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Ancient masonry structures within an integrated approach: the reinforced corbelled flat roofs of Umm el-Jimal 综合方法中的古代砖石结构:Umm el-Jimal的加固支撑平屋顶
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2020.1782616
R. Rabady
The historical development of structural engineering design remains a subject separate from other themes in the historical precedents in construction and building materials. Scientists and scholars...
结构工程设计的历史发展在建筑和建筑材料的历史先例中仍然是一个独立于其他主题的主题。科学家和学者……
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引用次数: 4
Engineers and the Making of the Francoist Regime 工程师与弗朗哥政权的建立
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17581206.2017.1325159
Francisco A. González Redondo
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引用次数: 23
Coalbrookdale and the Iron Bridge — New Insights from the Artists’ Views Coalbrookdale和铁桥——艺术家视角下的新见解
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI: 10.1179/1758120615Z.00000000062
David De Haan
Abstract Recent research has revealed that a considerable amount of previously unknown and unpublished information is buried within artists’ responses to Coalbrookdale and particularly the Iron Bridge. This paper is a reappraisal of some of those works, especially by Francis Vivares, Thomas Farnolls Pritchard, Elias Martin, John Edmunds, William Williams and Edward Edgcombe.
最近的研究表明,在艺术家对Coalbrookdale,特别是铁桥的回应中,隐藏着大量以前未知和未发表的信息。本文是对其中一些作品的重新评价,特别是弗朗西斯·维瓦雷斯、托马斯·法诺尔斯·普里查德、伊莱亚斯·马丁、约翰·埃德蒙兹、威廉·威廉姆斯和爱德华·埃奇库姆的作品。
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引用次数: 1
How Biotechnology Helped Maintain the Supply of Acetone for the Manufacture of Cordite During World War I 在第一次世界大战期间,生物技术是如何帮助维持生产Cordite所需的丙酮供应的
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2014-07-01 DOI: 10.1179/1758120614Z.00000000043
Alan William Bunch
Abstract Cordite was the main propellant used for ballistic weaponry at the start of the twentieth century. The Royal Navy required high quality specific types of this propellant in order for its ordnance to operate most effectively. Acetone was needed as a gelatinizing agent to incorporate the chemical components during cordite manufacture. At the start of World War I the United Kingdom’s reserve of acetone was very limited. Traditionally, acetone was obtained from wood distillation. An alternative method for making acetone was essential. Chaim Weitzmann (the first President of Israel) was instrumental in formulating a bacterial process that could make a significant contribution to the supply of acetone needed to keep the guns firing. Many problems relating to the efficiency and scale of production had to be overcome. Holton Heath in Dorset became the site where the process became one of the first examples of biotechnology working at an industrially useful scale.
摘要20世纪初,火药是弹道武器的主要推进剂。皇家海军需要高质量的特殊类型的推进剂,以使其军械最有效地运作。在冰芯制造过程中,需要丙酮作为糊化剂来吸收化学成分。在第一次世界大战开始时,英国的丙酮储备非常有限。传统上,丙酮是由木材蒸馏得到的。另一种制造丙酮的方法是必不可少的。查伊姆·韦茨曼(以色列第一任总统)在制定一种细菌过程中发挥了重要作用,该过程可以为保证枪支射击所需的丙酮的供应做出重大贡献。有关生产效率和规模的许多问题必须加以克服。多塞特郡的霍尔顿希思(Holton Heath)成为了该过程成为生物技术在工业上有效规模工作的第一个例子之一的地点。
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引用次数: 5
The Contribution of Leonardo Torres Quevedo to Lighter-Than-Air Science and Technology 列奥纳多·托雷斯·克维多对轻于空气科学技术的贡献
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.1179/175812111X13033852943237
Francisco A. González Redondo
Abstract On 5 May 1902, Leonardo Torres Quevedo applied for a patent in France for 'Improvements in dirigible aerostats'. He had conceived a complex triangular inner structure for airships: a longitudinal frame made up of non-rigid ropes, permeable curtains and metal cables, joined to a metal articulated plane keel and two metal longerons, which rigidify altogether through the excess of pressure level of the gas. The initial system evolved to the design of an auto-rigid airship with a trefoil shape based upon a triangular non-rigid inner structure. After trials with two small models in Spain and France between 1906 and 1909, more than thirty units were manufactured in France between 1911 and 1936, and more than sixty in the UK between 1915 and 1919. But the number of different possible systems for the construction of dirigible balloons included in Torresquevedian contribution would cover more than one hundred years in airship designs.
1902年5月5日,列奥纳多·托雷斯·克维多在法国申请了“改进飞艇浮空器”的专利。他为飞艇设计了一个复杂的三角形内部结构:一个由非刚性绳索、透水窗帘和金属电缆组成的纵向框架,连接到一个金属铰接平面龙骨和两个金属纵梁上,它们通过气体的过量压力水平一起变硬。最初的系统演变为基于三角形非刚性内部结构的三叶草形状的自动刚性飞艇的设计。1906年至1909年间,在西班牙和法国进行了两种小型车型的试验后,1911年至1936年间,法国生产了30多台,1915年至1919年间,英国生产了60多台。但是,托雷斯基迪的贡献中所包含的建造飞艇气球的不同可能系统的数量将涵盖飞艇设计的一百多年。
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引用次数: 1
The Contribution of Maudslay, Sons & Field to the Development of Time Balls in Australia 莫德斯莱、儿子和菲尔德对澳大利亚时间球发展的贡献
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/175812009X407196
R. Kinns, L. Abell
Maudslay, Sons & Field supplied the apparatus for the first public time ball, which became operational at Greenwich, England, in 1833 and included a chain hoist for the ball. In Australia, Maudslay's built the time ball apparatus for Sydney, NSW, but with a rack and pinion hoist. The 1877 apparatus for Newcastle, NSW was derived from the Sydney design and built in Australia. The 1875 apparatus for Semaphore, South Australia is deduced to be a development of a design by Charles Todd who was responsible at Greenwich for time ball operation before his departure for Adelaide in 1855 and who had a high regard for Maudslay's. Like that at Greenwich it used a chain hoist, but explicit statements about its designer and manufacturer have not yet been found. It is likely that Semaphore had the first heavy-duty time ball apparatus to be manufactured in Australia and that its design was rooted in Maudslay's experience.
莫德斯莱父子公司为第一个公共计时球提供了设备,该设备于1833年在英国格林威治投入使用,其中包括一个用于球的链式提升机。在澳大利亚,莫德斯莱为新南威尔士州的悉尼建造了计时球装置,但带有齿条和齿轮提升机。1877年新南威尔士州纽卡斯尔队的比赛器械源自悉尼的设计,并在澳大利亚建造。1875年,南澳大利亚的信号器被推断为Charles Todd的设计,Charles Todd在1855年前往阿德莱德之前负责格林尼治的计时球操作,他对莫德斯雷的设计非常尊重。与格林尼治机场一样,它也使用了链式起重机,但有关其设计师和制造商的明确声明尚未找到。Semaphore很可能是第一个在澳大利亚制造的重型计时球设备,它的设计植根于莫德斯莱的经验。
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引用次数: 7
Terence Cuneo : The Man and Perceptions of Technology 特伦斯·库尼奥:人与技术的感知
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/175812009X407222
P. Collins
AbstractTerence Cuneo OBE, CVO (1907–1996) is best known for his railway pictures and for the trademark mouse which appears in all his work since 1953. He was a war artist and the official artist for the 1953 Coronation; he was commissioned to paint Royalty, ceremonial and military occasions, together with engineering, industrial, equestrian and wildlife scenes. Princess Anne unveiled a statue in his honour on the Eurostar Balcony at Waterloo Station on 29 October 2004. The paper describes his career with a representative selection of the paintings in colour and includes written contributions from Professor Frank James of the Royal Institution Centre for the History of Science and Technology, UK and from Tim Crichton on the circumstances of three of the paintings.
【摘要】特伦斯·库尼奥(1907-1996)以其铁路摄影作品和自1953年以来在其所有作品中出现的标志性鼠标而闻名于世。他是一位战争艺术家,也是1953年加冕礼的官方艺术家;他被委托画皇室、仪式和军事场合,以及工程、工业、马术和野生动物场景。2004年10月29日,安妮公主在滑铁卢车站的欧洲之星阳台上为他的雕像揭幕。这篇论文描述了他的职业生涯,其中有代表性的彩色绘画作品,包括英国皇家科学技术历史研究中心的弗兰克·詹姆斯教授和蒂姆·克莱顿对其中三幅画的情况的书面贡献。
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引用次数: 1
The Quest for Thermodynamic Efficiency: Atkinson Cycle Machines Versus Otto Cycle Machines 追求热力学效率:阿特金森循环机与奥托循环机
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/175812009X407178
E. L. Marshall
Abstract The vigorous way in which Nicholas Otto defended his four-stroke cycle patents of 1876/77 in the courts of England, France and Germany acted as a stimulus for the development of ingenious designs to both circumvent, and improve upon, the Otto Cycle. This paper describes various engines built to operate on the Atkinson Cycle, a sound theoretical idea, first put forward in the 1880s, which offers an improved thermal efficiency over that of the Otto cycle. In this paper, the term 'Atkinson Cycle' relates to an engine, operating on an Ideal Constant Volume Thermodynamic Cycle, which has been modified to have an expansion ratio that exceeds the compression ratio.
尼古拉斯·奥托(Nicholas Otto)在英国、法国和德国的法院为他1876/77年的四冲程循环专利进行辩护的有力方式,刺激了巧妙设计的发展,既绕过了奥托循环,又改进了奥托循环。本文介绍了在阿特金森循环上运行的各种发动机,阿特金森循环是一个合理的理论思想,于19世纪80年代首次提出,它提供了比奥托循环更高的热效率。在本文中,术语“阿特金森循环”与发动机有关,在理想恒容热力学循环中运行,该循环已被修改为具有超过压缩比的膨胀比。
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引用次数: 4
The Birth of Prestressing? Iron Bridges for Railways 1830 to 1850 预应力的诞生?铁桥铁路1830年至1850年
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/175812009X407213
J. Sutherland
The new railways in Robert Stephenson's day needed many slim bridges with flat soffits. Simple cast iron beams sufficed for short spans but problems arose with jointing of castings for longer ones. A solution, with wrought iron ties added to bolted castings, seemed ideal and was widely adopted. The misconception with this scheme was not realised until after the disastrous failure of Stephenson's Dee Bridge at Chester in 1847. A major inquiry followed and extensive remedial work. New bridge forms emerged, notably Fairbairn's ungainly wrought plate girders. Charles Wild's development from the failed system was another. Here Wild successfully used the principle of prestressing on cast iron, some 80 years before Freyssinet 'introduced' it with concrete in the 1930s. Fairbairn's thinking had a wide following but the only application of Wild's design was his neatly detailed bridge over the Arno. Was Wild too far ahead of his time?
罗伯特·斯蒂芬森时代的新铁路需要许多倾斜平坦的细长桥梁。简单的铸铁梁足够用于短跨度,但对于较长的跨度,铸件的接合出现了问题。一种解决方案是在螺栓铸件中加入熟铁带,这似乎是理想的,并被广泛采用。直到1847年斯蒂芬森在切斯特的迪桥(Dee Bridge)的灾难性失败之后,人们才意识到对这一计划的误解。随后进行了一次重大调查和广泛的补救工作。新的桥梁形式出现了,尤其是费尔贝恩笨拙的锻造板梁。查尔斯·怀尔德从失败的系统中发展出来是另一个例子。在这里,Wild成功地在铸铁上使用了预应力原理,比Freyssinet在20世纪30年代“引入”混凝土的原理早了80年。费尔贝恩的想法有广泛的追随者,但怀尔德的设计的唯一应用是他在阿诺河上建造的精致的桥梁。怀尔德是不是太超前了?
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引用次数: 4
The Hallen Family, Iron Platers and Frying Pan Makers 海伦家族,铁板和煎锅制造商
IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/175812009X407187
D. Gerhold
AbstractThe Hallen family were iron platers and frying pan makers over six generations and 200 years, providing an unusual example of a specialised trade (manufacture of wrought iron frying pans) dominated by a single immigrant family over a long period in several parts of England. The enterprise began in 1601 at Stanton Drew, Somerset, making armour plate and pans. The chief workman was Cornelius Hallen, possibly from Mechelen, Belgium. A second and larger branch was established at Wandsworth in or about 1634, with about fourteen foreign workmen, some at least from the Liege area. Between 1647 and 1654, the Hallens established three further branches in the West Midlands, at Coalbrookdale, Stourbridge and Newcastle-under-Lyme, with a plate mill and pan shops at each. Around 1700, the two earlier sites were converted to copper working, but the Hallens continued to make iron pans in the Midlands. A Birmingham branch was added in about 1719. There was decline after about 1750, with the end of panmaking in Ne...
【摘要】海伦家族六代人以来一直是铁制盘子和煎锅的制造商,在英国的几个地区,这是一个由一个移民家庭长期主导的专业行业(制造熟铁煎锅)的不同寻常的例子。该企业于1601年在萨默塞特郡的斯坦顿德鲁开始,生产装甲板和平底锅。主要的工人是科尼利厄斯·海伦,可能来自比利时的梅赫伦。1634年左右在旺兹沃思建立了第二个更大的分支,雇佣了14名外国工人,其中一些至少来自列日地区。1647年至1654年间,海伦家族在西米德兰兹郡的Coalbrookdale、Stourbridge和newcastle - underlyme又建立了三家分支机构,每家都有一家板厂和锅铺。大约在1700年,这两个早期的遗址被改造成铜矿,但海伦家族继续在中部地区制造铁锅。大约在1719年增设了伯明翰分校。大约在1750年之后,随着新墨西哥州制盘业的终结,制造业开始衰落。
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引用次数: 3
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International Journal for the History of Engineering and Technology
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