On July 8, 2008 a pair of Siberian Jays Perisoreus infaustus was observed at Björnlandet National Park, which lies in southernmost Swedish Lapland. The observation took place about one km to the north of the lake Angsjön in late afternoon (17–17:30h local time). Both birds were recorded to store food items from the bright yellow plasmodium of a slime mould (video clip showing the birds’ behaviour can be viewed at http://www.fotobiota.com/ video_inUK.php?spec=53&clip=143). One by one, sometimes together, the jays were coming repeatedly to the moist and heavily decayed trunk lying on the ground and supporting the slime mould, filling their sublingual pouches with mould and then fixing the food items on neighbouring trees (Figure 1). The hoarded items (food boli) had the size of a chewing gum (about 2 cm long) and were fixed in concealed places, in most cases among hanging lichens (Usnea sp.) on side branches. The food boli were stored on trees (mostly Norway spruce Picea abies and birch Betula, but also Scots pine Pinus sylvestris) within a radius of 10–15 m from the mould. The nearest three stored items were fixed 2–5 m away (mean 3 m), at 1.9–4.05 m above the ground (mean 3.15 m) and on Norway spruce (2.9 m high) and birches (7 and 9 m). It is evident that food items were fixed at roughly the mid-height of trees – the above-mentioned three at about 45– 65.5% (mean 53.5%) of total tree height. Before starting storing the food, both Siberian Jays were observed to chase away persistently 1–2 Redwings Turdus iliacus. It remains unclear whether the jays were provoked because of the fact that Redwings found the slime mould first or just because of their presence in the jays’ territory. The marked tendency in Siberian Jays to store food is well known (Cramp & Perrins 1994). This type of behaviour occurs mainly in spring, autumn and winter (Blomgren 1971, Andreev 1982, Pravosudov 1984), very rarely in summer. Most of the young are already fledged by the end of May or in early June, and a month later they usually feed independently (Cramp & Perrins 1994). Hence, the observed behaviour of food storing in July could be regarded either as supporting the young birds still inhabiting the territory or as a beginning of the intensive food storing in autumn or even as quick utilization of large but perishable food resource. As an adaptation for living in the boreal regions in winter the Siberian Jay, as well as its close relative the Grey Jay Perisoreus canadensis, have sublingual salivary glands producing saliva, which is used to form food balls and to make them stick to hiding places (Bock 1961, Dow 1965, Andreev 1982, Pravosudov 1984). In contrast to the cold season, in spring the food is carried in bill and not treated with saliva (Pravosudov 1984). In our case the food boli were completely permeated by and coated with saliva, otherwise the extremely soft and fragile plasmodium of the slime mould could not be stored as well-formed food items. In the past, the
{"title":"Food-storing of slime mould in Siberian Jay Perisoreus infaustus during the postbreeding season","authors":"Boris Petrov Nikolov, I. Hristova","doi":"10.34080/os.v19.22663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34080/os.v19.22663","url":null,"abstract":"On July 8, 2008 a pair of Siberian Jays Perisoreus infaustus was observed at Björnlandet National Park, which lies in southernmost Swedish Lapland. The observation took place about one km to the north of the lake Angsjön in late afternoon (17–17:30h local time). Both birds were recorded to store food items from the bright yellow plasmodium of a slime mould (video clip showing the birds’ behaviour can be viewed at http://www.fotobiota.com/ video_inUK.php?spec=53&clip=143). One by one, sometimes together, the jays were coming repeatedly to the moist and heavily decayed trunk lying on the ground and supporting the slime mould, filling their sublingual pouches with mould and then fixing the food items on neighbouring trees (Figure 1). The hoarded items (food boli) had the size of a chewing gum (about 2 cm long) and were fixed in concealed places, in most cases among hanging lichens (Usnea sp.) on side branches. The food boli were stored on trees (mostly Norway spruce Picea abies and birch Betula, but also Scots pine Pinus sylvestris) within a radius of 10–15 m from the mould. The nearest three stored items were fixed 2–5 m away (mean 3 m), at 1.9–4.05 m above the ground (mean 3.15 m) and on Norway spruce (2.9 m high) and birches (7 and 9 m). It is evident that food items were fixed at roughly the mid-height of trees – the above-mentioned three at about 45– 65.5% (mean 53.5%) of total tree height. Before starting storing the food, both Siberian Jays were observed to chase away persistently 1–2 Redwings Turdus iliacus. It remains unclear whether the jays were provoked because of the fact that Redwings found the slime mould first or just because of their presence in the jays’ territory. The marked tendency in Siberian Jays to store food is well known (Cramp & Perrins 1994). This type of behaviour occurs mainly in spring, autumn and winter (Blomgren 1971, Andreev 1982, Pravosudov 1984), very rarely in summer. Most of the young are already fledged by the end of May or in early June, and a month later they usually feed independently (Cramp & Perrins 1994). Hence, the observed behaviour of food storing in July could be regarded either as supporting the young birds still inhabiting the territory or as a beginning of the intensive food storing in autumn or even as quick utilization of large but perishable food resource. As an adaptation for living in the boreal regions in winter the Siberian Jay, as well as its close relative the Grey Jay Perisoreus canadensis, have sublingual salivary glands producing saliva, which is used to form food balls and to make them stick to hiding places (Bock 1961, Dow 1965, Andreev 1982, Pravosudov 1984). In contrast to the cold season, in spring the food is carried in bill and not treated with saliva (Pravosudov 1984). In our case the food boli were completely permeated by and coated with saliva, otherwise the extremely soft and fragile plasmodium of the slime mould could not be stored as well-formed food items. In the past, the","PeriodicalId":52418,"journal":{"name":"Ornis Svecica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69761707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The breeding population of Magpie Pica pica was censused in a 200 hectare surburban area (Vårberg) in the south-west part of Stockholm in 2007. The area was divided into four different zones to evaluate the effect of different types of urban settings. A total of 113 nests were found, and density differed significantly between zones. The density of breeding Magpies was 9 pairs/km2 in a zone with no buildings (“natural” habitats). In a zone with detached and terraced houses the density was 53 pairs/km2. In a zone with apartment buildings less than four stores high the density was 81 pairs/km2. This was the highest density, close to tenfold the density found in the zone without buildings. In a zone with tall buildings exceeding three stores, the density was 66 pairs/km2. The nests were generally placed higher up in the trees in the zone with natural habitats than in the zones with buildings. Nests were found in 16 different species of trees with pine and whitebeam being the most frequent ones, but no single favourite could be detected.
{"title":"Revirtäthet och boplatsval av skata Pica pica i olika typer av urbana miljöer","authors":"Tomas Viktor","doi":"10.34080/os.v19.22659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34080/os.v19.22659","url":null,"abstract":"The breeding population of Magpie Pica pica was censused in a 200 hectare surburban area (Vårberg) in the south-west part of Stockholm in 2007. The area was divided into four different zones to evaluate the effect of different types of urban settings. A total of 113 nests were found, and density differed significantly between zones. The density of breeding Magpies was 9 pairs/km2 in a zone with no buildings (“natural” habitats). In a zone with detached and terraced houses the density was 53 pairs/km2. In a zone with apartment buildings less than four stores high the density was 81 pairs/km2. This was the highest density, close to tenfold the density found in the zone without buildings. In a zone with tall buildings exceeding three stores, the density was 66 pairs/km2. The nests were generally placed higher up in the trees in the zone with natural habitats than in the zones with buildings. Nests were found in 16 different species of trees with pine and whitebeam being the most frequent ones, but no single favourite could be detected.","PeriodicalId":52418,"journal":{"name":"Ornis Svecica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69761523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents full-body and close-up photographs of hybrids between Barnacle Goose and some Anser goose species. The second parent was in one case a Snow Goose, in five cases a Greylag Goose, in one case a domestic Swan Goose and in one case a Bar-headed Goose. Parentage is considered proven in the Snow Goose and the Greylag Goose hybrids. These hybrids are all rare. The number of individuals is in the magnitude of the estimated total Swedish populations and this is apparently the first report of a Barnacle Goose x domestic Swan Goose hybrid in Sweden. The bill colour pattern varied markedly between the five Greylag Goose hybrid siblings but little from one year to another. In the autumn, Greylag Goose hybrids and to some degree also the Swan Goose hybrid developed a transient white area of the front head next to the bill but a darker and browner colour of the pale cheek area. The various expressions of features inherited from the two parent species are exemplified in the Greylag Goose hybrids.
{"title":"Images of Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis hybrids – a photo documentation of some crosses with different Anser species","authors":"C. Gustavsson","doi":"10.34080/os.v19.22662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34080/os.v19.22662","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents full-body and close-up photographs of hybrids between Barnacle Goose and some Anser goose species. The second parent was in one case a Snow Goose, in five cases a Greylag Goose, in one case a domestic Swan Goose and in one case a Bar-headed Goose. Parentage is considered proven in the Snow Goose and the Greylag Goose hybrids. These hybrids are all rare. The number of individuals is in the magnitude of the estimated total Swedish populations and this is apparently the first report of a Barnacle Goose x domestic Swan Goose hybrid in Sweden. The bill colour pattern varied markedly between the five Greylag Goose hybrid siblings but little from one year to another. In the autumn, Greylag Goose hybrids and to some degree also the Swan Goose hybrid developed a transient white area of the front head next to the bill but a darker and browner colour of the pale cheek area. The various expressions of features inherited from the two parent species are exemplified in the Greylag Goose hybrids.","PeriodicalId":52418,"journal":{"name":"Ornis Svecica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69761664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to discern, by the use of mainly published sources, if there once was one or more migration routes of the Lesser White-fronted Goose in the Atlantic flyway, or if all occurrence there can be explained by vagrancy. Available data were insufficient to delineate migration routes within the Atlantic flyway, south of the former breeding range. Regular occurrence at frequently checked sites, and numbers involved as well, especially in the 1960’s, strongly indicates, however, that such routes have existed. The species was still migrating through South Sweden and wintering in north-western Europe in low numbers when releases started in Swedish Lapland. So, there is no scientific basis to state that these released Lesser White-fronted Geese follow an unnatural migration route. Instead, it is more than likely that they revived a traditional route.
{"title":"Historical occurrence of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in the Atlantic flyway","authors":"Hakon Kampe-Persson","doi":"10.34080/os.v18.22671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34080/os.v18.22671","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to discern, by the use of mainly published sources, if there once was one or more migration routes of the Lesser White-fronted Goose in the Atlantic flyway, or if all occurrence there can be explained by vagrancy. Available data were insufficient to delineate migration routes within the Atlantic flyway, south of the former breeding range. Regular occurrence at frequently checked sites, and numbers involved as well, especially in the 1960’s, strongly indicates, however, that such routes have existed. The species was still migrating through South Sweden and wintering in north-western Europe in low numbers when releases started in Swedish Lapland. So, there is no scientific basis to state that these released Lesser White-fronted Geese follow an unnatural migration route. Instead, it is more than likely that they revived a traditional route.","PeriodicalId":52418,"journal":{"name":"Ornis Svecica","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69761050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seven cases of presumed epimeletic behaviour of adult Common Swifts toward flying young were recorded. The behaviour varied from adults escorting the young, over episodes when part of the colony swirled around the newcomer, to instances when an adult touched the young from below. A flying dummy was also encircled when exposed to adults. An eighth case was a non-aggressive behaviour of a migrating Swift toward a fledged soliciting House Martin. The behaviour seems to be a parallel to the care-giving (epimeletic) behaviour in cetaceans, e.g. dolphins, and is therefore seen as an airborne epimeletic behaviour. The Common Swift and dolphins have adapted to elements which are extreme to birds and mammals. If a Swift fledgling falls to the ground or a newborn dolphin (or an injured adult) sinks in the water, each will succumb. Over evolutionary time, therefore, epimeletic behaviour should have been favoured. The identical behaviour of adults of different animal taxa in different environments is here seen as behavioural convergence.
{"title":"Epimeletic behaviour in airborne Common Swifts Apus apus: do adults support young in flight?","authors":"O. Tenow, T. Fagerström, L. Wallin","doi":"10.34080/os.v18.22674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34080/os.v18.22674","url":null,"abstract":"Seven cases of presumed epimeletic behaviour of adult Common Swifts toward flying young were recorded. The behaviour varied from adults escorting the young, over episodes when part of the colony swirled around the newcomer, to instances when an adult touched the young from below. A flying dummy was also encircled when exposed to adults. An eighth case was a non-aggressive behaviour of a migrating Swift toward a fledged soliciting House Martin. The behaviour seems to be a parallel to the care-giving (epimeletic) behaviour in cetaceans, e.g. dolphins, and is therefore seen as an airborne epimeletic behaviour. The Common Swift and dolphins have adapted to elements which are extreme to birds and mammals. If a Swift fledgling falls to the ground or a newborn dolphin (or an injured adult) sinks in the water, each will succumb. Over evolutionary time, therefore, epimeletic behaviour should have been favoured. The identical behaviour of adults of different animal taxa in different environments is here seen as behavioural convergence.","PeriodicalId":52418,"journal":{"name":"Ornis Svecica","volume":"2020 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69761071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We studied the impact of predation by the Black Rat on the breeding success of Cory’s Shearwaters on Linosa island (Pelagian archipelago) in 2006. Between 6 and 10 June we marked 231 active nests, which we checked in July, September and October. In July we found eggs or pulli in only 121 nests, while in the remaining 110 we found: 4 abandoned eggs, 1 crushed egg, 80 predated eggs, and 23 predated chicks; in two cases adults were present without eggs or chicks. In September we found 91 eggs or chicks, while 30 were predated by rats. In October no rat predation was observed. The reproductive success was 39%, rat predation being 59% and natural losses 2%, but long-term studies are needed to better quantify the exact effects of rat predation on Linosa’s shearwater population.
{"title":"Impact of predation by the Black Rat Rattus rattus on the breeding success of Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea on Linosa island (Sicily, Italy)","authors":"G. Rannisi, L. Murabito, M. Gustin, B. Massa","doi":"10.4081/rio.2012.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/rio.2012.135","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the impact of predation by the Black Rat on the breeding success of Cory’s Shearwaters on Linosa island (Pelagian archipelago) in 2006. Between 6 and 10 June we marked 231 active nests, which we checked in July, September and October. In July we found eggs or pulli in only 121 nests, while in the remaining 110 we found: 4 abandoned eggs, 1 crushed egg, 80 predated eggs, and 23 predated chicks; in two cases adults were present without eggs or chicks. In September we found 91 eggs or chicks, while 30 were predated by rats. In October no rat predation was observed. The reproductive success was 39%, rat predation being 59% and natural losses 2%, but long-term studies are needed to better quantify the exact effects of rat predation on Linosa’s shearwater population.","PeriodicalId":52418,"journal":{"name":"Ornis Svecica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/rio.2012.135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70302746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Competition for food and protection from predators are two important reasons for the development of winter territories. In their breeding areas, older males of several species signal their quality and possession of resources with attributes and behaviours. This can also be valid in winter quarters. This study of Black Redstart shows significant differences between adult and yearling males and also between habitats. Adult males were found solitary more frequently, they were fighting less and they were also singing more often in urban areas than in shrubland compared to yearlings. Urban areas, in comparison to shrubland, were characterised by lower individual density, higher proportion of males, more “intensive fights” and also higher singing activity from tall song perches. This indicates that territories are mainly established by adult males in urban areas. In shrubland males often appeared in groups and interacted in social behaviours with a high proportion of female-like birds. They also interacted with other species. I conclude that only the most dominant males are capable of maintaining stable territories when suitable habitats are scarce.
{"title":"Skillnader i reviretablering under hösten mellan adulta och årsunga hannar av svart rödstjärt Phoenicurus ochruros på Cypern och Kreta","authors":"Reino Andersson","doi":"10.34080/os.v18.22667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34080/os.v18.22667","url":null,"abstract":"Competition for food and protection from predators are two important reasons for the development of winter territories. In their breeding areas, older males of several species signal their quality and possession of resources with attributes and behaviours. This can also be valid in winter quarters. This study of Black Redstart shows significant differences between adult and yearling males and also between habitats. Adult males were found solitary more frequently, they were fighting less and they were also singing more often in urban areas than in shrubland compared to yearlings. Urban areas, in comparison to shrubland, were characterised by lower individual density, higher proportion of males, more “intensive fights” and also higher singing activity from tall song perches. This indicates that territories are mainly established by adult males in urban areas. In shrubland males often appeared in groups and interacted in social behaviours with a high proportion of female-like birds. They also interacted with other species. I conclude that only the most dominant males are capable of maintaining stable territories when suitable habitats are scarce.","PeriodicalId":52418,"journal":{"name":"Ornis Svecica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69760898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nest site features and habitats of the Golden Eagle were studied in Gotland, Sweden during 1992–2007. Here the entire population depended on suitable trees, particularly pines, for nesting. The mean age of the trees with a nest was 142 years. Only 4% of these trees were older than 200 years. The mean distance from nests to roads was about 400 meters and also the distances to permanently inhabited houses and recreational cottages were rather small. Thus, the Golden Eagle is not extremely specialized in the choice of habitat. But to be successful in breeding there must be a protected area around the nest-trees.
{"title":"Häckningsbiotop och boplatsval hos kungsörn Aquila chrysaetos (L.) på Gotland","authors":"Lars-Erik Wiss","doi":"10.34080/os.v18.22672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34080/os.v18.22672","url":null,"abstract":"Nest site features and habitats of the Golden Eagle were studied in Gotland, Sweden during 1992–2007. Here the entire population depended on suitable trees, particularly pines, for nesting. The mean age of the trees with a nest was 142 years. Only 4% of these trees were older than 200 years. The mean distance from nests to roads was about 400 meters and also the distances to permanently inhabited houses and recreational cottages were rather small. Thus, the Golden Eagle is not extremely specialized in the choice of habitat. But to be successful in breeding there must be a protected area around the nest-trees.","PeriodicalId":52418,"journal":{"name":"Ornis Svecica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69761171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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