Rahaini Mohd Said, R. Sallehuddin, Norhaizan Mohamed Radzi, W. W. Wan Ali, Mohamad Ridzuan Mohamad Kamal
The cooling-slope (CS) casting technique is one of the simple semi-solid processing (SSP) processes a foundryman uses to produce the feedstock. This study attempts to develop mathematical regression models and optimise the CS parameters process for predicting optimal feedstock performance, which utilises tensile strength and impact strength to reduce the number of experimental runs and material wastage. This study considers several parameters, including pouring temperature, pouring distance, and slanting angles for producing quality feedstock. Hence, multi-objective optimisation (MOO) techniques using computational approaches utilised alongside the caster while deciding to design are applied to help produce faster and more accurate output. The experiment was performed based on the full factorial design (FFD). Then, mathematical regression models were developed from the data obtained and implemented as an objective function equation in the MOO optimisation process. In this study, MOO named multi-objective Jaya (MOJaya) was improved in terms of hybrid MOJaya and inertia weight with archive K-Nearest Neighbor (MOiJaya-aKNN) algorithm. The proposed algorithm was improved in terms of the search process and archive selection to achieve a better feedstock performance through the CS. The study’s findings showed that the values of tensile and impact strengths from MOiJaya_aKNN are close to the experiment values. The results show that the hybrid MOJaya has improved the prediction of feedstock using optimal CS parameters.
{"title":"Modelling and Optimisation of Cooling-slope Parameters of Magnesium AZ91D using Improvement Multi-Objective Jaya Approach for Predicted Feedstock Performance","authors":"Rahaini Mohd Said, R. Sallehuddin, Norhaizan Mohamed Radzi, W. W. Wan Ali, Mohamad Ridzuan Mohamad Kamal","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"The cooling-slope (CS) casting technique is one of the simple semi-solid processing (SSP) processes a foundryman uses to produce the feedstock. This study attempts to develop mathematical regression models and optimise the CS parameters process for predicting optimal feedstock performance, which utilises tensile strength and impact strength to reduce the number of experimental runs and material wastage. This study considers several parameters, including pouring temperature, pouring distance, and slanting angles for producing quality feedstock. Hence, multi-objective optimisation (MOO) techniques using computational approaches utilised alongside the caster while deciding to design are applied to help produce faster and more accurate output. The experiment was performed based on the full factorial design (FFD). Then, mathematical regression models were developed from the data obtained and implemented as an objective function equation in the MOO optimisation process. In this study, MOO named multi-objective Jaya (MOJaya) was improved in terms of hybrid MOJaya and inertia weight with archive K-Nearest Neighbor (MOiJaya-aKNN) algorithm. The proposed algorithm was improved in terms of the search process and archive selection to achieve a better feedstock performance through the CS. The study’s findings showed that the values of tensile and impact strengths from MOiJaya_aKNN are close to the experiment values. The results show that the hybrid MOJaya has improved the prediction of feedstock using optimal CS parameters.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140283993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Primadiyanti Nirbita, K. Chan, Gregory Soon How Thien, C. Lee
Vertical farming, including hydroponics, is a growing trend in the agricultural sector due to the increasing demand for food and urbanisation. Thus, hydroponics can save space and achieve faster plant growth compared to traditional farming methods. The concept of smart farming has been applied in this study to improve the ease of control and monitoring of hydroponic systems. The effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), light distance, and colour (purple and white) on water spinach growth in a hydroponic system were investigated. Additionally, an Internet of Things (IoT) controller was developed and implemented to facilitate the use of the system in an indoor hydroponic-based environment system. Based on the results, the distance between the LED light of 15 cm and the plants and the colour of the LED light (white) can positively impact plant growth in a hydroponic system. Using an IoT controller also allows for continuous monitoring and control of factors that influence plant growth. Hence, this research would catalyse the local smart hydroponic farming system for improved deliverables.
由于食品需求和城市化进程的不断增长，包括水培在内的垂直耕作在农业领域呈现出日益增长的趋势。因此，与传统耕作方法相比，水培法既能节省空间，又能加快植物生长。本研究应用了智能农业的概念，以提高水培系统控制和监测的便利性。研究了发光二极管（LED）、光距和颜色（紫色和白色）对水培系统中蕹菜生长的影响。此外，还开发并实施了一个物联网（IoT）控制器，以方便在室内水培环境系统中使用该系统。根据研究结果，LED 灯与植物之间 15 厘米的距离以及 LED 灯的颜色（白色）会对水培系统中植物的生长产生积极影响。使用物联网控制器还可以对影响植物生长的因素进行持续监测和控制。因此，这项研究将促进本地智能水培耕作系统的发展，从而提高成果。
{"title":"Smart Hydroponic Farming System Integrated with LED Grow Lights","authors":"Primadiyanti Nirbita, K. Chan, Gregory Soon How Thien, C. Lee","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical farming, including hydroponics, is a growing trend in the agricultural sector due to the increasing demand for food and urbanisation. Thus, hydroponics can save space and achieve faster plant growth compared to traditional farming methods. The concept of smart farming has been applied in this study to improve the ease of control and monitoring of hydroponic systems. The effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), light distance, and colour (purple and white) on water spinach growth in a hydroponic system were investigated. Additionally, an Internet of Things (IoT) controller was developed and implemented to facilitate the use of the system in an indoor hydroponic-based environment system. Based on the results, the distance between the LED light of 15 cm and the plants and the colour of the LED light (white) can positively impact plant growth in a hydroponic system. Using an IoT controller also allows for continuous monitoring and control of factors that influence plant growth. Hence, this research would catalyse the local smart hydroponic farming system for improved deliverables.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":" 36","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Afiqah Hani Abdul Rashid, R. Shamsudin, S. H. Ariffin, W. Z. @. Zainol @ Abdullah, Puteri Nurain Megat Ahmad Azman
Dabai fruit is an exotic and seasonal fruit in Sarawak. Among the varieties available, the Song variety was chosen due to better taste and high demand amongst local consumers. This study determined the physical properties of dabai (Song variety) at three different fractions: whole fruit, nut, and kernel. According to the results, whole fruit had the highest values in geometric mean diameter (27.86 mm), volume (12.70 cm3), mass (13.89 g), surface area (2442.60 mm2) and angle of repose (39.06°) when compared to nut and kernel. Bulk density of dabai nut reached the highest with the value of 0.63 gcm-3. Kernel had the highest percentage of porosity (80.50) compared to others. The correlations of physical properties between whole fruit, nut and kernel were further analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The findings can potentially be useful in the design of handling and processing equipment.
{"title":"Physical Properties of Full-ripe Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum miq. Variety Song) at Different Fractions","authors":"Nur Afiqah Hani Abdul Rashid, R. Shamsudin, S. H. Ariffin, W. Z. @. Zainol @ Abdullah, Puteri Nurain Megat Ahmad Azman","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Dabai fruit is an exotic and seasonal fruit in Sarawak. Among the varieties available, the Song variety was chosen due to better taste and high demand amongst local consumers. This study determined the physical properties of dabai (Song variety) at three different fractions: whole fruit, nut, and kernel. According to the results, whole fruit had the highest values in geometric mean diameter (27.86 mm), volume (12.70 cm3), mass (13.89 g), surface area (2442.60 mm2) and angle of repose (39.06°) when compared to nut and kernel. Bulk density of dabai nut reached the highest with the value of 0.63 gcm-3. Kernel had the highest percentage of porosity (80.50) compared to others. The correlations of physical properties between whole fruit, nut and kernel were further analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The findings can potentially be useful in the design of handling and processing equipment.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":" 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naji Saleh, N. Azis, J. Jasni, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. Talib
This study evaluates the Loss-of-Life (LOL) based on the modified relative aging rate of an Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) transformer with voltage and power ratings of 132/33 kV and 60 MVA. The study’s methodology included the determination of the Hotspot Temperature (HST) based on the differential equation in IEC 60076-7. The loading and ambient temperature profiles for HST determination are forecasted based on the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA). Next, a new relative aging rate was developed based on the Arrhenius equation, considering the pre-exponential factors governed by oxygen, moisture in paper, and acids at different content levels. The LOL was computed based on the new relative aging rate. The study’s main aim is to examine the impact of pre-exponential factors on the LOL based on modified Arrhenius and relative aging rate. The results indicate that the LOLs for different conditions increase as the oxygen, moisture, low molecular weight acid (LMA), and high molecular weight acid (HMA) increase. The LOLs are 46 days, 1,354 days, and 2,662 days in the presence of 12,000 ppm, 21,000 ppm, and 30,000 ppm of oxygen. In 1%, 3%, and 5% moisture, the LOLs are 477 days, 2,799 days, and 7,315 days. At 1% moisture, the LOL is 1,418 days for LMA, while for HMA, it is 122 days. The LMA has the highest impact on the LOL compared to other aging acceleration factors.
{"title":"Loss-of-Life Analyses Based on Modified Arrhenius and Relative Aging Rate for Non-Thermally Upgraded Paper in Oil-Immersed Transformer","authors":"Naji Saleh, N. Azis, J. Jasni, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. Talib","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.09","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the Loss-of-Life (LOL) based on the modified relative aging rate of an Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) transformer with voltage and power ratings of 132/33 kV and 60 MVA. The study’s methodology included the determination of the Hotspot Temperature (HST) based on the differential equation in IEC 60076-7. The loading and ambient temperature profiles for HST determination are forecasted based on the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA). Next, a new relative aging rate was developed based on the Arrhenius equation, considering the pre-exponential factors governed by oxygen, moisture in paper, and acids at different content levels. The LOL was computed based on the new relative aging rate. The study’s main aim is to examine the impact of pre-exponential factors on the LOL based on modified Arrhenius and relative aging rate. The results indicate that the LOLs for different conditions increase as the oxygen, moisture, low molecular weight acid (LMA), and high molecular weight acid (HMA) increase. The LOLs are 46 days, 1,354 days, and 2,662 days in the presence of 12,000 ppm, 21,000 ppm, and 30,000 ppm of oxygen. In 1%, 3%, and 5% moisture, the LOLs are 477 days, 2,799 days, and 7,315 days. At 1% moisture, the LOL is 1,418 days for LMA, while for HMA, it is 122 days. The LMA has the highest impact on the LOL compared to other aging acceleration factors.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":" 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Hidayah Mohd Zahari, Ali Salmiaton, S. Sobri, N. A. Mohd. Nasir, Nor Shafizah Ishak
The recovery of aluminum from aluminum dross waste involves intensive cost and energy. Therefore, there is a need for its utilization as an engineering material by using it as a filler material in concrete production. The cement industry is battling numerous difficulties due to the shortage of raw materials and sustainability issues related to the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. On this basis, the present study aims to utilize aluminum dross as a replacement material for cement to develop sustainable concrete. In this study, the results of control concrete samples were compared to the results of concrete samples containing aluminum dross by 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of cement. The mechanical and chemical analysis of the M40 grade concrete employing aluminum dross as a replacement material in cement was analyzed. It was noticed that the best percentage of aluminum dross was 10%, providing better results compared with conventional concrete. It recorded the highest strength of 41.3MPa. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted in which weight loss, decomposition of hydration compounds, and percentage of calcium hydroxide from concrete were determined. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the density of concrete increased owing to the presence of ettringite needles and calcium silicate hydrate in the matrix. Moreover, the toxicity analysis revealed that the ammonia content and the leachability of trace elements from the concrete were both low and within acceptable ranges. The findings indicate that aluminum dross has positive results as an additional cementitious material in concrete to overcome environmental problems related to dross management and reduce cement utilization, producing more sustainable concrete.
{"title":"Utilization of Aluminum Dross as a Cement Replacement Material for Sustainable Concrete Development","authors":"Nur Hidayah Mohd Zahari, Ali Salmiaton, S. Sobri, N. A. Mohd. Nasir, Nor Shafizah Ishak","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.15","url":null,"abstract":"The recovery of aluminum from aluminum dross waste involves intensive cost and energy. Therefore, there is a need for its utilization as an engineering material by using it as a filler material in concrete production. The cement industry is battling numerous difficulties due to the shortage of raw materials and sustainability issues related to the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. On this basis, the present study aims to utilize aluminum dross as a replacement material for cement to develop sustainable concrete. In this study, the results of control concrete samples were compared to the results of concrete samples containing aluminum dross by 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of cement. The mechanical and chemical analysis of the M40 grade concrete employing aluminum dross as a replacement material in cement was analyzed. It was noticed that the best percentage of aluminum dross was 10%, providing better results compared with conventional concrete. It recorded the highest strength of 41.3MPa. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted in which weight loss, decomposition of hydration compounds, and percentage of calcium hydroxide from concrete were determined. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the density of concrete increased owing to the presence of ettringite needles and calcium silicate hydrate in the matrix. Moreover, the toxicity analysis revealed that the ammonia content and the leachability of trace elements from the concrete were both low and within acceptable ranges. The findings indicate that aluminum dross has positive results as an additional cementitious material in concrete to overcome environmental problems related to dross management and reduce cement utilization, producing more sustainable concrete.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siti Afiqah ‘Aisyah Murtadza, N. A. Md Zaki, Junaidah Jai, Fazlena Hamzah, Nur Suhanawati Ashaari, D. S. Fardhyanti, Megawati Megawati, Nadya Alfa Cahaya Imani
Complex coacervation is an encapsulation technique used to preserve the bio functionality of essential oils as well as provide controlled release. In this present work, encapsulation of Citrus Hystrix essential oil (CHEO) was formed by a complex coacervation technique with Gelatin-B (Gel B) and Chitosan (Chi) as the capping materials. The suitable encapsulation formulation was investigated as a function of pH and wall ratio using Zeta Potential analysis. Turbidity measurement and coacervate yield were carried out to confirm the suitable condition. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was used to obtain the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the process. Results show that the suitable condition for coacervate formation between Gel B and Chi ratio of 5:1 was at pH 5.8, which produced a high encapsulation efficiency of 94.81% ± 2.60. FTIR analysis validates the formation of coacervate as well as the encapsulated CHEO. The encapsulates obtained were spherical and dominated by 194.557 um particles. The CHEO was successfully encapsulated by a complex coacervation method.
复合共凝胶是一种封装技术，用于保存精油的生物功能并提供控释。在本研究中，我们使用明胶-B（Gel B）和壳聚糖（Chi）作为封装材料，通过复合共凝胶技术对柑橘精油（CHEO）进行了封装。利用 Zeta 电位分析法研究了合适的封装配方与 pH 值和壁比的函数关系。为确认合适的条件，还进行了浊度测量和凝胶产量测定。总酚含量（TPC）用于获得工艺的封装效率（EE%）。结果表明，在 pH 值为 5.8 的条件下，凝胶 B 与 Chi 的比例为 5:1，适合形成凝聚态，其封装效率高达 94.81% ± 2.60。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析验证了共凝胶的形成和封装的 CHEO。获得的封装物呈球形，以 194.557 um 的颗粒为主。通过复合凝聚法成功地封装了 CHEO。
{"title":"Microencapsulation of Citrus Hystrix Essential Oil by Gelatin B/Chitosan Complex Coacervation Technique","authors":"Siti Afiqah ‘Aisyah Murtadza, N. A. Md Zaki, Junaidah Jai, Fazlena Hamzah, Nur Suhanawati Ashaari, D. S. Fardhyanti, Megawati Megawati, Nadya Alfa Cahaya Imani","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"Complex coacervation is an encapsulation technique used to preserve the bio functionality of essential oils as well as provide controlled release. In this present work, encapsulation of Citrus Hystrix essential oil (CHEO) was formed by a complex coacervation technique with Gelatin-B (Gel B) and Chitosan (Chi) as the capping materials. The suitable encapsulation formulation was investigated as a function of pH and wall ratio using Zeta Potential analysis. Turbidity measurement and coacervate yield were carried out to confirm the suitable condition. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was used to obtain the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the process. Results show that the suitable condition for coacervate formation between Gel B and Chi ratio of 5:1 was at pH 5.8, which produced a high encapsulation efficiency of 94.81% ± 2.60. FTIR analysis validates the formation of coacervate as well as the encapsulated CHEO. The encapsulates obtained were spherical and dominated by 194.557 um particles. The CHEO was successfully encapsulated by a complex coacervation method.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":" 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maizatul Akmal Johari, Fathilah Ali, A. S. Azmi, H. Anuar, J. Jamaluddin, R. Hasham
Polymer encapsulation is commonly adopted in drug delivery systems to form encapsulation that can assist in delivering active compounds to the targeted area. Acalypha indica (AI) crude extract was obtained from AI plants through ultrasound-assisted extraction. It is naturally unstable in the external environment and, thus, needs to be encapsulated to protect against volatility. Herein, this study emphasized the development of the encapsulations of AI extracts using a chitosan-polycaprolactone (PCL) blend by emulsion-solvent evaporation and freeze-dried methods. Four parameters for Al encapsulation were studied by fixing one parameter at a time. The percentage of encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was recorded as a response for each parameter. The study proceeded with central composite design (CCD) as the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization tool to study the interactions between the factors. Central points were taken from the preliminary data obtained in one-parameter experiments. The validation was carried out with two data of the highest and lowest EE% suggested by CCD. The highest EE% recorded was 98.70%, and the lowest EE% was 87.80%. The results showed a difference between predicted and experimental values at a percentage lower than 7.5%. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analyzer, and zeta potential were used to analyze the properties of selected microencapsulated samples. Overall, the encapsulation of AI extracts was successful and has the potential to be used in drug delivery.
给药系统中通常采用聚合物包囊技术来形成包囊，以帮助将活性化合物输送到目标区域。Acalypha indica（AI）粗提取物是通过超声辅助提取从 AI 植物中获得的。它在外部环境中天然不稳定，因此需要封装以防止挥发。在此，本研究强调使用壳聚糖-聚己内酯（PCL）混合物，通过乳化-溶剂蒸发和冷冻干燥方法开发 AI 提取物的封装。通过每次固定一个参数，研究了铝包封的四个参数。封装效率百分比（EE%）被记录为每个参数的响应。研究采用中心复合设计（CCD）作为响应面法（RSM）优化工具，研究各因素之间的相互作用。中心点取自单参数实验获得的初步数据。利用 CCD 提出的最高和最低 EE% 两个数据进行了验证。记录的最高 EE% 为 98.70%，最低 EE% 为 87.80%。结果显示，预测值和实验值之间的差异低于 7.5%。傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、粒度分析仪和 zeta 电位被用来分析所选微胶囊样品的特性。总之，人工合成萃取物的封装是成功的，具有用于药物输送的潜力。
{"title":"Microencapsulation of Acalypha indica Linn. Extracts Using Chitosan-Polycaprolactone Blends","authors":"Maizatul Akmal Johari, Fathilah Ali, A. S. Azmi, H. Anuar, J. Jamaluddin, R. Hasham","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer encapsulation is commonly adopted in drug delivery systems to form encapsulation that can assist in delivering active compounds to the targeted area. Acalypha indica (AI) crude extract was obtained from AI plants through ultrasound-assisted extraction. It is naturally unstable in the external environment and, thus, needs to be encapsulated to protect against volatility. Herein, this study emphasized the development of the encapsulations of AI extracts using a chitosan-polycaprolactone (PCL) blend by emulsion-solvent evaporation and freeze-dried methods. Four parameters for Al encapsulation were studied by fixing one parameter at a time. The percentage of encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was recorded as a response for each parameter. The study proceeded with central composite design (CCD) as the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization tool to study the interactions between the factors. Central points were taken from the preliminary data obtained in one-parameter experiments. The validation was carried out with two data of the highest and lowest EE% suggested by CCD. The highest EE% recorded was 98.70%, and the lowest EE% was 87.80%. The results showed a difference between predicted and experimental values at a percentage lower than 7.5%. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analyzer, and zeta potential were used to analyze the properties of selected microencapsulated samples. Overall, the encapsulation of AI extracts was successful and has the potential to be used in drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZhaoJing ZhaoJing, Douglas Law, A. Najm, Cheah Yew Hoong, S. Fazry
The Siraitia grosvenorii is a Chinese herb with various bioactive properties that has been widely used as a culinary ingredient and in traditional medicine. Flavonoids are among the important bioactive compounds in S. grosvenorii, which contribute significantly to the biological activity of S. grosvenorii. S. grosvenorii-flavonoids have been reported to possess various biological and pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and anti-diabetic, which are important for human health. Based on previous reports, the structure, extraction technology, biological activity and further development regarding S. grosvenorii-flavonoids are reviewed in this paper, providing appropriate insights and references for future development of S. grosvenorii-flavonoids.
{"title":"Current Insight on Siraitia grosvenorii Flavonoids Extraction Process and its Bioactivity Characteristic: A Review","authors":"ZhaoJing ZhaoJing, Douglas Law, A. Najm, Cheah Yew Hoong, S. Fazry","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"The Siraitia grosvenorii is a Chinese herb with various bioactive properties that has been widely used as a culinary ingredient and in traditional medicine. Flavonoids are among the important bioactive compounds in S. grosvenorii, which contribute significantly to the biological activity of S. grosvenorii. S. grosvenorii-flavonoids have been reported to possess various biological and pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and anti-diabetic, which are important for human health. Based on previous reports, the structure, extraction technology, biological activity and further development regarding S. grosvenorii-flavonoids are reviewed in this paper, providing appropriate insights and references for future development of S. grosvenorii-flavonoids.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indah Thuraya Herman, Khairuddin Md Isa, Naimah Ibrahim, Saiful Azhar Saad, Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah, M. A. Abd Aziz, Muhammad Auni Hairunnaja
In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was esterified to produce biodiesel, and the catalysts’ performance was investigated. Two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were employed as the liquid catalysts (K2CO3-Gly and KOH-Gly), while the solid heterogeneous catalysts used were spent bleaching earth (SBE), KCC-1, and Na/KCC-1. DESs were prepared by mixing at reaction temperature and time of 80°C and 120 min, respectively. The American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) D974 determined the acid value. The catalysts were first screened for their catalytic activity in WCO esterification. The parameters investigated in this study were oil-to-methanol molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time, and temperature. The highest conversion (94.7%) was obtained using Na/KCC-1. The performance of solid and liquid catalysts was evaluated using KOH-Gly and SBE for the reduction of FFA in WCO under different conditions of oil-to-methanol molar ratio (1:6–1:10), catalysts loading (0.2–2.0 g), reaction time (30–60 min), and temperature (40–100°C). The highest reduction of FFA in the esterification process for KOH-Gly and SBE as catalysts was 97.74% and 84.2%, respectively. Transesterification of the esterified oil shows a promising result (97%), and the process can potentially be scaled up. The GC-MS result shows that the produced oil has the highest percentage of hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester.
{"title":"Performance of Waste Cooking Oil Esterification for Biodiesel Production Using Various Catalysts","authors":"Indah Thuraya Herman, Khairuddin Md Isa, Naimah Ibrahim, Saiful Azhar Saad, Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah, M. A. Abd Aziz, Muhammad Auni Hairunnaja","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was esterified to produce biodiesel, and the catalysts’ performance was investigated. Two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were employed as the liquid catalysts (K2CO3-Gly and KOH-Gly), while the solid heterogeneous catalysts used were spent bleaching earth (SBE), KCC-1, and Na/KCC-1. DESs were prepared by mixing at reaction temperature and time of 80°C and 120 min, respectively. The American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) D974 determined the acid value. The catalysts were first screened for their catalytic activity in WCO esterification. The parameters investigated in this study were oil-to-methanol molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time, and temperature. The highest conversion (94.7%) was obtained using Na/KCC-1. The performance of solid and liquid catalysts was evaluated using KOH-Gly and SBE for the reduction of FFA in WCO under different conditions of oil-to-methanol molar ratio (1:6–1:10), catalysts loading (0.2–2.0 g), reaction time (30–60 min), and temperature (40–100°C). The highest reduction of FFA in the esterification process for KOH-Gly and SBE as catalysts was 97.74% and 84.2%, respectively. Transesterification of the esterified oil shows a promising result (97%), and the process can potentially be scaled up. The GC-MS result shows that the produced oil has the highest percentage of hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":" 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nurul Farahwahida Md Yasid, N. Azis, J. Jasni, Mohd Fairouz Mohd Yousof, M. Talib, Avinash Srikanta Murthy
Switching operations in a power system network can lead to transient overvoltage in the high voltage (HV) winding of distribution transformers that causes high-stress build-up. This paper presents the relationship between electromagnetic force due to a standard switching impulse (SSI) and mechanical deformation/displacement behaviours for a disc-type transformer. The analysis was carried out based on a three-dimensional (3D) modelling of a continuous HV disc winding configuration whereby it is subjected to the switching transient voltage and force excitations through the finite element method (FEM). The electric transient solver analysed the static and dynamic aspects of the electromagnetic forces associated with the variation of forces versus time. The transient structural solver evaluated the structural behaviours of the disc winding related to the axial height and radial width of the winding under electromagnetic forces. It is found that the positively dominant axial force generated in the winding with a magnitude of 8.7 N causes the top and bottom layers of disc winding to tilt and displace. In addition, the positive average radial force of 1.4 N causes the circumference of the winding to experience hoop tension and outwardly stretch.
电力系统网络中的开关操作会导致配电变压器高压绕组中出现瞬态过电压，从而造成高应力积聚。本文介绍了标准开关脉冲 (SSI) 产生的电磁力与圆盘式变压器机械变形/位移行为之间的关系。分析基于连续高压盘式绕组配置的三维建模，通过有限元法（FEM）使其受到开关瞬态电压和力的激励。电力瞬态求解器分析了与力随时间变化相关的电磁力的静态和动态方面。瞬态结构求解器评估了盘式绕组在电磁力作用下与绕组轴向高度和径向宽度相关的结构行为。结果发现，在绕组中产生的 8.7 牛的正向轴向力会导致圆盘绕组的顶层和底层倾斜和位移。此外，平均 1.4 N 的正径向力使绕组的圆周受到环向拉力并向外拉伸。
{"title":"Structural Deformation and Displacement of a Disc Winding Due to Standard Switching Impulse Voltage via Finite Element Method","authors":"Nurul Farahwahida Md Yasid, N. Azis, J. Jasni, Mohd Fairouz Mohd Yousof, M. Talib, Avinash Srikanta Murthy","doi":"10.47836/pjst.32.2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.16","url":null,"abstract":"Switching operations in a power system network can lead to transient overvoltage in the high voltage (HV) winding of distribution transformers that causes high-stress build-up. This paper presents the relationship between electromagnetic force due to a standard switching impulse (SSI) and mechanical deformation/displacement behaviours for a disc-type transformer. The analysis was carried out based on a three-dimensional (3D) modelling of a continuous HV disc winding configuration whereby it is subjected to the switching transient voltage and force excitations through the finite element method (FEM). The electric transient solver analysed the static and dynamic aspects of the electromagnetic forces associated with the variation of forces versus time. The transient structural solver evaluated the structural behaviours of the disc winding related to the axial height and radial width of the winding under electromagnetic forces. It is found that the positively dominant axial force generated in the winding with a magnitude of 8.7 N causes the top and bottom layers of disc winding to tilt and displace. In addition, the positive average radial force of 1.4 N causes the circumference of the winding to experience hoop tension and outwardly stretch.","PeriodicalId":517913,"journal":{"name":"Energy Industry and Industrial Design (Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design)","volume":" 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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