The use of appropriate fonts and file formats for long-term maintenance of digital assets is a challenge for organizations in the public sector. The article reports from a study which investigated the PDF/A conformance and font usage in PDF files provided by Swedish public sector organizations (PSOs). This article presents an analysis of the PDF files' properties and font usage including a categorization of fonts' licenses. This study is motivated by the PDF/A-1 standard's requirement that ‘only fonts that are legally embeddable in a file for unlimited, universal rendering shall be used.' Analyzing PDF sets from three PSOs, the finding shows that the proportion of files that claim or succeed at conforming to PDF/A greatly varies among the sets despite similar backgrounds. Although the most popular way to make use of fonts is by embedding a subset of the font data, for some fonts expected to be ‘always available,' a considerable proportion of PDF files does not include any font data. This puts the onus of locating this data on the PDF reader which is problematic for long-term archival.
对于公共部门的组织来说，使用适当的字体和文件格式来长期维护数字资产是一个挑战。本文报告了一项研究，该研究调查了瑞典公共部门组织(pso)提供的PDF文件中的PDF/ a一致性和字体使用情况。本文分析了PDF文件的属性和字体使用情况，包括字体许可的分类。这项研究的动机是PDF/ a -1标准的要求，即“只能使用合法嵌入文件中的字体，以实现无限的、通用的渲染。”分析三个pso的PDF集，发现尽管背景相似，但声称或成功符合PDF/A的文件比例在集合之间差异很大。虽然最流行的使用字体的方法是嵌入字体数据的子集，但对于一些希望“永远可用”的字体，相当大比例的PDF文件不包含任何字体数据。这就把定位这些数据的责任放在了PDF阅读器上，这对于长期存档来说是有问题的。
{"title":"On PDF/A Conformance and Font Usage in PDF Documents Provided by Public Sector Organizations","authors":"Thomas Fischer, Björn Lundell, Jonas Gamalielsson","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.329605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.329605","url":null,"abstract":"The use of appropriate fonts and file formats for long-term maintenance of digital assets is a challenge for organizations in the public sector. The article reports from a study which investigated the PDF/A conformance and font usage in PDF files provided by Swedish public sector organizations (PSOs). This article presents an analysis of the PDF files' properties and font usage including a categorization of fonts' licenses. This study is motivated by the PDF/A-1 standard's requirement that ‘only fonts that are legally embeddable in a file for unlimited, universal rendering shall be used.' Analyzing PDF sets from three PSOs, the finding shows that the proportion of files that claim or succeed at conforming to PDF/A greatly varies among the sets despite similar backgrounds. Although the most popular way to make use of fonts is by embedding a subset of the font data, for some fonts expected to be ‘always available,' a considerable proportion of PDF files does not include any font data. This puts the onus of locating this data on the PDF reader which is problematic for long-term archival.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135149857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While tariff barriers have drastically reduced around the world, non-tariff barriers, including demonstrating compliance with technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures, remain a significant obstacle to trade and could be particularly daunting for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). International standards have been recognized as an effective way to reduce technical barriers to trade (TBT). This research examines the impact of Canada's participation in international standards development (measured by technical committee/subcommittee participation) on SMEs' likelihood to export. Drawing on a national SME survey, results of the analysis showed that, after controlling for potentially confounding firm and owner attributes, Canada's participation in international standards development has a positive impact on Canada's exports and is associated with engaging more SMEs in international trade.
{"title":"Paving the Road to Global Markets","authors":"Diane (Xiaolu) Liao, Michelle Parkouda","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.319023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.319023","url":null,"abstract":"While tariff barriers have drastically reduced around the world, non-tariff barriers, including demonstrating compliance with technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures, remain a significant obstacle to trade and could be particularly daunting for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). International standards have been recognized as an effective way to reduce technical barriers to trade (TBT). This research examines the impact of Canada's participation in international standards development (measured by technical committee/subcommittee participation) on SMEs' likelihood to export. Drawing on a national SME survey, results of the analysis showed that, after controlling for potentially confounding firm and owner attributes, Canada's participation in international standards development has a positive impact on Canada's exports and is associated with engaging more SMEs in international trade.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45324443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Building resilience in cities requires, among other things, translating relevant research findings into practice at the city level. In this regard, standardization is an effective means of supporting the dissemination of research findings on particularly complex topics such as city resilience. To evaluate the scientific landscape on standardization activities for city resilience from research projects, a literature review was carried out using the Web of Science database. Only 6 of the 22 articles identified actually relate to city resilience and standardization, and a further 23 articles were found on so-called Workshop Agreements to provide evidence of the use of standardization activities in research projects in general. They were mainly published in the last five years and dealt little with standardization. The results confirm the lack of relevant scientific publications, and therefore, research should focus on standardization activities in research projects in general and on city resilience in particular.
建设城市韧性，除其他外，需要将相关研究成果转化为城市一级的实践。在这方面，标准化是支持传播关于城市复原力等特别复杂主题的研究成果的有效手段。为了从研究项目中评价城市弹性标准化活动的科学景观，利用Web of Science数据库进行了文献综述。在确定的22篇文章中，只有6篇实际上与城市弹性和标准化有关，另外23篇文章被发现是关于所谓的研讨会协议，以提供在一般研究项目中使用标准化活动的证据。它们主要是在最近5年出版的，很少涉及标准化。研究结果证实了相关科学出版物的缺乏，因此，研究应将重点放在研究项目的标准化活动上，特别是在城市恢复力方面。
{"title":"Analysis of Standardization Activities for City Resilience From Research Projects","authors":"R. Lindner, C. Jaca, J. Hernantes","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.318331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.318331","url":null,"abstract":"Building resilience in cities requires, among other things, translating relevant research findings into practice at the city level. In this regard, standardization is an effective means of supporting the dissemination of research findings on particularly complex topics such as city resilience. To evaluate the scientific landscape on standardization activities for city resilience from research projects, a literature review was carried out using the Web of Science database. Only 6 of the 22 articles identified actually relate to city resilience and standardization, and a further 23 articles were found on so-called Workshop Agreements to provide evidence of the use of standardization activities in research projects in general. They were mainly published in the last five years and dealt little with standardization. The results confirm the lack of relevant scientific publications, and therefore, research should focus on standardization activities in research projects in general and on city resilience in particular.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41467107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents novel results concerning engagement with ICT standards and their implementations in open source software (OSS). Specifically, findings draw from observations and analysis related to standards and implementations in the multimedia field. The first part of the study reports on experiences and insights from engagement with standards in the multimedia field and from implementation of such standards in OSS projects. The second part of the study focuses on the case of the ITU-T H.264 standard and the two OSS projects OpenH264 and x264 that both implement the standard, and reports on a characterisation of organisations that engage with and control the H.264 standard, and organisations that engage with and control OSS projects implementing the H.264 standard. Further, projects for standardisation and implementation of H.264 are contrasted with respect to mix of contributing organisations, and findings are related to organisational strategies of contributing organisations and previous research.
{"title":"On Engagement With ICT Standards and Their Implementations in Open Source Software Projects","authors":"Jonas Gamalielsson, B. Lundell","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.287102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.287102","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents novel results concerning engagement with ICT standards and their implementations in open source software (OSS). Specifically, findings draw from observations and analysis related to standards and implementations in the multimedia field. The first part of the study reports on experiences and insights from engagement with standards in the multimedia field and from implementation of such standards in OSS projects. The second part of the study focuses on the case of the ITU-T H.264 standard and the two OSS projects OpenH264 and x264 that both implement the standard, and reports on a characterisation of organisations that engage with and control the H.264 standard, and organisations that engage with and control OSS projects implementing the H.264 standard. Further, projects for standardisation and implementation of H.264 are contrasted with respect to mix of contributing organisations, and findings are related to organisational strategies of contributing organisations and previous research.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42776795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of long-term archival of digital assets, file formats that are standardized and designed for longevity such as PDF/A are preferred. However, due to the complexity of and ambiguities in PDF standards, it is far from trivial to either create standard-conformant files or check the conformance of any given file. This study investigates the challenges when checking real-world PDF files from public sector organizations meant for long-term archival for PDF/A conformance. Results show that only a small set of PDF files claims to conform to the PDF/A-1b specification variant and even fewer files pass conformance checks by various conformance checking tools. Challenges for conformance checking tools include both ambiguities in the standards’ technical specifications and limitations in the implementation.
{"title":"Achieving Conformance to Document Standards","authors":"Thomas Fischer, B. Lundell, Jonas Gamalielsson","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.288523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.288523","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of long-term archival of digital assets, file formats that are standardized and designed for longevity such as PDF/A are preferred. However, due to the complexity of and ambiguities in PDF standards, it is far from trivial to either create standard-conformant files or check the conformance of any given file. This study investigates the challenges when checking real-world PDF files from public sector organizations meant for long-term archival for PDF/A conformance. Results show that only a small set of PDF files claims to conform to the PDF/A-1b specification variant and even fewer files pass conformance checks by various conformance checking tools. Challenges for conformance checking tools include both ambiguities in the standards’ technical specifications and limitations in the implementation.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41817116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jussi T. S. Heikkila, T. Ali-Vehmas, Julius Rissanen
We analyze the link between standardization and economic growth by systematically reviewing leading economics journals, leading economic growth researchers’ articles, and economic growth-related books. We make the following observations: 1) No article has analyzed the link between standardization and economic growth in top5 economics journals between 1996 and 2018. 2) A representative sample of the leading researchers of economic growth has allocated little attention to the link between standardization and economic growth. 3) Typically, economic growth textbooks do not contain “standards” or “standardization” in their word indexes. These findings suggest that the economic growth theory has neglected the role of standardization.
{"title":"The Link Between Standardization and Economic Growth","authors":"Jussi T. S. Heikkila, T. Ali-Vehmas, Julius Rissanen","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.287101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.287101","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the link between standardization and economic growth by systematically reviewing leading economics journals, leading economic growth researchers’ articles, and economic growth-related books. We make the following observations: 1) No article has analyzed the link between standardization and economic growth in top5 economics journals between 1996 and 2018. 2) A representative sample of the leading researchers of economic growth has allocated little attention to the link between standardization and economic growth. 3) Typically, economic growth textbooks do not contain “standards” or “standardization” in their word indexes. These findings suggest that the economic growth theory has neglected the role of standardization.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45218373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/ijsr.20200101.oa3
C. Buts, E. V. Droogenbroeck, M. Dooms, Kim Willems
While several past studies have measured the impact of standards on indicators such as output and productivity for a variety of countries, a quantitative analysis that focuses on Belgium has not been performed yet. Based on a dataset containing sector level data spanning 25 years (1994-2018), the authors find that, next to capital investment and the number of patents, standards make a statistically significant, positive and substantial contribution to Belgian GDP as well as to labor productivity. More specifically, one additional standard will on average increase GDP by €2.04 million per year and will increase labor productivity per person employed by €11.5. In addition, standards contribute to about 0.2% of GDP, 19% of GDP growth, and 19% of labor productivity growth.
{"title":"The Economic Impact of Standards in Belgium","authors":"C. Buts, E. V. Droogenbroeck, M. Dooms, Kim Willems","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.20200101.oa3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.20200101.oa3","url":null,"abstract":"While several past studies have measured the impact of standards on indicators such as output and productivity for a variety of countries, a quantitative analysis that focuses on Belgium has not been performed yet. Based on a dataset containing sector level data spanning 25 years (1994-2018), the authors find that, next to capital investment and the number of patents, standards make a statistically significant, positive and substantial contribution to Belgian GDP as well as to labor productivity. More specifically, one additional standard will on average increase GDP by €2.04 million per year and will increase labor productivity per person employed by €11.5. In addition, standards contribute to about 0.2% of GDP, 19% of GDP growth, and 19% of labor productivity growth.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70471311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Standardization activity is a type of open innovation, specifically an outbound-revealing open innovation. Through standardization activities, a given technology spreads, its effects extend to the market, and the market expands. However, in many cases, competition intensifies, and price competition occurs. To succeed as global businesses, SMEs should take a strategy known as “Niche Top” in Japan. Standardization activities are more likely to constitute a risk for SMEs. However, the Japanese government has established a system that actively encourages SMEs to standardize. The authors of this manuscript conducted interviews with companies that are targets of this standardization system and investigated how these companies expand their businesses through standardization activities while still securing profits. The results show that standardization by SMEs does not cause the dissemination of technology and the expansion of markets; rather, it helps such SMEs erect barriers to market entry through the creation of standards and plays a large role in securing shares in niche markets.
{"title":"The Business Effects of Standardization for SMEs","authors":"M. Eto","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.2019070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.2019070102","url":null,"abstract":"Standardization activity is a type of open innovation, specifically an outbound-revealing open innovation. Through standardization activities, a given technology spreads, its effects extend to the market, and the market expands. However, in many cases, competition intensifies, and price competition occurs. To succeed as global businesses, SMEs should take a strategy known as “Niche Top” in Japan. Standardization activities are more likely to constitute a risk for SMEs. However, the Japanese government has established a system that actively encourages SMEs to standardize. The authors of this manuscript conducted interviews with companies that are targets of this standardization system and investigated how these companies expand their businesses through standardization activities while still securing profits. The results show that standardization by SMEs does not cause the dissemination of technology and the expansion of markets; rather, it helps such SMEs erect barriers to market entry through the creation of standards and plays a large role in securing shares in niche markets.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4018/ijsr.2019070102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47449963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the European population ages, there is an escalating need for age-friendly standards to support development of effective products and services involving information and communication technologies (ICT), thereby improving usability for all consumers, including older people. Co-production with users through inclusive and participatory processes provides several benefits to standardization, including enhanced understanding of market needs, clearer identification and mitigation of risks, and increased legitimacy of the standards developed. Ideally, co-production includes users from a range of backgrounds. However, older people, especially those aged over 80 years, are often the least likely in the population to be involved. This paper reports on barriers and challenges to inclusive co-production from the perspectives of a range of stakeholders participating in the European Commission-funded project PROGRESSIVE: Progressive Standards around ICT for Active and Healthy Ageing. It identifies potential ways to improve the participation of older people in the co-production of standards.
{"title":"Age-Friendly Standards Around ICT","authors":"V. Waights, C. Holland, Estelle Huchet, M. Fisk","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.2019070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.2019070101","url":null,"abstract":"As the European population ages, there is an escalating need for age-friendly standards to support development of effective products and services involving information and communication technologies (ICT), thereby improving usability for all consumers, including older people. Co-production with users through inclusive and participatory processes provides several benefits to standardization, including enhanced understanding of market needs, clearer identification and mitigation of risks, and increased legitimacy of the standards developed. Ideally, co-production includes users from a range of backgrounds. However, older people, especially those aged over 80 years, are often the least likely in the population to be involved. This paper reports on barriers and challenges to inclusive co-production from the perspectives of a range of stakeholders participating in the European Commission-funded project PROGRESSIVE: Progressive Standards around ICT for Active and Healthy Ageing. It identifies potential ways to improve the participation of older people in the co-production of standards.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4018/ijsr.2019070101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41252554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a clear overall consensus among international institutions and governments on the need to scale down the reliance of the global economy on fossil fuels. Yet, a sustainable transition from a long-established regime based on rooted production and consumption models, requires tackling a wide array of challenges. Indeed, the transition towards a bio-based economy is still characterized by a high degree of complexity and uncertainty. Managing complexity and accounting for uncertainty entails appropriate and multidisciplinary tools. In this regard, sustainability certifications, standards and labels can play a pivotal role in navigating this transition, creating the conditions to ensure a level playing field between bio-based and conventional products.
{"title":"Tackling Uncertainty in the Bio-Based Economy","authors":"P. Falcone, E. Imbert","doi":"10.4018/ijsr.2019010105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.2019010105","url":null,"abstract":"There is a clear overall consensus among international institutions and governments on the need to scale down the reliance of the global economy on fossil fuels. Yet, a sustainable transition from a long-established regime based on rooted production and consumption models, requires tackling a wide array of challenges. Indeed, the transition towards a bio-based economy is still characterized by a high degree of complexity and uncertainty. Managing complexity and accounting for uncertainty entails appropriate and multidisciplinary tools. In this regard, sustainability certifications, standards and labels can play a pivotal role in navigating this transition, creating the conditions to ensure a level playing field between bio-based and conventional products.","PeriodicalId":53146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Standardization Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4018/ijsr.2019010105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46211440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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