Classification of mosquitoes with overlapping features remains problematic when using traditional morphological identification alone. In this study, we used molecular methods to elucidate the taxonomic status of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex annulus, and Culex pseudovishnui species as vectors of the Japanese encephalitis virus belonging to the Culex vishnui subgroup and gene flow among them. In this study, 76, 59, and 3 samples of Cx. annulus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Cx. pseudovishnui, respectively, were collected around Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic divergence were based on genomic sequence variations in ribosomal DNA and the internal transcribed spacer (rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Our results revealed that Cx. annulus and Cx. vishnui are genetically similar and share a gene pool among the species from Taiwan and other Asian countries. However, two hidden taxa of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, which clustered together according to the rDNA sequences, were discovered based on the COI sequences. In addition, Cx. pseudovishnui has different gene pools from those of the strains from other countries, implying that the population from Taiwan is probably either a unique strain or a sibling species. This study provides molecular information on the taxonomic status of the species in the Cx. vishnui subgroup in Taiwan and gene flow between these species, providing valuable information for vector control operations and the delineation of the evolutionary process.
如果仅使用传统的形态鉴定方法，对具有重叠特征的蚊子进行分类仍然是个问题。在这项研究中，我们使用分子方法阐明了三带喙库蚊、环带喙库蚊和拟带喙库蚊作为日本脑炎病毒病媒的分类地位，以及它们之间的基因流。本研究在台湾各地分别采集了 76、59 和 3 个环带库蚊、三带库蚊和假带库蚊样本。根据核糖体 DNA 和内部转录间隔（rDNA）以及细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚单位 I（COI）的基因组序列变异进行系统发育分析和遗传分化。我们的研究结果表明，Cx. annulus 和 Cx.然而，根据 COI 序列，我们发现了根据 rDNA 序列聚类在一起的 Cx.此外，Cx. pseudovishnui的基因库与其他国家的品系不同，这意味着台湾的种群可能是一个独特的品系或同胞种。本研究提供了台湾 Cx. vishnui 亚群物种分类地位和物种间基因流动的分子信息，为病媒控制行动和进化过程的划分提供了有价值的信息。
{"title":"Molecular Identification of Species Belonging to Culex vishnui Subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae), Vectors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, in Taiwan.","authors":"Han-Hsuan Chung,Tien-Huang Chen,Pei-Feng Wang,Yoshio Tsuda,Hwa-Jen Teng,Shiu-Ling Chen","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.23-0285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.23-0285","url":null,"abstract":"Classification of mosquitoes with overlapping features remains problematic when using traditional morphological identification alone. In this study, we used molecular methods to elucidate the taxonomic status of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex annulus, and Culex pseudovishnui species as vectors of the Japanese encephalitis virus belonging to the Culex vishnui subgroup and gene flow among them. In this study, 76, 59, and 3 samples of Cx. annulus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Cx. pseudovishnui, respectively, were collected around Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic divergence were based on genomic sequence variations in ribosomal DNA and the internal transcribed spacer (rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Our results revealed that Cx. annulus and Cx. vishnui are genetically similar and share a gene pool among the species from Taiwan and other Asian countries. However, two hidden taxa of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, which clustered together according to the rDNA sequences, were discovered based on the COI sequences. In addition, Cx. pseudovishnui has different gene pools from those of the strains from other countries, implying that the population from Taiwan is probably either a unique strain or a sibling species. This study provides molecular information on the taxonomic status of the species in the Cx. vishnui subgroup in Taiwan and gene flow between these species, providing valuable information for vector control operations and the delineation of the evolutionary process.","PeriodicalId":520106,"journal":{"name":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limited data indicate that snakebite survivors have persistent musculoskeletal disability. We assessed the pain and functional disability at hospital discharge and after 3 months in 47 patients treated for snakebite envenoming and with at least a specified amount of local swelling at the time of hospital discharge, using the numerical pain rating scale and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS). Russell's viper was the most common biting snake species identified. At hospital discharge, the median pain score was 2 (0-3); 9 (19%) patients reported mild persisting pain at 3 months. The median PSFS score at hospital discharge was 3.7 (3.3-4.0), which improved to 8.3 (6.3-9.0) on follow-up (P <0.001); 32 (68%) patients had a PSFS score of 8.9 or below on follow-up. We conclude that snakebite envenoming could be associated with persisting functional disability at 3 months even in the absence of local complications such as skin necrosis and compartment syndrome.
{"title":"Functional Disability at 3 Months in Patients with Residual Limb Swelling after Snakebite Envenoming.","authors":"Karthika Subramanian Vishnu,Sekar Dineshbabu,Tamilarasu Kadhiravan","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.24-0374","url":null,"abstract":"Limited data indicate that snakebite survivors have persistent musculoskeletal disability. We assessed the pain and functional disability at hospital discharge and after 3 months in 47 patients treated for snakebite envenoming and with at least a specified amount of local swelling at the time of hospital discharge, using the numerical pain rating scale and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS). Russell's viper was the most common biting snake species identified. At hospital discharge, the median pain score was 2 (0-3); 9 (19%) patients reported mild persisting pain at 3 months. The median PSFS score at hospital discharge was 3.7 (3.3-4.0), which improved to 8.3 (6.3-9.0) on follow-up (P <0.001); 32 (68%) patients had a PSFS score of 8.9 or below on follow-up. We conclude that snakebite envenoming could be associated with persisting functional disability at 3 months even in the absence of local complications such as skin necrosis and compartment syndrome.","PeriodicalId":520106,"journal":{"name":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qi Tian,Haopeng Luan,Xufeng Guo,Kai Liu,Cong Peng,Bin Du
Tuberculous arthritis of the elbow joint (TAEJ) is a relatively rare infectious bone and joint disease. Misdiagnosed owing to inconspicuous early symptoms, often the elbow joint has suffered serious damage at the time of treatment. This study retrospectively investigated the clinical manifestations, population characteristics, clinical diagnosis, surgical treatment, and functional recovery of elbow joint tuberculosis (TB). A retrospective study of 40 patients was conducted. These patients were diagnosed with tuberculous arthritis of the elbow from June 2007 to August 2021 and were diagnosed with TAEJ by fine-needle aspiration biopsy or biopsy of surgically excised lesions. All patients underwent surgery after taking regular anti-TB drugs and chemotherapy for 2 weeks. Visual analogue scale score, Mayo elbow performance score, and hospital for special surgery assessment scale score were used to evaluate postoperative functional recovery. Imaging tests were used to evaluate patients' postoperative recovery. Forty patients were followed up for an average of 12.5 ±0.5 months. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein values returned to normal after anti-TB drug chemotherapy combined with surgical removal of infected lesion tissue; only one patient relapsed 16 months after surgery. Tuberculous arthritis of the elbow joint should be diagnosed in an early stage based on clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and histopathological examinations. Complete surgical removal of the lesions should be performed after chemotherapy with anti-TB drugs for 2 weeks. The corresponding operation should be selected according to the damage in the elbow joint.
{"title":"Efficacy Analysis of Anti-Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Combined with Arthroplasty or Joint Replacement for Tuberculous of the Elbow Joint: A Retrospective Study of 40 Patients.","authors":"Qi Tian,Haopeng Luan,Xufeng Guo,Kai Liu,Cong Peng,Bin Du","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.24-0152","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculous arthritis of the elbow joint (TAEJ) is a relatively rare infectious bone and joint disease. Misdiagnosed owing to inconspicuous early symptoms, often the elbow joint has suffered serious damage at the time of treatment. This study retrospectively investigated the clinical manifestations, population characteristics, clinical diagnosis, surgical treatment, and functional recovery of elbow joint tuberculosis (TB). A retrospective study of 40 patients was conducted. These patients were diagnosed with tuberculous arthritis of the elbow from June 2007 to August 2021 and were diagnosed with TAEJ by fine-needle aspiration biopsy or biopsy of surgically excised lesions. All patients underwent surgery after taking regular anti-TB drugs and chemotherapy for 2 weeks. Visual analogue scale score, Mayo elbow performance score, and hospital for special surgery assessment scale score were used to evaluate postoperative functional recovery. Imaging tests were used to evaluate patients' postoperative recovery. Forty patients were followed up for an average of 12.5 ±0.5 months. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein values returned to normal after anti-TB drug chemotherapy combined with surgical removal of infected lesion tissue; only one patient relapsed 16 months after surgery. Tuberculous arthritis of the elbow joint should be diagnosed in an early stage based on clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and histopathological examinations. Complete surgical removal of the lesions should be performed after chemotherapy with anti-TB drugs for 2 weeks. The corresponding operation should be selected according to the damage in the elbow joint.","PeriodicalId":520106,"journal":{"name":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The threat of zoonotic malaria remains largely overlooked in India, particularly in regions such as the Western Ghats (WG), a biodiversity hotspot. The WG has diverse species of non-human primates that serve as reservoir hosts for simian malaria parasites. The presence of the Leucosphyrus group of mosquitoes and other vectors of human malaria makes WG vulnerable to the risk of parasite spillover. Natural and anthropogenic factors have contributed to rampant changes in the WG landscape, leading to increased interaction with the sylvatic hosts and vectors. The simian host-human-vector-environment interactions govern the transmission dynamics of zoonotic malaria; however, our knowledge of these interlinkages, encompassing the effect of anthropogenic disruptions in the WG is limited. The impending threat of zoonotic malaria in India could decelerate progress toward malaria elimination, warranting a comprehensive and systematic investigation of disease dynamics in the WG.
在印度，尤其是在西高止山（WG）等生物多样性热点地区，人畜共患病疟疾的威胁在很大程度上仍被忽视。西高止山地区有多种非人灵长类动物，它们是猿类疟疾寄生虫的宿主。Leucosphyrus 蚊子群和其他人类疟疾病媒的存在，使西高止山地区很容易受到寄生虫外溢风险的影响。自然和人为因素造成了 WG 地形的急剧变化，导致与猿宿主和病媒之间的相互作用加剧。猿宿主-人类-病媒-环境之间的相互作用制约着人畜共患疟疾的传播动态；然而，我们对这些相互联系以及人为干扰对 WG 的影响所知有限。印度即将面临的人畜共患疟疾威胁可能会阻碍消灭疟疾的进程，因此有必要对WG的疾病动态进行全面系统的调查。
{"title":"Risk of Neglected Zoonotic Malaria in Western Ghats: How the Ecosystem Favors Transmission of an Impending Public Health Threat.","authors":"Tulasi Karumuthil,Alex Eapen","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.24-0311","url":null,"abstract":"The threat of zoonotic malaria remains largely overlooked in India, particularly in regions such as the Western Ghats (WG), a biodiversity hotspot. The WG has diverse species of non-human primates that serve as reservoir hosts for simian malaria parasites. The presence of the Leucosphyrus group of mosquitoes and other vectors of human malaria makes WG vulnerable to the risk of parasite spillover. Natural and anthropogenic factors have contributed to rampant changes in the WG landscape, leading to increased interaction with the sylvatic hosts and vectors. The simian host-human-vector-environment interactions govern the transmission dynamics of zoonotic malaria; however, our knowledge of these interlinkages, encompassing the effect of anthropogenic disruptions in the WG is limited. The impending threat of zoonotic malaria in India could decelerate progress toward malaria elimination, warranting a comprehensive and systematic investigation of disease dynamics in the WG.","PeriodicalId":520106,"journal":{"name":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in prison is 5 to 70 times greater than that in the general population. The systematic screening and treatment of TB in prison benefit TB control and treatment outcomes. However, no study has supported this in Thailand. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of long-term, continuous, systematic screening for TB control. We conducted a retrospective study in Suratthani Central Prison, Thailand, using annual TB screening from 2016 to 2020. A positive TB screening was defined as having any TB symptoms or chest radiography abnormality. We collected sputum smear and Xpert® Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) results from those inmates with positive screening results. Bacteriologically confirmed TB was defined as a positive sputum smear or M. tuberculosis detected by Xpert assay. Inmates with clinically diagnosed TB were also eligible for this study. Those inmates diagnosed with active TB were sent to an isolation zone in prison and received anti-TB medicine using directly observed therapy and were monitored by pulmonologists during the treatment course via telemedicine. Of 18,965 TB screening events, 175 patients were diagnosed with TB. The 5-year prevalence was 922 per 100,000 inmates. The relative reduction in TB prevalence was 60.5% from 2016 to 2020. Overall, 94.3% of TB patients were successfully treated (sum of patients cured and treatment completed). Three TB patients died during the 5-year study period. All occurred in 2016. The systematic screening and treatment of TB in inmates effectively reduced the prevalence and mortality in Suratthani Central Prison. The success rate of treatment in this prison has been consistently high.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Systematic Screening and Treatment of Tuberculosis in Prison in Thailand.","authors":"Atchara Rodgerd,Thotsaporn Morasert","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.24-0232","url":null,"abstract":"The global incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in prison is 5 to 70 times greater than that in the general population. The systematic screening and treatment of TB in prison benefit TB control and treatment outcomes. However, no study has supported this in Thailand. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of long-term, continuous, systematic screening for TB control. We conducted a retrospective study in Suratthani Central Prison, Thailand, using annual TB screening from 2016 to 2020. A positive TB screening was defined as having any TB symptoms or chest radiography abnormality. We collected sputum smear and Xpert® Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) results from those inmates with positive screening results. Bacteriologically confirmed TB was defined as a positive sputum smear or M. tuberculosis detected by Xpert assay. Inmates with clinically diagnosed TB were also eligible for this study. Those inmates diagnosed with active TB were sent to an isolation zone in prison and received anti-TB medicine using directly observed therapy and were monitored by pulmonologists during the treatment course via telemedicine. Of 18,965 TB screening events, 175 patients were diagnosed with TB. The 5-year prevalence was 922 per 100,000 inmates. The relative reduction in TB prevalence was 60.5% from 2016 to 2020. Overall, 94.3% of TB patients were successfully treated (sum of patients cured and treatment completed). Three TB patients died during the 5-year study period. All occurred in 2016. The systematic screening and treatment of TB in inmates effectively reduced the prevalence and mortality in Suratthani Central Prison. The success rate of treatment in this prison has been consistently high.","PeriodicalId":520106,"journal":{"name":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142201669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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