Yuya Ogawa, Resurreccion Bitoon Sadaba, M. Kanzaki
{"title":"Stand structure, biomass, and net primary productivity of planted and natural mangrove forests in Batan Bay Estuary, Philippines","authors":"Yuya Ogawa, Resurreccion Bitoon Sadaba, M. Kanzaki","doi":"10.3759/tropics.ms21-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.ms21-13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46792728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new Rafflesia population was found in Naha Jaley, Sarawak, in 2012. This study aimed to identify this Rafflesia species and investigate its bud growth. First, we described the flower characteristics and compared them with Rafflesia keithii and R. tuan-mudae, which are candidate species for the flower. Also, we investigated the phylogenetic position of this Rafflesia within Rafflesiaceae using DNA analysis. To estimate bud growth curve, we observed bud development from April 2013 to November 2013 in the field. Based on morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, we confirmed the newly discovered population of the Rafflesia at Naha Jaley was R. tuan-mudae, which is the new locality of the species at the most Eastern side of the known distribution for this species. The results indicated that absolute growth rate was greater in larger buds. We also estimated that it took a year to bloom from the initial bud stage. The mortality in one of our sites was very high, with more than 80 % of buds dead prior to flower opening. This flower would be vulnerable to extinction due to their extraordinary characteristics and anthropogenetic effects. Finally, we discussed how Rafflesia populations in Naha Jaley can be conserved both in-situ and ex-situ.
{"title":"New locality and bud growth of the world biggest flower, Rafflesia tuan-mudae, in Naha Jaley, Sarawak, Malaysia","authors":"B. Diway, Y. Yasui, H. Innan, Y. Takeuchi","doi":"10.3759/tropics.ms21-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.ms21-14","url":null,"abstract":"A new Rafflesia population was found in Naha Jaley, Sarawak, in 2012. This study aimed to identify this Rafflesia species and investigate its bud growth. First, we described the flower characteristics and compared them with Rafflesia keithii and R. tuan-mudae, which are candidate species for the flower. Also, we investigated the phylogenetic position of this Rafflesia within Rafflesiaceae using DNA analysis. To estimate bud growth curve, we observed bud development from April 2013 to November 2013 in the field. Based on morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, we confirmed the newly discovered population of the Rafflesia at Naha Jaley was R. tuan-mudae, which is the new locality of the species at the most Eastern side of the known distribution for this species. The results indicated that absolute growth rate was greater in larger buds. We also estimated that it took a year to bloom from the initial bud stage. The mortality in one of our sites was very high, with more than 80 % of buds dead prior to flower opening. This flower would be vulnerable to extinction due to their extraordinary characteristics and anthropogenetic effects. Finally, we discussed how Rafflesia populations in Naha Jaley can be conserved both in-situ and ex-situ.","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44820028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dwi Sukma Rini, F. Ishiguri, I. Nezu, Irwan Mahakam Lesmono Aji, D. Irawati, J. Ohshima, S. Yokota
{"title":"Longitudinal and geographic variations in the green moisture content and basic density of bamboo culm in three species naturally grown in Lombok Island, Indonesia","authors":"Dwi Sukma Rini, F. Ishiguri, I. Nezu, Irwan Mahakam Lesmono Aji, D. Irawati, J. Ohshima, S. Yokota","doi":"10.3759/tropics.ms21-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.ms21-06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41517057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Colony composition and behavioral characteristics of the myrmicine ant, Aphaenogaster rugulosa, an endemic species to Yonagunijima Island, the westernmost point of Japan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","authors":"S. Aupanun, W. Jaitrong, F. Ito","doi":"10.3759/tropics.ms21-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.ms21-11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46326165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Komada, T. Itioka, Akira Nakanishi, S. Tagane, Usun Shimizu-Kaya, M. Nakagawa, P. Meleng, R. S. Pungga, M. Kanzaki
This study clarified the effects of host tree size on the numbers of epiphyte species and individuals on a tree, based on observation of 122 species and 2,162 individuals of epiphytes on 430 target trees in a Bornean primary lowland dipterocarp forest. We analyzed relationships of the diameter at breast height (DBH) of target host trees with the probability of epiphyte presence, number of epiphyte species on each target tree (species richness), number of epiphyte individuals on each target host tree (abundance), and cumulative number of epiphyte species. The probability of epiphyte presence was estimated by a generalized linear model (GLM) with a logistic distribution to be higher than 50 % on trees with DBH ＞ 40 cm. A GLM with a quasi-Poisson distribution showed that both species richness and epiphyte abundance increased exponentially with DBH. The most rapid increase was found for trees with DBH ＞ 40 cm. Also, about half of all epiphyte species recorded in this study were only found on trees with DBH ＞ 60 cm. These results suggest that in lowland tropical rainforests in the Southeast Asian tropics, large trees play an important role in maintaining the species diversity of epiphyte assemblages by providing them with habitats. Meanwhile, several epiphyte species were found only trees with DBH ≤ 40 cm, suggesting that the small trees also provide essential habitats with such epiphyte species. Primary forests with various sizes of trees are necessary for conservation of the epiphyte assemblages.
{"title":"Effects of host tree size on the species richness and abundance of epiphyte assemblages in a Bornean lowland tropical forest","authors":"N. Komada, T. Itioka, Akira Nakanishi, S. Tagane, Usun Shimizu-Kaya, M. Nakagawa, P. Meleng, R. S. Pungga, M. Kanzaki","doi":"10.3759/tropics.ms21-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.ms21-12","url":null,"abstract":"This study clarified the effects of host tree size on the numbers of epiphyte species and individuals on a tree, based on observation of 122 species and 2,162 individuals of epiphytes on 430 target trees in a Bornean primary lowland dipterocarp forest. We analyzed relationships of the diameter at breast height (DBH) of target host trees with the probability of epiphyte presence, number of epiphyte species on each target tree (species richness), number of epiphyte individuals on each target host tree (abundance), and cumulative number of epiphyte species. The probability of epiphyte presence was estimated by a generalized linear model (GLM) with a logistic distribution to be higher than 50 % on trees with DBH ＞ 40 cm. A GLM with a quasi-Poisson distribution showed that both species richness and epiphyte abundance increased exponentially with DBH. The most rapid increase was found for trees with DBH ＞ 40 cm. Also, about half of all epiphyte species recorded in this study were only found on trees with DBH ＞ 60 cm. These results suggest that in lowland tropical rainforests in the Southeast Asian tropics, large trees play an important role in maintaining the species diversity of epiphyte assemblages by providing them with habitats. Meanwhile, several epiphyte species were found only trees with DBH ≤ 40 cm, suggesting that the small trees also provide essential habitats with such epiphyte species. Primary forests with various sizes of trees are necessary for conservation of the epiphyte assemblages.","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44824243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mai Kamakura, Y. Kosugi, S. Takanashi, N. Matsuo, A. Uemura, M. Lion
In the southeast Asian lowland dipterocarp forest of Peninsular Malaysia (Pasoh Forest Reserve), upper canopy tree species with heterobaric leaves show severe midday depression of net assimilation rate ( A ) accelerated by patchy stomatal closure, although it is still unclear whether it always happens or not. We added the in situ observations at various meteorological conditions over the last decade to evaluate the frequency and environmental conditions of patchy stomatal closure in Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw., an emergent tree with heterobaric leaves through leaf–gas exchange measurements combined with numerical simulations and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Our observation revealed that on days with moderate leaf temperature ( ＜ 35 ℃ ) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which consist four of nine measurement days during 2003 (cid:514) 2015, uniform stomatal behavior could explain observed A during the day. The patterns of stomatal behavior shifted from ‘ uniform ’ to ‘ patchy ’ even within a day depending on increases in leaf temperature and VPD according to irradiation of sunlight. However, it did not return from ‘ patchy ’ to ‘ uniform ’ once patchy stomatal closure happened in a day.
{"title":"Temporal fluctuation of patchy stomatal closure in leaves of Dipterocarpus sublamellatus at upper canopy in Peninsular Malaysia over the last decade","authors":"Mai Kamakura, Y. Kosugi, S. Takanashi, N. Matsuo, A. Uemura, M. Lion","doi":"10.3759/tropics.ms21-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.ms21-05","url":null,"abstract":"In the southeast Asian lowland dipterocarp forest of Peninsular Malaysia (Pasoh Forest Reserve), upper canopy tree species with heterobaric leaves show severe midday depression of net assimilation rate ( A ) accelerated by patchy stomatal closure, although it is still unclear whether it always happens or not. We added the in situ observations at various meteorological conditions over the last decade to evaluate the frequency and environmental conditions of patchy stomatal closure in Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw., an emergent tree with heterobaric leaves through leaf–gas exchange measurements combined with numerical simulations and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Our observation revealed that on days with moderate leaf temperature ( ＜ 35 ℃ ) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which consist four of nine measurement days during 2003 (cid:514) 2015, uniform stomatal behavior could explain observed A during the day. The patterns of stomatal behavior shifted from ‘ uniform ’ to ‘ patchy ’ even within a day depending on increases in leaf temperature and VPD according to irradiation of sunlight. However, it did not return from ‘ patchy ’ to ‘ uniform ’ once patchy stomatal closure happened in a day.","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46968362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazuo Tanaka, Y. Morikawa, Y. Nagai, T. Satriadi, H. Fauzi, M. Aryadi, M. Hiratsuka
{"title":"Biomass and tree diversity in a fragmented secondary forest in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia","authors":"Kazuo Tanaka, Y. Morikawa, Y. Nagai, T. Satriadi, H. Fauzi, M. Aryadi, M. Hiratsuka","doi":"10.3759/tropics.ms21-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.ms21-01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47511399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taiki Mori, Senhao Wang, Kaijun Zhou, J. Mo, Wei Zhang
{"title":"Ratios of phosphatase activity to activities of carbon and nitrogen-acquiring enzymes in throughfall were larger in tropical forests than a temperate forest","authors":"Taiki Mori, Senhao Wang, Kaijun Zhou, J. Mo, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.3759/TROPICS.MS21-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/TROPICS.MS21-03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":"30 1","pages":"25-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47068209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Matsuda, H. Higuchi, Naoki Miyaji, Masanori Okabe
{"title":"Anatomical observations on pistil morphogenesis and fertilization in salak (Salacca wallichiana C. Mart.)","authors":"H. Matsuda, H. Higuchi, Naoki Miyaji, Masanori Okabe","doi":"10.3759/TROPICS.MS20-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/TROPICS.MS20-09","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49581932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ayako Sasaki, M. Kanzaki, Keisuke Mochizuki, Chalathon Choocharoen, P. Preechapanya
In the mountainous areas of northern Thailand, a tea agroforestry system referred to as the “ miang tea garden ” has been maintained by smallholders for more than a hundred years. To discuss the ecological advantages of the miang tea garden system, we determined the spatial distribution patterns of these gardens and the relationship between shade trees and tea trees, emphasizing their aboveground biomass. We developed an allometric model for estimating the aboveground biomass of the stool-shaped tea trees. The area utilized for tea tree cultivation was approximately 72 % of the total study area, and the remaining 28 % was classified as forest patches or abandoned gardens. In miang tea gardens, trees other than tea trees were used by farmers to moderate the amount of sunlight reaching the tea leaves. Additionally, these trees ensured an alternative source of income for the farmers. However, we suggest that the canopy openness should be maintained at more than 25 % to prevent tea leaf growth inhibition. The carbon content in the miang tea garden system was 45.51 ± 21.68 Mg C ha − 1 , considerably higher than that in other types of upland agriculture. The miang tea garden could represent an efficient land-use system supporting sustainable economic activities in areas with geographical limitations for the of other crops.
在泰国北部的山区，一种被称为“苗茶园”的茶农林系统已经由小农维持了一百多年。为了探讨苗族茶园系统的生态优势，我们确定了苗族茶园的空间分布格局以及遮荫树与茶树之间的关系，并强调了它们的地上生物量。建立了粪形茶树地上生物量的异速生长模型。茶树种植面积约占研究总面积的72%，其余28%为森林斑块或废弃花园。在苗族茶园，农民使用茶树以外的树木来调节到达茶叶的阳光量。此外，这些树木为农民提供了另一种收入来源。然而，我们建议保持冠层开度在25%以上，以防止茶叶生长受到抑制。苗族茶园系统碳含量为45.51±21.68 Mg C ha−1，显著高于其他旱地农业类型。苗族茶园可以代表一种有效的土地利用系统，支持其他作物地理限制地区的可持续经济活动。
{"title":"Aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration potential of tea and shade trees in Miang tea gardens, an agroforestry system in Northern Thailand","authors":"Ayako Sasaki, M. Kanzaki, Keisuke Mochizuki, Chalathon Choocharoen, P. Preechapanya","doi":"10.3759/TROPICS.MS20-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3759/TROPICS.MS20-01","url":null,"abstract":"In the mountainous areas of northern Thailand, a tea agroforestry system referred to as the “ miang tea garden ” has been maintained by smallholders for more than a hundred years. To discuss the ecological advantages of the miang tea garden system, we determined the spatial distribution patterns of these gardens and the relationship between shade trees and tea trees, emphasizing their aboveground biomass. We developed an allometric model for estimating the aboveground biomass of the stool-shaped tea trees. The area utilized for tea tree cultivation was approximately 72 % of the total study area, and the remaining 28 % was classified as forest patches or abandoned gardens. In miang tea gardens, trees other than tea trees were used by farmers to moderate the amount of sunlight reaching the tea leaves. Additionally, these trees ensured an alternative source of income for the farmers. However, we suggest that the canopy openness should be maintained at more than 25 % to prevent tea leaf growth inhibition. The carbon content in the miang tea garden system was 45.51 ± 21.68 Mg C ha − 1 , considerably higher than that in other types of upland agriculture. The miang tea garden could represent an efficient land-use system supporting sustainable economic activities in areas with geographical limitations for the of other crops.","PeriodicalId":51890,"journal":{"name":"Tropics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44196292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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