Police-issued penalty notices were heavily relied upon to deter and punish breaches of emergency restrictions in the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This article critically examines the use of penalty notices in this context and explores the implications for our understanding of contemporary criminalisation practices. The origins, drivers and existing theoretical accounts of penalty notice regimes are first examined. Attention is drawn to their often overlooked disruptive and punitive effects in the domains of public order policing and administrative fines enforcement. Against this background, a case study of the COVID-19 Delta variant outbreak in New South Wales, Australia is presented. This case study exemplifies the substantial discretionary, penal and quasi-judicial functions ceded to police and state debt recovery agencies through modern penalty notice regimes. It exemplifies the ‘chameleon criminalisation’ enacted by penalty notices. Despite appearing transactional and benign, ‘on-the-spot’ fines subtly expand executive power and disproportionately penalise the most vulnerable and marginalised.
{"title":"Penalty Notices, Policing and Executive Discretion: Examining the Nature and Effects of Criminalisation in the COVID-19 Pandemic Response","authors":"Sean Mabin","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.2952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2952","url":null,"abstract":"Police-issued penalty notices were heavily relied upon to deter and punish breaches of emergency restrictions in the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This article critically examines the use of penalty notices in this context and explores the implications for our understanding of contemporary criminalisation practices. The origins, drivers and existing theoretical accounts of penalty notice regimes are first examined. Attention is drawn to their often overlooked disruptive and punitive effects in the domains of public order policing and administrative fines enforcement. Against this background, a case study of the COVID-19 Delta variant outbreak in New South Wales, Australia is presented. This case study exemplifies the substantial discretionary, penal and quasi-judicial functions ceded to police and state debt recovery agencies through modern penalty notice regimes. It exemplifies the ‘chameleon criminalisation’ enacted by penalty notices. Despite appearing transactional and benign, ‘on-the-spot’ fines subtly expand executive power and disproportionately penalise the most vulnerable and marginalised.","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89678100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russell Hogg reviews Stuart Hall, Conjunctural Analysis and Cultural Criminology – A Missed Moment by Tony Jefferson
罗素·霍格评论了斯图尔特·霍尔的《结合分析与文化犯罪学——托尼·杰斐逊错过的时刻》
{"title":"Tony Jefferson (2021) Stuart Hall, Conjunctural Analysis and Cultural Criminology – A Missed Moment. Palgrave Macmillan","authors":"R. Hogg","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.3030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.3030","url":null,"abstract":"Russell Hogg reviews Stuart Hall, Conjunctural Analysis and Cultural Criminology – A Missed Moment by Tony Jefferson","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82857625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Until recently, a historical conviction for a homosexual offence remained on an individual’s criminal record until expungement legislation was enacted to facilitate such convictions to be spent. An analysis of parliamentary debates in New Zealand/Aotearoa and across Australia highlights the aim and opinions of lawmakers in their desire to bring about a therapeutic remedy to address the ‘criminal stain’ of a conviction for a historical homosexual offence. Along with the aim to remedy the effect of a conviction, parliaments used the law reform debate as a broader therapeutic project of inclusiveness for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ) communities. The success of expungement is evidenced by the passing of legislation, with most applications to expunge granted. These positive outcomes are countered by a low number of applications to expunge, a refusal by all governments to provide reparations and the use of expungement legislation to garner favour with all members of LGBTIQ communities—a move open to an accusation of government virtue signalling.
{"title":"Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Homosexual Expungement Law: Lessons from Australia and New Zealand/Aotearoa","authors":"A. George","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.2701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2701","url":null,"abstract":"Until recently, a historical conviction for a homosexual offence remained on an individual’s criminal record until expungement legislation was enacted to facilitate such convictions to be spent. An analysis of parliamentary debates in New Zealand/Aotearoa and across Australia highlights the aim and opinions of lawmakers in their desire to bring about a therapeutic remedy to address the ‘criminal stain’ of a conviction for a historical homosexual offence. Along with the aim to remedy the effect of a conviction, parliaments used the law reform debate as a broader therapeutic project of inclusiveness for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ) communities. The success of expungement is evidenced by the passing of legislation, with most applications to expunge granted. These positive outcomes are countered by a low number of applications to expunge, a refusal by all governments to provide reparations and the use of expungement legislation to garner favour with all members of LGBTIQ communities—a move open to an accusation of government virtue signalling.","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"286 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72407323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruno Truzzi, V. S. Lirio, L. Cardoso, Daniel Cerqueira, Danilo Santa Cruz Coelho
In Brazil, young Black males are far more likely to experience criminal violence (e.g., homicide, police lethality and assault) than young White males. However, race might also affect the ex-post scenario; that is, Blacks and Whites may go to the police seeking solutions against criminal violence with different probabilities. In this paper, we identified and quantified the sources of the racial differential in accessing justice between Blacks and Whites in Brazil. Using microdata from the Brazilian Household Survey, we used the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to isolate the discriminatory component from social indicators correlated with access to justice. We found that structural attributes explain only part (around 60%) of the racial differential in accessing justice. A significant portion of the discrepancy (at least 40%) provides evidence of racial discrimination. In addition, the spatial dynamics revealed that the Northeast region of Brazil presents the most discriminatory scenario in the country, a region historically characterised by higher social inequalities and violent mortality.
{"title":"Racial Discrimination in Access to Justice: Evidence from Brazil","authors":"Bruno Truzzi, V. S. Lirio, L. Cardoso, Daniel Cerqueira, Danilo Santa Cruz Coelho","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.2289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2289","url":null,"abstract":"In Brazil, young Black males are far more likely to experience criminal violence (e.g., homicide, police lethality and assault) than young White males. However, race might also affect the ex-post scenario; that is, Blacks and Whites may go to the police seeking solutions against criminal violence with different probabilities. In this paper, we identified and quantified the sources of the racial differential in accessing justice between Blacks and Whites in Brazil. Using microdata from the Brazilian Household Survey, we used the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to isolate the discriminatory component from social indicators correlated with access to justice. We found that structural attributes explain only part (around 60%) of the racial differential in accessing justice. A significant portion of the discrepancy (at least 40%) provides evidence of racial discrimination. In addition, the spatial dynamics revealed that the Northeast region of Brazil presents the most discriminatory scenario in the country, a region historically characterised by higher social inequalities and violent mortality.","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83217879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eddie Fraser reviews Gender, Religion, Extremism: Finding Women in Anti-Radicalization by Katherine E Brown.
埃迪·弗雷泽评论了凯瑟琳·E·布朗的《性别、宗教、极端主义:在反激进主义中寻找女性》。
{"title":"Katherine E. Brown (2020) Gender, Religion, Extremism: Finding Women in Anti-Radicalization. New York: Oxford University Press","authors":"Eddie Fraser","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.2949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2949","url":null,"abstract":"Eddie Fraser reviews Gender, Religion, Extremism: Finding Women in Anti-Radicalization by Katherine E Brown.","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90954943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Miller, Clare Farmer, Narelle Robertson, Ashlee Curtis, Nicholas Taylor, Kerri Coomber, Cheneal Puljevic, Dominique De Andrade, Richelle Mayshak, Ryan Baldwin, Robin Room, Brittany Patafio, Jason Ferris
This study explored stakeholder experiences and attitudes regarding the use of ID scanners in licensed venues in Queensland, Australia. In July 2017, the Queensland Government introduced mandatory, networked ID scanners in licensed venues within designated nightlife districts (SNPs). After 10pm, people seeking to enter late-night licensed venues must provide identification, which is verified by the scanner. The scanner also checks whether the patron has any recorded banning notice/s that may preclude entry into the venue. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 66 key stakeholders and analysed using thematic analysis. Stakeholders reported that ID scanners support the enforcement of patron bans. Their mandated use within SNPs allows for accurate and timely identification of patrons, and may offer benefits with respect to reducing and solving crime, and improving patron behaviours. Some concerns were expressed regarding data privacy and the need to ensure procedural fairness and consistent use. Overall, the study highlighted the importance of ongoing monitoring and refining of ID scanner policy, particularly with respect to where and when scanners are used.
{"title":"Mandatory Networked ID Scanners in Nightlife Precincts Across Queensland, Australia: Key Stakeholder Perspectives on Policy and Practice","authors":"Peter Miller, Clare Farmer, Narelle Robertson, Ashlee Curtis, Nicholas Taylor, Kerri Coomber, Cheneal Puljevic, Dominique De Andrade, Richelle Mayshak, Ryan Baldwin, Robin Room, Brittany Patafio, Jason Ferris","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.2674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2674","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored stakeholder experiences and attitudes regarding the use of ID scanners in licensed venues in Queensland, Australia. In July 2017, the Queensland Government introduced mandatory, networked ID scanners in licensed venues within designated nightlife districts (SNPs). After 10pm, people seeking to enter late-night licensed venues must provide identification, which is verified by the scanner. The scanner also checks whether the patron has any recorded banning notice/s that may preclude entry into the venue. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 66 key stakeholders and analysed using thematic analysis. Stakeholders reported that ID scanners support the enforcement of patron bans. Their mandated use within SNPs allows for accurate and timely identification of patrons, and may offer benefits with respect to reducing and solving crime, and improving patron behaviours. Some concerns were expressed regarding data privacy and the need to ensure procedural fairness and consistent use. Overall, the study highlighted the importance of ongoing monitoring and refining of ID scanner policy, particularly with respect to where and when scanners are used.","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135138636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gina Masterton, Mark Brady, Natalie Watson-Brown, Teresa Senserrick, Kieran Tranter
In Australia, one significant cause of the imprisonment and disadvantage of First Nations people relates to transport injustice. First Nations people face obstacles in becoming lawful road users, particularly in relation to acquiring driver licences, with driving unlicensed a common pathway into the criminal justice system. This paper identifies that while some programs focus on increasing driver licensing for First Nations people, there are significant limitations in terms of coverage and access. Further, very few diversionary or support programs proactively address the intersection between First Nations people’s driver licensing and the criminal justice system. Nevertheless, it is argued that scope does exist within some state and territory criminal justice programs to enhance transport justice by assisting First Nations people to secure driver licensing. This paper highlights the need for accessible, available and culturally safe driver licencing support programs in First Nations communities led by First Nations people.
{"title":"Driver Licences, Diversionary Programs and Transport Justice for First Nations Peoples in Australia","authors":"Gina Masterton, Mark Brady, Natalie Watson-Brown, Teresa Senserrick, Kieran Tranter","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.2641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2641","url":null,"abstract":"In Australia, one significant cause of the imprisonment and disadvantage of First Nations people relates to transport injustice. First Nations people face obstacles in becoming lawful road users, particularly in relation to acquiring driver licences, with driving unlicensed a common pathway into the criminal justice system. This paper identifies that while some programs focus on increasing driver licensing for First Nations people, there are significant limitations in terms of coverage and access. Further, very few diversionary or support programs proactively address the intersection between First Nations people’s driver licensing and the criminal justice system. Nevertheless, it is argued that scope does exist within some state and territory criminal justice programs to enhance transport justice by assisting First Nations people to secure driver licensing. This paper highlights the need for accessible, available and culturally safe driver licencing support programs in First Nations communities led by First Nations people.","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136066011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 3 September 2015, Mexican immigration authorities detained four Indigenous Tzeltal Mexicans who were travelling by bus to the northern state of Sonora. Despite identifying themselves as Mexican citizens, the authorities considered their documents false, and they were detained for nine days until their identities were certified. The Mexican State took four years to acknowledge publicly and apologise for this arbitrary detention. Similarly, in 2017, a 39‑year‑old man born in Oaxaca, living in the streets of Puebla after being deported by the United States Government, was detained for being ‘identified’ as a Salvadorian citizen by Mexican authorities. However, it would be a mistake to consider these cases an exception or anomaly in the Mexican Transit Control Regime. Drawing on statistical and archival information from 2010 to 2020, as well as semi-structured interviews conducted in 2021, in this article, we examine the arbitrary detention of Mexican citizens by Mexican immigration authorities. We highlight the multiple rights violated, question how these detentions have been framed in the official discourse and examine the outcome of these detentions. Our analysis sheds light on the racialisation of migration control in Mexico.
{"title":"Arbitrary Detention of Mexican Citizens by Mexican Immigration Authorities","authors":"Amalia Campos-Delgado, Guillermo Yrizar Barbosa","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.2890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2890","url":null,"abstract":"On 3 September 2015, Mexican immigration authorities detained four Indigenous Tzeltal Mexicans who were travelling by bus to the northern state of Sonora. Despite identifying themselves as Mexican citizens, the authorities considered their documents false, and they were detained for nine days until their identities were certified. The Mexican State took four years to acknowledge publicly and apologise for this arbitrary detention. Similarly, in 2017, a 39‑year‑old man born in Oaxaca, living in the streets of Puebla after being deported by the United States Government, was detained for being ‘identified’ as a Salvadorian citizen by Mexican authorities. However, it would be a mistake to consider these cases an exception or anomaly in the Mexican Transit Control Regime. Drawing on statistical and archival information from 2010 to 2020, as well as semi-structured interviews conducted in 2021, in this article, we examine the arbitrary detention of Mexican citizens by Mexican immigration authorities. We highlight the multiple rights violated, question how these detentions have been framed in the official discourse and examine the outcome of these detentions. Our analysis sheds light on the racialisation of migration control in Mexico.","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85512368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the role of the Israeli border in the process of criminalising Palestinians. Defining Israel in contrast to the Arab ‘terrorists’, waiting to attack, necessitates a grand, looming settler- colonial border and the sequestration of an entire population behind a manufactured prison. The justification for this form of border ‘control’ is made possible by the historic truths established by the West in the colonial era. The paper outlines this understanding of Arabs as a ‘bestial’, ‘bellicose’ group that thrives in conflict situations. It moves on to note that the consequence of this characterisation is the global, all-encompassing understanding of the Arab threat. It finally narrows the border wall down as an Israeli tool of segregation, justified by understandings of a racialised, ‘threatening Arab’. The Israeli ‘defence’ of its borders will be reimagined from a Southern perspective as an oppressive system of segregation justified by the ways in which Arabs have historically been constructed.
{"title":"Criminalising Palestinians: History and Borders in the Construction of the Palestinian Threat","authors":"Marya Al-Hindi","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.2888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2888","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the role of the Israeli border in the process of criminalising Palestinians. Defining Israel in contrast to the Arab ‘terrorists’, waiting to attack, necessitates a grand, looming settler- colonial border and the sequestration of an entire population behind a manufactured prison. The justification for this form of border ‘control’ is made possible by the historic truths established by the West in the colonial era. The paper outlines this understanding of Arabs as a ‘bestial’, ‘bellicose’ group that thrives in conflict situations. It moves on to note that the consequence of this characterisation is the global, all-encompassing understanding of the Arab threat. It finally narrows the border wall down as an Israeli tool of segregation, justified by understandings of a racialised, ‘threatening Arab’. The Israeli ‘defence’ of its borders will be reimagined from a Southern perspective as an oppressive system of segregation justified by the ways in which Arabs have historically been constructed.","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81134112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article seeks to expand debates about Southernising border criminology to include an ontological dimension. In the context of increasingly technological border control practices, critical analysis of the global circuits of mobility control requires explicit theorisation of the ontological status of humans vis-a-vis their material environment. Such theorisation can also imbue border criminology scholarship with a radical democratic openness to Southern worldviews by destabilising traditional Northern forms of knowledge production about borders and migration. To this end, I synthesise insights from the framework of performativity and the philosophical tradition of pragmatism to propose a framework for analysing the deployment of novel border control technologies in the Global South. The resultant framework challenges state-centric and Northern-centric perspectives on crimmigration control by foregrounding Southern agency and explicitly challenging technicist framings of border control technologies that represent these tools as neutral technical components within a broader global system of state-based ‘migration management’.
{"title":"Performativity, Pragmatism and Border Control Technologies: Democratising the Ontologies of Border Criminology","authors":"Samuel Singler","doi":"10.5204/ijcjsd.2893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2893","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to expand debates about Southernising border criminology to include an ontological dimension. In the context of increasingly technological border control practices, critical analysis of the global circuits of mobility control requires explicit theorisation of the ontological status of humans vis-a-vis their material environment. Such theorisation can also imbue border criminology scholarship with a radical democratic openness to Southern worldviews by destabilising traditional Northern forms of knowledge production about borders and migration. To this end, I synthesise insights from the framework of performativity and the philosophical tradition of pragmatism to propose a framework for analysing the deployment of novel border control technologies in the Global South. The resultant framework challenges state-centric and Northern-centric perspectives on crimmigration control by foregrounding Southern agency and explicitly challenging technicist framings of border control technologies that represent these tools as neutral technical components within a broader global system of state-based ‘migration management’.","PeriodicalId":51781,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75152400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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