The keystroke-level model (KLM) is commonly used to predict the time it will take an expert user to accomplish a task without errors when using an interactive system. The KLM was initially intended to predict interactions in conventional set-ups, i.e., mouse and keyboard interactions. However, it has since been adapted to predict interactions with smartphones, in-vehicle information systems, and natural user interfaces. The simplicity of the KLM and its extensions, along with their resource- and time-saving capabilities, has driven their adoption. In recent years, the popularity of smartwatches has grown, introducing new design challenges due to the small touch screens and bimanual interactions involved, which make current extensions to the KLM unsuitable for modelling smartwatches. Therefore, it is necessary to study these interfaces and interactions. This paper reports on three studies performed to modify the original KLM and its extensions for smartwatch interaction. First, an observational study was conducted to characterise smartwatch interactions. Second, the unit times for the observed interactions were derived through another study, in which the times required to perform the relevant physical actions were measured. Finally, a third study was carried out to validate the model for interactions with the Apple Watch and Samsung Gear S3. The results show that the new model can accurately predict the performance of smartwatch users with a percentage error of 12.07%; a value that falls below the acceptable percentage dictated by the original KLM ~21%.
{"title":"A Predictive Fingerstroke-Level Model for Smartwatch Interaction","authors":"Shiroq Al-Megren","doi":"10.3390/MTI2030038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/MTI2030038","url":null,"abstract":"The keystroke-level model (KLM) is commonly used to predict the time it will take an expert user to accomplish a task without errors when using an interactive system. The KLM was initially intended to predict interactions in conventional set-ups, i.e., mouse and keyboard interactions. However, it has since been adapted to predict interactions with smartphones, in-vehicle information systems, and natural user interfaces. The simplicity of the KLM and its extensions, along with their resource- and time-saving capabilities, has driven their adoption. In recent years, the popularity of smartwatches has grown, introducing new design challenges due to the small touch screens and bimanual interactions involved, which make current extensions to the KLM unsuitable for modelling smartwatches. Therefore, it is necessary to study these interfaces and interactions. This paper reports on three studies performed to modify the original KLM and its extensions for smartwatch interaction. First, an observational study was conducted to characterise smartwatch interactions. Second, the unit times for the observed interactions were derived through another study, in which the times required to perform the relevant physical actions were measured. Finally, a third study was carried out to validate the model for interactions with the Apple Watch and Samsung Gear S3. The results show that the new model can accurately predict the performance of smartwatch users with a percentage error of 12.07%; a value that falls below the acceptable percentage dictated by the original KLM ~21%.","PeriodicalId":52297,"journal":{"name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","volume":"2 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/MTI2030038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69755578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Documenting the Elusive and Ephemeral in Embodied Design Ideation Activities","authors":"Laia Turmo Vidal, Elena Márquez Segura","doi":"10.3390/mti2030035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti2030035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52297,"journal":{"name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85032392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Konstantinos Spiliotopoulos, Maria Rigou, S. Sirmakessis
A key factor influencing the effectiveness of a user interface is the usability resulting from its design, and the overall experience generated while using it, through any kind of device. The two main design trends that prevail in the field of user interface design is skeuomorphism and flat design. Skeuomorphism was used in UI design long before flat design and it is built upon the notion of metaphors and affordances. Flat design is the main design trend used in most UIs today and, unlike skeuomorphic design, it is considered as a way to explore the digital medium without trying to reproduce the appearance of the physical world. This paper investigates how users perceive the two design approaches at the level of icon design (in terms of icon recognizability, recall and effectiveness) based on series of experiments and on data collected via a Tobii eye tracker. Moreover, the paper poses the question whether users perceive an overall flat design as more aesthetically attractive or more usable than a skeuomorphic equivalent. All tested hypotheses regarding potential effect of design approach on icon recognizability, task completion time, or number of errors were rejected but users perceived flat design as more usable. The last issue considered was how users respond to functionally equivalent flat and skeuomorphic variations of websites when given specific tasks to execute. Most tested hypotheses that website design affects task completion durations, user expected and experienced difficulty, or SUS (System Usability Scale) and meCUE questionnaires scores were rejected but there was a correlation between skeuomorphic design and increased experienced difficulty, as well as design type and SUS scores but not in both websites examined.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Skeuomorphic and Flat Design from a UX Perspective","authors":"Konstantinos Spiliotopoulos, Maria Rigou, S. Sirmakessis","doi":"10.3390/MTI2020031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/MTI2020031","url":null,"abstract":"A key factor influencing the effectiveness of a user interface is the usability resulting from its design, and the overall experience generated while using it, through any kind of device. The two main design trends that prevail in the field of user interface design is skeuomorphism and flat design. Skeuomorphism was used in UI design long before flat design and it is built upon the notion of metaphors and affordances. Flat design is the main design trend used in most UIs today and, unlike skeuomorphic design, it is considered as a way to explore the digital medium without trying to reproduce the appearance of the physical world. This paper investigates how users perceive the two design approaches at the level of icon design (in terms of icon recognizability, recall and effectiveness) based on series of experiments and on data collected via a Tobii eye tracker. Moreover, the paper poses the question whether users perceive an overall flat design as more aesthetically attractive or more usable than a skeuomorphic equivalent. All tested hypotheses regarding potential effect of design approach on icon recognizability, task completion time, or number of errors were rejected but users perceived flat design as more usable. The last issue considered was how users respond to functionally equivalent flat and skeuomorphic variations of websites when given specific tasks to execute. Most tested hypotheses that website design affects task completion durations, user expected and experienced difficulty, or SUS (System Usability Scale) and meCUE questionnaires scores were rejected but there was a correlation between skeuomorphic design and increased experienced difficulty, as well as design type and SUS scores but not in both websites examined.","PeriodicalId":52297,"journal":{"name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","volume":"8 5 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/MTI2020031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69755533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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