Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-53-59
Olga Poddaeva
Introduction: The purpose of the work is to study the processes of snow transfer and snow deposition on the roofing of a unique building. Currently, the problem of assigning snow loads to the roofs of buildings and structures remains relevant, since cases of roof collapses in winter are still recorded annually, including those in the Russian Federation. A circus building with the roof in the form of a suspended reinforced concrete shell was chosen as the object of study. Methods: The design diagram for this type of roof is contained in SP 20.13330.2016; the snow load distribution diagrams for this roof were adopted according to Appendix B to SP 20.13330.2016. The author considered several options of snow load distribution and chose the most unfavorable one, when an increased value of the snow load is observed on one half of the roofing. During one winter period, field measurements of the thickness of the snow cover were carried out at the site. Results:It was established that in general, with the exception of local zones, the actual distribution of snow cover coincides with the adopted design solution, while the actual value of the weight of the snow cover for the current winter season was significantly lower than the calculated one. Discussion: The obtained result demonstrates that when developing design solutions for certain types of suspended roofing, it is permissible, without conducting specialized experimental studies, to use the data given in the scientific and technical literature, based on the results of monitoring the thickness of the snow cover on the roofing of the building.
{"title":"MODELING OF SNOW LOAD ON ROOFS OF UNIQUE BUILDINGS","authors":"Olga Poddaeva","doi":"10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-53-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-53-59","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The purpose of the work is to study the processes of snow transfer and snow deposition on the roofing of a unique building. Currently, the problem of assigning snow loads to the roofs of buildings and structures remains relevant, since cases of roof collapses in winter are still recorded annually, including those in the Russian Federation. A circus building with the roof in the form of a suspended reinforced concrete shell was chosen as the object of study. Methods: The design diagram for this type of roof is contained in SP 20.13330.2016; the snow load distribution diagrams for this roof were adopted according to Appendix B to SP 20.13330.2016. The author considered several options of snow load distribution and chose the most unfavorable one, when an increased value of the snow load is observed on one half of the roofing. During one winter period, field measurements of the thickness of the snow cover were carried out at the site. Results:It was established that in general, with the exception of local zones, the actual distribution of snow cover coincides with the adopted design solution, while the actual value of the weight of the snow cover for the current winter season was significantly lower than the calculated one. Discussion: The obtained result demonstrates that when developing design solutions for certain types of suspended roofing, it is permissible, without conducting specialized experimental studies, to use the data given in the scientific and technical literature, based on the results of monitoring the thickness of the snow cover on the roofing of the building.","PeriodicalId":52295,"journal":{"name":"Architecture and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135296831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-60-76
Anna Yunitsyna, Ilda Sadrija
Introduction: The study is focused on the analysis of the energy performance of mass-housing residential buildings in Albania and further evaluation of the opportunities for energy retrofit of these buildings. Currently, in Albania, energy performance evaluation is mandatory for newly constructed buildings, but there are no approaches that would address the existing building stock. Methods: The goal of this study is to evaluate apartment buildings of the communist period in Tirana and Shkodra and apply a number of passive and active retrofit strategies, which are appropriate in the Mediterranean climate conditions. Results and Discussion: Improvement of thermal conductivity and energy balance can be achieved through the additional insulation of the buildings’ walls and roofs and window replacement, installation of photovoltaic panels and energy-efficient lighting. The application of passive strategies reduces energy losses in Tirana by 56% and in Shkodra— by 57%. Conclusions: Installation of photovoltaic panels can meet cooling and lighting demands during the warm period; however, their contribution during the wintertime is insufficient to satisfy heating demands.
{"title":"ENERGY PERFORMANCE-BASED RETROFIT OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS IN ALBANIA USING MASS-HOUSING TYPOLOGIES AS CASE STUDIES","authors":"Anna Yunitsyna, Ilda Sadrija","doi":"10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-60-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-60-76","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The study is focused on the analysis of the energy performance of mass-housing residential buildings in Albania and further evaluation of the opportunities for energy retrofit of these buildings. Currently, in Albania, energy performance evaluation is mandatory for newly constructed buildings, but there are no approaches that would address the existing building stock. Methods: The goal of this study is to evaluate apartment buildings of the communist period in Tirana and Shkodra and apply a number of passive and active retrofit strategies, which are appropriate in the Mediterranean climate conditions. Results and Discussion: Improvement of thermal conductivity and energy balance can be achieved through the additional insulation of the buildings’ walls and roofs and window replacement, installation of photovoltaic panels and energy-efficient lighting. The application of passive strategies reduces energy losses in Tirana by 56% and in Shkodra— by 57%. Conclusions: Installation of photovoltaic panels can meet cooling and lighting demands during the warm period; however, their contribution during the wintertime is insufficient to satisfy heating demands.","PeriodicalId":52295,"journal":{"name":"Architecture and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135297658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-3-13
Numan Abu-Hammad
Introduction: This article aims to provide readers with an overview of significant modern architectural approaches to creating sustainable smart city models. Different architectural approaches have piqued the interest of many researchers that study ancient and modern buildings, specifically their characteristics and execution methods. Purpose of the study: Interest toward smart architecture has grown due to the extensive development of technology and its integration into all aspects of human and city life, including the learning environment, the psychological effect of various spaces, and environmental impact. Methods: Architects, designers, engineers, and psychologists alike must consider these key developments and choose approaches to spaces and buildings that properly reflect the smart building philosophy. Many case studies have been adopted in the current investigation. Results: Over the recent years, due to the increasing strain of real estate demands, which led to overcrowding in cities, the need to find the most suitable housing solutions has emerged as a key problem. Architects and researchers are considering the best modern architectural approaches to building a sustainable model for smart cities.
{"title":"MODERN ARCHITECTURAL APPROACHES TO SMART CITIES AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES","authors":"Numan Abu-Hammad","doi":"10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-3-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-3-13","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This article aims to provide readers with an overview of significant modern architectural approaches to creating sustainable smart city models. Different architectural approaches have piqued the interest of many researchers that study ancient and modern buildings, specifically their characteristics and execution methods. Purpose of the study: Interest toward smart architecture has grown due to the extensive development of technology and its integration into all aspects of human and city life, including the learning environment, the psychological effect of various spaces, and environmental impact. Methods: Architects, designers, engineers, and psychologists alike must consider these key developments and choose approaches to spaces and buildings that properly reflect the smart building philosophy. Many case studies have been adopted in the current investigation. Results: Over the recent years, due to the increasing strain of real estate demands, which led to overcrowding in cities, the need to find the most suitable housing solutions has emerged as a key problem. Architects and researchers are considering the best modern architectural approaches to building a sustainable model for smart cities.","PeriodicalId":52295,"journal":{"name":"Architecture and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135296825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-14-22
Abdelghafour Saadi, Abdelmalek Brahma
Introduction: This study focuses on autogenous shrinkage in cement pastes and presents a novel calculation method considering variations in internal relative humidity (IRH). IRH significantly influences autogenous shrinkage, and its evolution is modeled based on decline curves. The proposed method accurately evaluates autogenous shrinkage and aligns well with experimental data. Additionally, we calculate capillary depression and meniscus radius using the Laplace–Kelvin equation. Methods: To address early autogenous shrinkage in construction materials, we developed our calculation method, emphasizing IRH variation. We analyzed decline curves to model IRH and validated our model using literature-based experimental data. Results: Our validated model for predicting IRH and autogenous shrinkage in Portland cement pastes, based on cement paste hydration degree, water-to-cement ratio (w/c), and the critical degree of hydration (αcr), closely aligns with experimental data and existing models.
{"title":"ON THE AUTOGENOUS SHRINKAGE OF CEMENT PASTES","authors":"Abdelghafour Saadi, Abdelmalek Brahma","doi":"10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-14-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-14-22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study focuses on autogenous shrinkage in cement pastes and presents a novel calculation method considering variations in internal relative humidity (IRH). IRH significantly influences autogenous shrinkage, and its evolution is modeled based on decline curves. The proposed method accurately evaluates autogenous shrinkage and aligns well with experimental data. Additionally, we calculate capillary depression and meniscus radius using the Laplace–Kelvin equation. Methods: To address early autogenous shrinkage in construction materials, we developed our calculation method, emphasizing IRH variation. We analyzed decline curves to model IRH and validated our model using literature-based experimental data. Results: Our validated model for predicting IRH and autogenous shrinkage in Portland cement pastes, based on cement paste hydration degree, water-to-cement ratio (w/c), and the critical degree of hydration (αcr), closely aligns with experimental data and existing models.","PeriodicalId":52295,"journal":{"name":"Architecture and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135297515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-77-91
Brahim Ahmed, Khalfallah Boudjemaa
Introduction: The paper examines the urban transformations that Djelfa underwent over time, from its colonial inception to the present day, characterized by rapid demographic and urban growth as well as excessive consumption of urban space. Purpose of the study: We aimed to study the urban transformations of the city of Djelfa over time, provide a quantitative description of the urban and social characteristics that shape the built environment, and identify the city’s most integrated (easily accessible) and secluded areas. Methods: We utilized the spatial syntax technique to analyze the stages of city development, which is based on modeling city maps into axial maps and quantitatively measuring various factors such as connectivity and integration (Rn). Results: We obtained significant results notably that the historical city center still maintains its importance in terms of easy access, interconnected axes, and chess layout that facilitated its expansion. Additionally, residential neighborhoods, isolated from the rest of the city, emerged at certain periods. Restructuring operations, such as the opening of Mohamed Boudiaf Square in the city center, contributed to increasing connectivity with its neighboring axes.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ONTHE COLONIAL URBAN FABRIC IN DJELFA (ALGERIA) USING SPACE SYNTAX TECHNIQUE","authors":"Brahim Ahmed, Khalfallah Boudjemaa","doi":"10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-77-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-77-91","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The paper examines the urban transformations that Djelfa underwent over time, from its colonial inception to the present day, characterized by rapid demographic and urban growth as well as excessive consumption of urban space. Purpose of the study: We aimed to study the urban transformations of the city of Djelfa over time, provide a quantitative description of the urban and social characteristics that shape the built environment, and identify the city’s most integrated (easily accessible) and secluded areas. Methods: We utilized the spatial syntax technique to analyze the stages of city development, which is based on modeling city maps into axial maps and quantitatively measuring various factors such as connectivity and integration (Rn). Results: We obtained significant results notably that the historical city center still maintains its importance in terms of easy access, interconnected axes, and chess layout that facilitated its expansion. Additionally, residential neighborhoods, isolated from the rest of the city, emerged at certain periods. Restructuring operations, such as the opening of Mohamed Boudiaf Square in the city center, contributed to increasing connectivity with its neighboring axes.","PeriodicalId":52295,"journal":{"name":"Architecture and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135297516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inroduction: Gradual destruction of buildings or structures of historical significance is a natural process that cannot be stopped. Therefore, preservation of architectural monuments is one of the most important areas of restoration activity. Complete replacement of damaged building materials of architectural monuments changes the historical appearance, and thus cultural sites are stripped of their original look. Innovations in the re-creation of historical building materials and technologies help preserve historical continuity. The purpose of the study was to develop a number of compounds of terrazzite plaster mixtures for cultural heritage sites of the 20th century, which, from an aesthetic point of view, will not allow the loss of the natural and picturesque appearance of the monument, and will be able to preserve the “patina of time”. As a result of the research, the authors studied the compositions of the selected samples, proposed restoration compounds of terrazzite plaster, and determined the algorithm for applying an analogue of the historical plaster. In terms of technical and economic indicators, the developed restoration compounds are effective and make it possible to return architectural monuments to their original appearance with minimal costs. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were drawn about the feasibility of using the proposed new components in terrazzite plaster mixtures to increase strength and ensure high-quality adhesion of the old and new plaster layers. The proposed technology contributes to the return of architectural monuments to their original appearance without losing the historical authenticity of the buildings.
{"title":"RESTORATION COMPOUNDS FOR TERRAZZITE PLASTER ON THE EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES OF THE 20TH CENTURY (RUSSIA)","authors":"Lyubov Zakrevskaya, Galina Maslova, Elizaveta Repina","doi":"10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-45-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-45-52","url":null,"abstract":"Inroduction: Gradual destruction of buildings or structures of historical significance is a natural process that cannot be stopped. Therefore, preservation of architectural monuments is one of the most important areas of restoration activity. Complete replacement of damaged building materials of architectural monuments changes the historical appearance, and thus cultural sites are stripped of their original look. Innovations in the re-creation of historical building materials and technologies help preserve historical continuity. The purpose of the study was to develop a number of compounds of terrazzite plaster mixtures for cultural heritage sites of the 20th century, which, from an aesthetic point of view, will not allow the loss of the natural and picturesque appearance of the monument, and will be able to preserve the “patina of time”. As a result of the research, the authors studied the compositions of the selected samples, proposed restoration compounds of terrazzite plaster, and determined the algorithm for applying an analogue of the historical plaster. In terms of technical and economic indicators, the developed restoration compounds are effective and make it possible to return architectural monuments to their original appearance with minimal costs. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were drawn about the feasibility of using the proposed new components in terrazzite plaster mixtures to increase strength and ensure high-quality adhesion of the old and new plaster layers. The proposed technology contributes to the return of architectural monuments to their original appearance without losing the historical authenticity of the buildings.","PeriodicalId":52295,"journal":{"name":"Architecture and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135296833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Considering the condition of water leakage at metro stations and the availability of various leakage detection methods, studying combination detection methods suitable for various working conditions can serve as the basis for leakage treatment. Purpose of the study: We aimed to use a number of leakage detection methods that can complement and verify each other in terms of accuracy and depth of detection, improve the identification of defects, and ensure precise grouting. Methods: In the course of the study, model tests and field application of detection methods were used. Results: Using an infrared detector and a water leakage detection instrument, it is possible to identify leakage points on the surface of both the non-decorative layer and the wet-sticking decorative layer more accurately. By combining a ground penetrating radar and an ultrasonic cross-section scanner, it is possible to better identify internal structural defects within both the non-decorative layer and the wet-sticking decorative layer. If the decorative layer is not dismantled, an air-coupled radar based on an industrial endoscope and a specially developed camera system can effectively detect the leakage path in concrete as well as surface leakage points.
{"title":"STUDY ON WATER LEAKAGE DETECTION AND TREATMENT IN METRO STATION STRUCTURES","authors":"Shen Qiaofeng, Chen Shen, Xun Liu, Wuxiang Sun, Luning Shi, Ting Chen","doi":"10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-32-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-32-44","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Considering the condition of water leakage at metro stations and the availability of various leakage detection methods, studying combination detection methods suitable for various working conditions can serve as the basis for leakage treatment. Purpose of the study: We aimed to use a number of leakage detection methods that can complement and verify each other in terms of accuracy and depth of detection, improve the identification of defects, and ensure precise grouting. Methods: In the course of the study, model tests and field application of detection methods were used. Results: Using an infrared detector and a water leakage detection instrument, it is possible to identify leakage points on the surface of both the non-decorative layer and the wet-sticking decorative layer more accurately. By combining a ground penetrating radar and an ultrasonic cross-section scanner, it is possible to better identify internal structural defects within both the non-decorative layer and the wet-sticking decorative layer. If the decorative layer is not dismantled, an air-coupled radar based on an industrial endoscope and a specially developed camera system can effectively detect the leakage path in concrete as well as surface leakage points.","PeriodicalId":52295,"journal":{"name":"Architecture and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135297519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-23-31
Darshini Shekhar, Jagdish Godihal
Introduction: The existing building construction techniques in India account for increased operating energy consumption. Due to this, there is a need to apply sustainable construction methods by including passive design techniques. In accordance with the local climatic condition, a good passive design not only maintains a comfortable environment in the house, but also consumes less energy all the while performing the same basic functions as the traditional structures. Purpose of the study: The present research focuses on residential villas by analyzing parameters such as illuminance, energy, and cost consumption using Revit (Insight 360) software with two different cases. Methods: Considering Case1 as an existing villa of conventional design and Case2 presenting a proposed villa, a remodeling of the existing villa with an increased window wall ratio (WWR), different fenestration designs, and a new building plan. The authors followed the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) guidelines relating to illuminance and generated an analytical energy model using Insight 360 to compare the energy consumption and cost efficiency of the cases. Results: The effectiveness of various fenestration types related to direct heat gain, window orientation that would provide more natural light, total operating energy consumption and costs of two different cases of villas are investigated in this paper.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF ENERGY-COST-EFFICIENT DESIGN ALTERNATIVES FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN KARNATAKA’S TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATIC ZONES","authors":"Darshini Shekhar, Jagdish Godihal","doi":"10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-23-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-3-23-31","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The existing building construction techniques in India account for increased operating energy consumption. Due to this, there is a need to apply sustainable construction methods by including passive design techniques. In accordance with the local climatic condition, a good passive design not only maintains a comfortable environment in the house, but also consumes less energy all the while performing the same basic functions as the traditional structures. Purpose of the study: The present research focuses on residential villas by analyzing parameters such as illuminance, energy, and cost consumption using Revit (Insight 360) software with two different cases. Methods: Considering Case1 as an existing villa of conventional design and Case2 presenting a proposed villa, a remodeling of the existing villa with an increased window wall ratio (WWR), different fenestration designs, and a new building plan. The authors followed the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) guidelines relating to illuminance and generated an analytical energy model using Insight 360 to compare the energy consumption and cost efficiency of the cases. Results: The effectiveness of various fenestration types related to direct heat gain, window orientation that would provide more natural light, total operating energy consumption and costs of two different cases of villas are investigated in this paper.","PeriodicalId":52295,"journal":{"name":"Architecture and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135297657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-2-25-32
I. Garkina, A. Danilov
Introduction. The development of composite materials is considered with account for the shifts of paradigms based on the basic models of the continuous self-developing environment towards paradigms based on the models of the structured self-developing environment using the ideas and methods of the system approach and synergetics. The system approach can: reduce or even eliminate the uncertainty inherent to the problem to be solved; reconstruct it in models meeting the objectives of the study; identify objects, properties, and relationships in the system under consideration, taking into account the mutual influence of the external environment. Methods. It is shown that the structural organization of the material determines the design of the product or structure and largely determines the functional properties of the entire system. Composite materials are considered as large, complex systems formed based on a modular principle; material properties are determined on the basis of autonomous studies of individual subsystems. Results. It is assumed that individual subsystems have a certain degree of autonomy; it is possible to introduce customizable reference models with the simultaneous decentralization of modules by inputs; the conditions for transferring the results of autonomous studies to the system as a whole are determined by the completeness of understanding the processes of the formation of the structure and properties of the system. In the development of composites, the relative importance, the mutual utility of the quality criteria, a reasonable balance between the internal logic of science and its practical significance are taken into account. Partial criteria are analyzed, and a generalized quality criterion for the building material is formalized. The following is considered: the complexity of the object of study (multi-dimensionality, multi-connectedness, incompleteness of diagnostic information), diagnostic interpretation of the analyzed factors, the probabilistic nature of diagnostic information (using methods of both concrete and abstract-logical cognition; each new logical stage continues the previous one and serves as a prerequisite for the previous one).
{"title":"ANALYTICAL DESIGN OF COMPOSITES IN TERMS OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS","authors":"I. Garkina, A. Danilov","doi":"10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-2-25-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-2-25-32","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The development of composite materials is considered with account for the shifts of paradigms based on the basic models of the continuous self-developing environment towards paradigms based on the models of the structured self-developing environment using the ideas and methods of the system approach and synergetics. The system approach can: reduce or even eliminate the uncertainty inherent to the problem to be solved; reconstruct it in models meeting the objectives of the study; identify objects, properties, and relationships in the system under consideration, taking into account the mutual influence of the external environment. Methods. It is shown that the structural organization of the material determines the design of the product or structure and largely determines the functional properties of the entire system. Composite materials are considered as large, complex systems formed based on a modular principle; material properties are determined on the basis of autonomous studies of individual subsystems. Results. It is assumed that individual subsystems have a certain degree of autonomy; it is possible to introduce customizable reference models with the simultaneous decentralization of modules by inputs; the conditions for transferring the results of autonomous studies to the system as a whole are determined by the completeness of understanding the processes of the formation of the structure and properties of the system. In the development of composites, the relative importance, the mutual utility of the quality criteria, a reasonable balance between the internal logic of science and its practical significance are taken into account. Partial criteria are analyzed, and a generalized quality criterion for the building material is formalized. The following is considered: the complexity of the object of study (multi-dimensionality, multi-connectedness, incompleteness of diagnostic information), diagnostic interpretation of the analyzed factors, the probabilistic nature of diagnostic information (using methods of both concrete and abstract-logical cognition; each new logical stage continues the previous one and serves as a prerequisite for the previous one).","PeriodicalId":52295,"journal":{"name":"Architecture and Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42866850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-2-49-57
Dmitrii Kuligin, Filipp Shkoliar
Introduction. Load rates are one of the main factors affecting the assessment of the reliability of building structures. All loads are probabilistic in nature, but short-term loads are the most representative in terms of this study since they have the most stochastic nature compared to other types of loads. According to regulatory documents, the short-term loads on a building should be summarized based on their base return period — 50 years. Due to variety of design situations, it is impossible to optimally standardize calculation methods for all types of buildings, therefore, the return period of 50 years is taken for all types of buildings regardless of their required useful life, which in some cases may lead to an excessive safety margin. Methods. To summarize loads on the structural schemes of buildings, two methods are used: deterministic, which is based only on data from regulatory documents, and probabilistic, which takes into account the probabilistic nature of the origin of loads. Reliability is assessed by the limit state method and Rzhanitsyn method. Results. In a number of cases, the use of the probabilistic method when summarizing loads makes it possible to reduce the stiffness properties of sections by equating the period of return of probabilistic loads to the required useful life of the building. Thus, reliability is guaranteed not for 50 years (as in the deterministic method) but for the useful life of a building, and, as a result, the reliability of building structures is not reduced during the entire set period of their operation. This method made it possible to reduce the total weight of the frame of an industrial building by 3 %, and that of a small-sized building — by 27 %, which indicates a more rational application of the proposed method to small-sized building schemes, since in large schemes the gains from the reduced material consumption in structures will be neutralized by the consequences of their failure and the cost of equipment inside the building.
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