Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infection is a major cause of death in children in a developing country and anemia is found to be one of the commonest associated cofactors. This study was aimed to determine association of anemia in children with lower respiratory tract infections.Materials and Methods: The retrospective study was done over a one-year period for children under 5 years of age, admitted in Pediatric Ward of a tertiary Hospital in Lalitpur. The study included 100 diagnosed cases of lower respiratory tract infections as per WHO criteria and 100 age and sex matched patients who did not have respiratory complaints as controls, excluding prematurity, chronic diseases, malnutrition and severe systemic illness. Appropriate clinical history, examination routine investigations like hemoglobin, peripheral smear, and Chest X-ray were included.Results: The age distribution maximum children were in the age group of 3 months to 23 months with significant association with prevalence of both pneumonia (p value 0.005) and anemia (p value 0.002). Anemia was found to be a significant risk factor for LRTI (p value < 0.001) with odds ratio of 2.68 and 95% CI (1.51 – 4.75).Conclusions: Anemia was significantly found to be associated with lower respiratory tract infections and these children were found to be 2.68 times more susceptible to lower respiratory tract infections. Early diagnosis and prevention of anemia is thus important to reduce the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections in children.Nepalese Medical Journal. vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 5-8
{"title":"Anemia as a Risk Factor for Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Children Below Five Years of Age","authors":"H. Shakya, S. Singh, A. Lakhey","doi":"10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20390","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infection is a major cause of death in children in a developing country and anemia is found to be one of the commonest associated cofactors. This study was aimed to determine association of anemia in children with lower respiratory tract infections.Materials and Methods: The retrospective study was done over a one-year period for children under 5 years of age, admitted in Pediatric Ward of a tertiary Hospital in Lalitpur. The study included 100 diagnosed cases of lower respiratory tract infections as per WHO criteria and 100 age and sex matched patients who did not have respiratory complaints as controls, excluding prematurity, chronic diseases, malnutrition and severe systemic illness. Appropriate clinical history, examination routine investigations like hemoglobin, peripheral smear, and Chest X-ray were included.Results: The age distribution maximum children were in the age group of 3 months to 23 months with significant association with prevalence of both pneumonia (p value 0.005) and anemia (p value 0.002). Anemia was found to be a significant risk factor for LRTI (p value < 0.001) with odds ratio of 2.68 and 95% CI (1.51 – 4.75).Conclusions: Anemia was significantly found to be associated with lower respiratory tract infections and these children were found to be 2.68 times more susceptible to lower respiratory tract infections. Early diagnosis and prevention of anemia is thus important to reduce the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections in children.Nepalese Medical Journal. vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 5-8","PeriodicalId":52856,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Medical Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90394555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poojyashree Karki, Milesh Jung Sijapati, P. Basnet, Anjila Basnet
Introduction: Refractive errors are becoming a problem in many societies, with prevalence rates of myopia in many Asian urban countries reaching epidemic proportions. This study aims to determine the prevalence rates of various refractive errors among medical students of Kist Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal.Materials and Methods: Medical students were included in the study. Demographic data was obtained via questionnaires filled in by the students after taking informed verbal consent. Refractive error measurements were determined by dry retinoscopy and additional cycloplegic refraction as and when needed.Results: The prevalence rate of simple myopia was 64.81% and 3.7% had high myopia. Hyperopia (Hypermetropia) was present in 1.8% of the participants while overall astigmatism prevalence rate was 29.6% among medical students. Conclusion: Prevalence rates of myopia in medical students are found to be quite high.Conclusions: Prevalence rates of myopia in medical students are found to be quite high.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 21-23
{"title":"Refractive Errors Among Medical Students","authors":"Poojyashree Karki, Milesh Jung Sijapati, P. Basnet, Anjila Basnet","doi":"10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20394","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Refractive errors are becoming a problem in many societies, with prevalence rates of myopia in many Asian urban countries reaching epidemic proportions. This study aims to determine the prevalence rates of various refractive errors among medical students of Kist Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal.Materials and Methods: Medical students were included in the study. Demographic data was obtained via questionnaires filled in by the students after taking informed verbal consent. Refractive error measurements were determined by dry retinoscopy and additional cycloplegic refraction as and when needed.Results: The prevalence rate of simple myopia was 64.81% and 3.7% had high myopia. Hyperopia (Hypermetropia) was present in 1.8% of the participants while overall astigmatism prevalence rate was 29.6% among medical students. Conclusion: Prevalence rates of myopia in medical students are found to be quite high.Conclusions: Prevalence rates of myopia in medical students are found to be quite high.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 21-23","PeriodicalId":52856,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Medical Journal","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80009959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anjila Basnet, P. Basnet, Poojyashree Karki, S. Shrestha
Introduction: Computers and other visual display terminals are now an essential part of our daily life. In the present era, use of computer has increased many folds, and its use has been associated with increased health risks, especially eyes.Materials and Methods: This hospital-based prospective, observational, descriptive study. “Specific Computer Users Questionnaire’’regarding the visual symptoms was put used. Schirmer’s test –I, and Tear film break up time were evaluated in all students.Results: Among 100 medical students 74% of the medical students sampled who used to spend 2 hours or more on their digital screens on a daily basis were complaining of one or more of CVS manifestation. Eye strain, burning eyes, neck, shoulder, or back pain, dryness, irritation and redness of eyes, headaches during or after working on computer and overall body fatigue were recorded in 89%,87%,78%,77%,71%and 68% respectively. Dry eye was associated with CVS in 58 % in right eye and 55% in left eye according to-Tear film break up time measurement whereas 59 % students have dry eye in right eye and 57% students have dry eye in left eye according to Schirmer’s test – I measurement.Conclusions: Symptoms of CVS increase with increased duration of working on digital screens for 2 hours or more. The factors associated with the severity of CVS were hours of digital screens use per day and dry eye..Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 29-31
计算机和其他视觉显示终端现在是我们日常生活中必不可少的一部分。在当今时代，电脑的使用增加了许多倍，它的使用与健康风险增加有关，特别是眼睛。材料和方法:这是一项基于医院的前瞻性、观察性、描述性研究。针对视觉症状采用了“特定计算机用户问卷”。对所有学生进行Schirmer测试i和撕裂膜破裂时间的评估。结果:在所调查的100名医学生中，每天花2小时或更长时间在电子屏幕前的医学生中，有74%的人抱怨有一种或多种CVS表现。分别有89%、87%、78%、77%、71%和68%的人在电脑工作期间或之后出现眼睛疲劳、眼睛灼烧、颈部、肩部或背部疼痛、干燥、眼睛刺激和发红、头痛和全身疲劳。根据泪膜破裂时间测量，干眼症与CVS相关的右眼为58%，左眼为55%，而根据Schirmer 's test 1测量，右眼为59%，左眼为57%。结论:CVS的症状随着使用数字屏幕2小时或更长时间的增加而增加。与CVS严重程度相关的因素是每天使用数字屏幕的时间和干眼症。尼泊尔医学杂志，vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 29-31
{"title":"Computer Vision Syndrome Prevalence and Associated Factors Among the Medical Student in Kist Medical College","authors":"Anjila Basnet, P. Basnet, Poojyashree Karki, S. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20396","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Computers and other visual display terminals are now an essential part of our daily life. In the present era, use of computer has increased many folds, and its use has been associated with increased health risks, especially eyes.Materials and Methods: This hospital-based prospective, observational, descriptive study. “Specific Computer Users Questionnaire’’regarding the visual symptoms was put used. Schirmer’s test –I, and Tear film break up time were evaluated in all students.Results: Among 100 medical students 74% of the medical students sampled who used to spend 2 hours or more on their digital screens on a daily basis were complaining of one or more of CVS manifestation. Eye strain, burning eyes, neck, shoulder, or back pain, dryness, irritation and redness of eyes, headaches during or after working on computer and overall body fatigue were recorded in 89%,87%,78%,77%,71%and 68% respectively. Dry eye was associated with CVS in 58 % in right eye and 55% in left eye according to-Tear film break up time measurement whereas 59 % students have dry eye in right eye and 57% students have dry eye in left eye according to Schirmer’s test – I measurement.Conclusions: Symptoms of CVS increase with increased duration of working on digital screens for 2 hours or more. The factors associated with the severity of CVS were hours of digital screens use per day and dry eye..Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 29-31","PeriodicalId":52856,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Medical Journal","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85946819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Not available.Nepalese Medical Journal. vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page:
不可用。尼泊尔医学杂志。vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page:
{"title":"Clinical Research and Medical Journal","authors":"S. Kc","doi":"10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20388","url":null,"abstract":"Not available.Nepalese Medical Journal. vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: ","PeriodicalId":52856,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Medical Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84938255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Stress has been linked to reproductive failure which includes miscarriage and Infertility. Several studies showed high levels of psychological stress and stress biomarkers in women with reproductive failure. However, very few studies are done to measure the stress response. So the current study sought to assess whether women with reproductive failure have exaggerated acute stress response.Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative study. Blood samples were collected immediately after venipuncture, and again 20 min later from 15 fertile controls, 20 recurrent miscarriage patients, and 40 infertile patients to measure natural killer cells and cortisol levels.Results: The percentage of peripheral blood NK cells (total CD3-CD56+) and serum total cortisol level did not change significantly across the two samples of immediately after venipuncture, and again 20 min later in the fertile controls (p=0.358,and p=0.890 respectively). However, there was a significant decline in the second sample in women with Infertility (p<0.05 for serum cortisol and p<0.05 for NK cell) and with recurrent miscarriage (p<0.05 for serum cortisol). There was a decline of NK cell in the 2nd sample in women with recurrent miscarriage though not to significant level (P>0.05).Conclusions: Women with recurrent miscarriage and Infertility may be more vulnerable to acute stressor.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 17-20
{"title":"Acute Stress Response in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage and Infertility","authors":"Sunita Bhandari","doi":"10.3126/nmj.v1i1.20393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v1i1.20393","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Stress has been linked to reproductive failure which includes miscarriage and Infertility. Several studies showed high levels of psychological stress and stress biomarkers in women with reproductive failure. However, very few studies are done to measure the stress response. So the current study sought to assess whether women with reproductive failure have exaggerated acute stress response.Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative study. Blood samples were collected immediately after venipuncture, and again 20 min later from 15 fertile controls, 20 recurrent miscarriage patients, and 40 infertile patients to measure natural killer cells and cortisol levels.Results: The percentage of peripheral blood NK cells (total CD3-CD56+) and serum total cortisol level did not change significantly across the two samples of immediately after venipuncture, and again 20 min later in the fertile controls (p=0.358,and p=0.890 respectively). However, there was a significant decline in the second sample in women with Infertility (p<0.05 for serum cortisol and p<0.05 for NK cell) and with recurrent miscarriage (p<0.05 for serum cortisol). There was a decline of NK cell in the 2nd sample in women with recurrent miscarriage though not to significant level (P>0.05).Conclusions: Women with recurrent miscarriage and Infertility may be more vulnerable to acute stressor.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 17-20","PeriodicalId":52856,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Medical Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90044134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rawal, D. Shrestha, B. Thapa, K. B. Shah, M. Jha
Mesenteric infarction is a surgical emergency presenting as acute abdomen. Here we present a case of unexpected diagnosis of acute mesenteric infarction. He underwent emergency laparotomy with resection of the gangrenous bowel and end- end anastomosis of remaining 140 cm small bowel left. In two weeks period patient develop recurrence of disease which was successfully managed with conservative treatment. Further detailed investigation revealed the bizarre arterial anatomy with occlusion at multiple sites.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 48-50
{"title":"Acute Abdomen: An Enigma","authors":"S. Rawal, D. Shrestha, B. Thapa, K. B. Shah, M. Jha","doi":"10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20401","url":null,"abstract":"Mesenteric infarction is a surgical emergency presenting as acute abdomen. Here we present a case of unexpected diagnosis of acute mesenteric infarction. He underwent emergency laparotomy with resection of the gangrenous bowel and end- end anastomosis of remaining 140 cm small bowel left. In two weeks period patient develop recurrence of disease which was successfully managed with conservative treatment. Further detailed investigation revealed the bizarre arterial anatomy with occlusion at multiple sites.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 48-50","PeriodicalId":52856,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Medical Journal","volume":"464 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88076945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a country like Nepal; where leprosy is prevalent, when a patient comes to us with nodular lesions, the first diagnosis is leprosy. A case of sarcoidosis with cutaneous and pulmonary involvement is reported here. In this patient initially the diagnosis of Hansen disease was made and was treated accordingly. As there was no improvement, a clinical suspicion of sarcoidosis. Presence of non-caseating granuloma in histopathology report and findings in chest X-Ray helped to reach in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and was treated accordingly after which the patient showed significant clinical improvement. This case is presented here to emphasize that though in our part of the world and cutaneous sarcoidosis is rare; Sarcoidosis should be kept as one of the differential diagnosis, if clinically suspicious. Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page : 51-53
{"title":"Sarcoidosis Treated as Hansen Disease - A Case Report","authors":"S. Shrestha, A. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20402","url":null,"abstract":" In a country like Nepal; where leprosy is prevalent, when a patient comes to us with nodular lesions, the first diagnosis is leprosy. A case of sarcoidosis with cutaneous and pulmonary involvement is reported here. In this patient initially the diagnosis of Hansen disease was made and was treated accordingly. As there was no improvement, a clinical suspicion of sarcoidosis. Presence of non-caseating granuloma in histopathology report and findings in chest X-Ray helped to reach in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and was treated accordingly after which the patient showed significant clinical improvement. This case is presented here to emphasize that though in our part of the world and cutaneous sarcoidosis is rare; Sarcoidosis should be kept as one of the differential diagnosis, if clinically suspicious. Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page : 51-53","PeriodicalId":52856,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Medical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90254219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have integrated social media into our lives by choice and we in the medical practice, amidst our busy schedules, have been using it for easy connectivity with friends and families and also, if not importantly, for our continued education. With the advent of digital pathology the image sharing has become much easier. This has been further expedited by cameras on the smart phones and editing apps. We have several groups dedicated to numerous subspecialties in pathology and they make peer reviewing and sharing of images, articles and relevant advances relatively easy. However, like all human endeavors, the lines can be crossed. Hence balance has to be maintained regarding patient privacy and our own professional needs. American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards has proposed guidelines for the same. These guidelines will be amended and improved in future with techniqual advances.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 39-42
{"title":"Social Pathologist and Code of Conduct","authors":"G. Kc","doi":"10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/NMJ.V1I1.20399","url":null,"abstract":"We have integrated social media into our lives by choice and we in the medical practice, amidst our busy schedules, have been using it for easy connectivity with friends and families and also, if not importantly, for our continued education. With the advent of digital pathology the image sharing has become much easier. This has been further expedited by cameras on the smart phones and editing apps. We have several groups dedicated to numerous subspecialties in pathology and they make peer reviewing and sharing of images, articles and relevant advances relatively easy. However, like all human endeavors, the lines can be crossed. Hence balance has to be maintained regarding patient privacy and our own professional needs. American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards has proposed guidelines for the same. These guidelines will be amended and improved in future with techniqual advances.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 39-42","PeriodicalId":52856,"journal":{"name":"Nepalese Medical Journal","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88551835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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