy, Or: How Many Types Of Subject Doubling In Dutch 论地理上的充分性,或:荷兰语中有多少种主语加倍
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2008-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/S0092-4563(08)36008-5
G. D. Vogelaer, M. Devos
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引用次数: 13
Microvariation in syntactic doubling 句法加倍的细微变化
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2008-10-17 DOI: 10.1163/9781848550216
S. Barbiers, O. Koeneman, M. Lekakou, M. Ham
Syntactic doubling is the phenomenon in which a constituent, i.e., a morphosyntactic feature, morpheme, word or phrase, is expressed two or more times within a clause. Since such duplicates are often redundant in that they do not contribute to semantic interpretation, the question arises as to why they are possible or necessary. This theoretical question becomes even more urgent in view of the fact that closely related language varieties such as the dialects of one dialect family often differ with respect to the possibility of doubling. This book puts together seventeen papers on microvariation in syntactic doubling that deal with such theoretical issues. They provide a rich overview of the syntactic doubling phenomena attested so far and of the theoretical analyses that are currently available.The syntactic doubling phenomena discussed include, among others, subject pronoun doubling, WH pronoun doubling, possessive pronoun doubling, clitic doubling, expletive subjects, tense, mood and aspect doubling, auxiliary doubling, preposition doubling and negation doubling. Language varieties discussed in this book include Afrikaans, Alemannic, Bavarian, Tyrolean German, dialects of Dutch, dialects of Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, colloquial Icelandic, colloquial Finnish, colloquial European and Brazilian Portuguese, Catalan, Argentinian Spanish, dialects of Italian, Rumanian, Albanian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Pontic, Macedonian and Modern Greek.
句法加倍是指一个成分,即一个形态句法特征、语素、单词或短语在一个子句中被表达两次或两次以上的现象。由于这种重复通常是多余的,因为它们对语义解释没有贡献,因此问题就出现了,为什么它们是可能的或必要的。考虑到密切相关的语言变体,如一个方言家族的方言,在双重可能性方面往往不同,这个理论问题变得更加紧迫。这本书汇集了17篇关于句法加倍的微变化的论文,这些论文处理了这些理论问题。它们提供了迄今为止已证实的句法加倍现象和目前可用的理论分析的丰富概述。讨论的句法加倍现象包括主语加倍、WH加倍、所有代词加倍、附语加倍、诅咒主语加倍、时态加倍、语气加倍、助词加倍、介词加倍和否定加倍。本书讨论的语言种类包括南非荷兰语、阿勒曼语、巴伐利亚语、蒂罗尔德语、荷兰方言、瑞典语、挪威语、丹麦语和法罗语方言、冰岛口语、芬兰语口语、欧洲和巴西葡萄牙语口语、加泰罗尼亚语、阿根廷西班牙语、意大利语、罗马尼亚语、阿尔巴尼亚语、保加利亚语、塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语、庞蒂克语、马其顿语和现代希腊语方言。
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引用次数: 52
Microvariation In Syntactic Doubling — An Introduction 句法加倍中的微变异——导论
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1163/9781848550216_002
S. Barbiers
The syntax of natural language can be defined as the set of rules or principles according to which morphosyntactic features are combined into morphemes, morphemes into words, words into phrases, and phrases into sentences. From this point of view, syntactic doubling is an unexpected phenomenon. In syntactic doubling, a constituent (i.e., a morphosyntactic feature, morpheme, word, or phrase) is expressed two or more times. Modern syntactic research has primarily focused on idealized idiolects, often standard languages. Doubling in adjectival phrases is found in comparative and superlative constructions. Preposition doubling is found in many language varieties. In wh-pronoun doubling a wh-constituent is doubled by another wh-constituent. In some languages, focus particles such as just, only, already, even can double. One function of doubling that has been suggested now and then in the literature is reinforcement of a phonetically weak or weakened element. Keywords: modern syntactic research; morpheme; morphosyntactic features; syntactic doubling; wh-constituent
自然语言的句法可以被定义为一组规则或原则,根据这些规则或原则,语素、语素、词、短语和句子被组合在一起。从这个角度来看,句法加倍是一种意想不到的现象。在句法加倍中,一个组成部分(即一个形态句法特征、语素、单词或短语)被表达两次或两次以上。现代句法研究主要集中在理想化的惯用语上,通常是标准语言。形容词短语中的双关语出现在比较级和最高级结构中。介词加倍在许多语言变体中都存在。在“wh-代词加倍”中,一个“wh”成分被另一个“wh”成分加倍。在某些语言中,诸如just、only、already、even这样的焦点词可以翻倍。在文献中经常提到的加倍的一个功能是强化语音较弱或弱化的元素。关键词:现代句法研究;语素;morphosyntactic功能;语法翻倍;wh-constituent
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引用次数: 20
Syntactic computation as labelled deduction: WH a case study 作为标记演绎的句法计算:一个案例研究
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1163/9781849500098_010
Ruth Kempson, W. Meyer-Viol, D. Gabbay
This paper addresses the question "Why do WH phenomena occur with the particular cluster of properties observed across languages -- long-distance dependencies, WH-in situ, partial movement constructions, reconstruction, crossover etc." These phenomena have been analysed by invoking a number of discrete principles and categories, but have so far resisted a unified treatment. The explanation proposed is set within a model of natural language understanding in context, where the task of understanding is taken to be the incremental building of a structure over which the semantic content is defined. The formal model is a composite of a labelled type-deduction system, a modal tree logic, and a set of rules for describing the process of interpreting the string as a set of transition states. A dynamic concept of syntax results, in which in addition to an output structure associated with each string (analogous to the level of LF), there is in addition an explicit meta-level description of the process whereby this incremental process takes place. This paper argues that WH-related phenomena can be unified by adopting this dynamic perspective. The main focus of the paper is on WH-initial structures, WH in situ structures, partial movement phenomena, and crossover phenomena. In each case, an analysis is proposed which emerges from the general characterisatioan of WH structures without construction-specific stipulation.Article
本文解决了“为什么在不同语言中观察到的特殊属性——远距离依赖、原位语义、部分运动结构、重建、交叉等——会发生语义现象”这一问题。这些现象已经通过援引一些离散的原则和范畴来分析,但迄今为止还没有统一的处理方法。提出的解释是在上下文中的自然语言理解模型中设置的,其中理解任务被认为是在定义语义内容的结构上的增量构建。形式模型是由标记的类型演绎系统、模态树逻辑和一组用于描述将字符串解释为一组过渡状态的过程的规则组成的。动态语法概念的结果是,除了与每个字符串相关联的输出结构(类似于LF级别)之外,还有一个明确的元级别描述,用于描述这个增量过程。本文认为,采用这一动态视角可以统一与卫生有关的现象。本文的研究重点是钨钨初始结构、钨钨原位结构、局部运动现象和交叉现象。在每种情况下,都提出了一种分析,这种分析来自于没有具体建筑规定的WH结构的一般特征。文章
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引用次数: 4
Logophoricity, attitudes, and Ziji at the interface 字意、态度、字际界面
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1163/9781849508742_006
C. J. Huang, C. L. Liu
Long-distance reflexives (LDRs) are those that have their antecedents outside their governing categories. This chapter focuses on important evidence exists for treating the LDR as a logophor subject to pragmatic conditions, thus that the pure syntactic account is incorrect. It examines a clustering of properties which presented difficulties for the pure syntactic account and show that they lend themselves to a natural explanation we shall provide in logophoric terms. The chapter then shows that a pure pragmatic account is also incorrect, as there exists evidence that certain occurrences of the reflexive must be treated as syntactic anaphors subject to formal binding requirements. It then takes up the syntax and semantics of logophoricity, adopting an LF syntax involving IF-adjunction as originally proposed in Huang and Tang, and a semantics of de se attitudes a la Chierchia, and provide a brief comparison with Pan. Keywords: attitudes; logophoricity; long-distance reflexives (LDRs); semantics; syntax; ziji
远距离反射(ldr)是指那些在其支配范畴之外有其前身的反射。本章重点关注存在的重要证据,这些证据表明,将LDR视为受语用条件限制的词项,因此纯粹的句法解释是不正确的。它考察了一组属性,这些属性给纯语法解释带来了困难,并表明它们适合于我们将在词汇术语中提供的自然解释。然后,本章表明,纯粹的语用解释也是不正确的,因为有证据表明,某些反身性的出现必须被视为受正式约束要求约束的句法类比。在此基础上,本文采用了黄、唐等人最初提出的包含IF-adjunction的LF句法和de se attitudes a la Chierchia语义,并与潘氏进行了简要比较。关键词:态度;logophoricity;远距离反射;语义;语法;ziji
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引用次数: 197
Word order constraints on verb clusters in German and Dutch 德语和荷兰语动词簇的词序约束
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1163/9780585492223_003
G. Bouma, Gertjan van Noord
There is a broad concensus among researchers working within the paradigm of HPSG that complement inheritance of the kind proposed in Hinrichs andNakazawa (1989; 1994) is an essential operation in the analysis of the verb cluster in German and Dutch. Both languages have a class of verbs (including auxiliaries andmodals) that subcategorize for a (possibly) unsaturated verbal complement, and for all the complements on the COMPS-list of this verbal complement. Most analyses of German have assumed that these complement inheritance verbs combine with their verbal complements to form a phrase consisting of (lexical) verbs only. This phrase is usually referred to as the verbal complex. In this paper, we argue that the word order of German as well as Dutch verb clusters can be accounted for without introducing a verbal complex. Our analysis rests on the assumption that a single HEAD-COMPLEMENT schema exists, which licences phrases consisting of a lexical head and an arbitrary number of its complements. This schema allows a complement inheritance verb to combine with its verbal complement, as well as the complements of this complement, in one step. A consequence of this analysis is that there is no room within the verb phrase for partial VPs or a verbal complex. The advantage of such an account is that there is no need to distinguish between a rule schema for verbal complexes and for (partial) VPs. Furthermore, a ‘flat VP’ implies that phrase structure does not impose any constraints on word order. Therefore, the full range of word order possibilities found in German and Dutch verb clusters is captured by a single schema. Of course, the main challenge for this ‘flat VP’ analysis is to demonstrate that it can do so without leading to vast overgeneration. This is the main topic of the current paper. In the next section, we introduce the German data and discuss the analysis of Hinrichs and Nakazawa (1989; 1994) as well as a number of related approaches. Next, we present our analysis of German. It uses a general HEAD-COMPLEMENT schema in conjunction with linear precedence statements. We demonstrate that the proposed set of LP-statements accounts for all ordering possibilities encountered in the German verb cluster. Furthermore, we argue that our analysis leads to an improved account of partial VP fronting (Nerbonne, 1994). The account toword order adopted here, is considerably more sophisticated than the proposal in van Noord and Bouma (1996), in which an account of the Dutch verb cluster was presented which relied primarily on ordering in terms of obliqueness. In section 4, we demonstrate that the improvements thatwere necessary in order to account forGermanalso lead to a smootheraccount of some of the more problematic Dutch data.
在HPSG范式内工作的研究人员之间有一个广泛的共识,即补充Hinrichs和nakazawa (1989;1994)是分析德语和荷兰语动词簇的重要操作。两种语言都有一类动词(包括助动词和情态动词),这些动词(包括助动词和情态动词)是(可能)不饱和动词补语的子类,也是comps列表中这种动词补语的所有补语。大多数对德语的分析都假设这些补语继承动词与它们的动词性补语结合在一起,形成一个仅由(词汇)动词组成的短语。这个短语通常被称为动词复合体。在本文中,我们认为德语和荷兰语动词簇的词序可以在不引入动词复合体的情况下解释。我们的分析基于一个单一的头-补语图式存在的假设,它允许短语由词头和任意数量的补语组成。这个模式允许补语继承动词与它的动词补语以及这个补语的补语在一个步骤中结合起来。这种分析的结果是,动词短语中没有部分vp或动词复合体的空间。这种描述的优点是不需要区分用于动词复合体和(部分)副总裁的规则模式。此外,“平面VP”意味着短语结构对词序没有任何限制。因此,在德语和荷兰语动词簇中发现的所有词序可能性都被一个模式捕获。当然,这种“扁平VP”分析的主要挑战是证明它可以在不导致大量过度生成的情况下这样做。这是本论文的主要课题。在下一节中,我们将介绍德国的数据,并讨论Hinrichs和Nakazawa (1989;1994年)以及一些相关的方法。接下来,我们对德语进行分析。它使用一般的HEAD-COMPLEMENT模式和线性优先语句。我们证明了所提出的lp语句集解释了在德语动词簇中遇到的所有排序可能性。此外,我们认为,我们的分析导致了对部分副总裁正面的改进(Nerbonne, 1994)。这里采用的词序解释,比van Noord和Bouma(1996)的建议要复杂得多,van Noord和Bouma(1996)提出了荷兰语动词簇的描述,主要依赖于斜向排序。在第4节中,我们证明了为了解释德国而进行的必要改进也导致了对一些更有问题的荷兰数据的平滑描述。
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引用次数: 43
Where is syntax? Syntactic aspects of left dislocation in Dutch and English 语法在哪里?荷兰语和英语中左错位的句法方面
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1163/9789004373167_014
C. Zwart
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引用次数: 22
Discontinuity, Multidominance, and Unbounded Dependency in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar : Some Preliminaries in Discontinuous Constituency. 广义短语结构语法中的不连续、多优势和无界依赖:关于不连续选区的一些初步探讨。
4区 人文科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 1987-12-26 DOI: 10.1163/9789004373204_011
A. Ojeda
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引用次数: 20
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Syntax and Semantics
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