{"title":"Reflexiones sobre el subdesarrollo: La desnutrición en América Latina","authors":"R. Chávez","doi":"10.15359/RCA.3_4-1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15359/RCA.3_4-1.7","url":null,"abstract":"No disponible/Not available","PeriodicalId":53339,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Ambientales","volume":"3 1","pages":"67-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45715987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"¿Evita la vitamina A que los fumadores desarrollen cáncer del pulmón?","authors":"S. Vega","doi":"10.15359/RCA.3_4-1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15359/RCA.3_4-1.5","url":null,"abstract":"No disponible/Not available","PeriodicalId":53339,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Ambientales","volume":"3 1","pages":"45-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42222969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Las carreteras estan espacialmente dispuestas en los paisajes y son utilizadas por el transito, generando ruido que puede afectar las areas protegidas. El objetivo fue cuantificar los tramos de carretera, en contacto y en proximidad con areas, e investigar los efectos que los parques pueden tener en relacion con el transito y el ruido. Medimos tramos cercanos a las areas utilizando el sistema de informacion geografica y el Atlas de Costa Rica. El ruido y transito fueron cuantificados en tres areas adyacentes a carreteras. Generamos mapas de ruido para evaluar la influencia sobre los sonidos naturales, tales como los de arroyos (geofonia) y aves (biofonia). Grabamos la biofonia cerca y lejos de carretera en una de las areas. Encontramos que 70 areas protegidas son afectadas directa o indirectamente por las carreteras. El ruido fue mayor en carreteras con uso vehicular mas alto que con uno menor, pero niveles de ruido tambien fueron influenciados por tipo de vehiculo. El ruido penetro el bosque con mayores niveles en la estacion seca que en la humeda. Encontramos que la cantidad de biofonia en segundos fue menor cerca de la carretera y que el sonido del arroyo fue enmascarado por el ruido. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el ruido contribuye a la degradacion del habitat a traves de la disminucion y perdida de sonidos naturales, reduciendo la calidad de la proteccion de la biodiversidad. Se debe considerar una accion interdisciplinaria y una planificacion rigurosa para evitar la adyacencia de carreteras sobre las areas protegidas.
{"title":"Road Encroachment Near Protected Areas Alters the Natural Soundscape Through Traffic Noise Pollution in Costa Rica","authors":"J. E. Arévalo, E. Blau","doi":"10.15359/RCA.52-1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15359/RCA.52-1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Las carreteras estan espacialmente dispuestas en los paisajes y son utilizadas por el transito, generando ruido que puede afectar las areas protegidas. El objetivo fue cuantificar los tramos de carretera, en contacto y en proximidad con areas, e investigar los efectos que los parques pueden tener en relacion con el transito y el ruido. Medimos tramos cercanos a las areas utilizando el sistema de informacion geografica y el Atlas de Costa Rica. El ruido y transito fueron cuantificados en tres areas adyacentes a carreteras. Generamos mapas de ruido para evaluar la influencia sobre los sonidos naturales, tales como los de arroyos (geofonia) y aves (biofonia). Grabamos la biofonia cerca y lejos de carretera en una de las areas. Encontramos que 70 areas protegidas son afectadas directa o indirectamente por las carreteras. El ruido fue mayor en carreteras con uso vehicular mas alto que con uno menor, pero niveles de ruido tambien fueron influenciados por tipo de vehiculo. El ruido penetro el bosque con mayores niveles en la estacion seca que en la humeda. Encontramos que la cantidad de biofonia en segundos fue menor cerca de la carretera y que el sonido del arroyo fue enmascarado por el ruido. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el ruido contribuye a la degradacion del habitat a traves de la disminucion y perdida de sonidos naturales, reduciendo la calidad de la proteccion de la biodiversidad. Se debe considerar una accion interdisciplinaria y una planificacion rigurosa para evitar la adyacencia de carreteras sobre las areas protegidas.","PeriodicalId":53339,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Ambientales","volume":"197 ","pages":"27-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15359/RCA.52-1.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41280368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
El algarrobo (Prosopis pallida Kunth) es la especie clave del bosque seco norteno de Peru, un ecosistema forestal muy amenazado. El algarrobo es unicamente adaptado para florecer en ambientes aridos, pero aun asi su alcance en la costa peruana y particularmente en la region de La Libertad ha sido reducido drasticamente por la urbanizacion, la expansion agricola, y la cosecha de madera. La conservacion efectiva de los bosques secos sobrevivientes de La Libertad requerira iniciativas basadas en conocimiento de la interaccion de las comunidades cercanas con el algarrobo y su entendimiento de la importancia de dichos arboles. Esta investigacion estudia como integrantes de distintas comunidades en el pueblo de San Pedro de Lloc o cerca de este, en la region de La Libertad, conocen, usan, y valoran al algarrobo en tres bosques secos locales. Los metodos de investigacion incluyen entrevistas con habitantes de la comunidad y depositarios claves, ademas de visitas a los bosques. Nuestros resultados indican que los principales usos actuales del algarrobo incluyen el comun empleo domestico de la lena, la produccion del carbon para fines comerciales y dependencia a los bosques secos del algarrobo como alimento para ganados. Personas entrevistadas tambien valoran a los algarrobos por su papel ecologico en la produccion del oxigeno, la prevencion de intrusion de dunas de arena a sus comunidades y como patrimonio cultural. Basadas en los resultados de esta investigacion, nombramos algunas sugerencias concretas respecto a como el conocimiento y uso de los bosques secos por parte de la comunidad pueden ser usados para apoyar la conservacion de este ecosistema unico y tan amenazado.
{"title":"Uso y conocimiento comunitario del algarrobo (Prosopis pallida) e implicaciones para la conservación del bosque seco peruano","authors":"Johanna Depenthal, Laura S. Meitzner Yoder","doi":"10.15359/RCA.52-1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15359/RCA.52-1.3","url":null,"abstract":"El algarrobo (Prosopis pallida Kunth) es la especie clave del bosque seco norteno de Peru, un ecosistema forestal muy amenazado. El algarrobo es unicamente adaptado para florecer en ambientes aridos, pero aun asi su alcance en la costa peruana y particularmente en la region de La Libertad ha sido reducido drasticamente por la urbanizacion, la expansion agricola, y la cosecha de madera. La conservacion efectiva de los bosques secos sobrevivientes de La Libertad requerira iniciativas basadas en conocimiento de la interaccion de las comunidades cercanas con el algarrobo y su entendimiento de la importancia de dichos arboles. Esta investigacion estudia como integrantes de distintas comunidades en el pueblo de San Pedro de Lloc o cerca de este, en la region de La Libertad, conocen, usan, y valoran al algarrobo en tres bosques secos locales. Los metodos de investigacion incluyen entrevistas con habitantes de la comunidad y depositarios claves, ademas de visitas a los bosques. Nuestros resultados indican que los principales usos actuales del algarrobo incluyen el comun empleo domestico de la lena, la produccion del carbon para fines comerciales y dependencia a los bosques secos del algarrobo como alimento para ganados. Personas entrevistadas tambien valoran a los algarrobos por su papel ecologico en la produccion del oxigeno, la prevencion de intrusion de dunas de arena a sus comunidades y como patrimonio cultural. Basadas en los resultados de esta investigacion, nombramos algunas sugerencias concretas respecto a como el conocimiento y uso de los bosques secos por parte de la comunidad pueden ser usados para apoyar la conservacion de este ecosistema unico y tan amenazado.","PeriodicalId":53339,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Ambientales","volume":"52 1","pages":"49-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15359/RCA.52-1.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44939020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ecological restoration is a very active area in ecology and of great importance for ecosystems management. Despite of being a relatively young discipline, the classical concepts of restoration seem, at present, impractical considering the great challenges generated by modification and destruction of ecosystems. This is due to anthropic activities (deforestation, change of land use, pollution) and global climate change. In the classic definition of restoration, the objective is to recover the degraded ecosystem to the same conditions of a historical reference state. However, nowadays the ecosystems return to a state prior to the disturbances seems unviable, because the thresholds of resilience have already been overcome. Additionally, climate change is causing environmental changes at an unprecedented rate. For this reason, ecological restoration needs to unite efforts of diverse actors to recover ecosystems that can be sustainable and functional in the future, where the species could be able to tolerate the environmental conditions that will exist in the long term. Assisted migration has been proposed as a conservation strategy; it is defined as the translocation of species to new locations outside their known range of distribution. In the current context of loss of diversity and ecosystems, this strategy could be fundamental for the formation of new communities that can later become novel ecosystems where species that are fundamental to the dynamics of ecosystems can persist and, at the same time, recover function, structure and resilience.
{"title":"La restauración ecológica clásica y los retos de la actualidad: La migración asistida como estrategia de adaptación al cambio climático","authors":"Pilar A. Gómez-Ruíz, R. Lindig-Cisneros","doi":"10.15359/RCA.51-2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15359/RCA.51-2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological restoration is a very active area in ecology and of great importance for ecosystems management. Despite of being a relatively young discipline, the classical concepts of restoration seem, at present, impractical considering the great challenges generated by modification and destruction of ecosystems. This is due to anthropic activities (deforestation, change of land use, pollution) and global climate change. In the classic definition of restoration, the objective is to recover the degraded ecosystem to the same conditions of a historical reference state. However, nowadays the ecosystems return to a state prior to the disturbances seems unviable, because the thresholds of resilience have already been overcome. Additionally, climate change is causing environmental changes at an unprecedented rate. For this reason, ecological restoration needs to unite efforts of diverse actors to recover ecosystems that can be sustainable and functional in the future, where the species could be able to tolerate the environmental conditions that will exist in the long term. Assisted migration has been proposed as a conservation strategy; it is defined as the translocation of species to new locations outside their known range of distribution. In the current context of loss of diversity and ecosystems, this strategy could be fundamental for the formation of new communities that can later become novel ecosystems where species that are fundamental to the dynamics of ecosystems can persist and, at the same time, recover function, structure and resilience.","PeriodicalId":53339,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Ambientales","volume":"51 1","pages":"31-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15359/RCA.51-2.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66937874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although John Muir is the founder of the conservation movement in the United States of America, little is known about him in Latin America and the Caribbean, because his books have not yet been translated, and his life and work have not been sufficiently disseminated. To help remedy this, here is a translation of a provocative talk offered in France in 2010 by Donald Worster, his lead scholar and biographer.
{"title":"John Muir y la religión de la naturaleza","authors":"Donald Worster","doi":"10.15359/RCA.51-1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15359/RCA.51-1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Although John Muir is the founder of the conservation movement in the United States of America, little is known about him in Latin America and the Caribbean, because his books have not yet been translated, and his life and work have not been sufficiently disseminated. To help remedy this, here is a translation of a provocative talk offered in France in 2010 by Donald Worster, his lead scholar and biographer.","PeriodicalId":53339,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Ambientales","volume":"51 1","pages":"92-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44757622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belén Cárceles-Rodríguez, Baltazar Gálvez-Ruiz, José Ramón Francia-Martínez, S. C. Tavira, C. R. R. Pleguezuelo, V. H. Durán-Zuazo
The conservation of the soil resource in semi-arid environments is one of the major challenges of agricultural systems, particularly in the Mediterranean region. In the present study, two types of soil management were compared: minimum tillage (ML) and minimum tillage with spontaneous vegetation cover (MLVE). The comparison was conducted in a rainfed almond plantation at slope (35%), under an extraordinary event in 2015 (91.3 mm and EI30 of 2,719.89 mm ha-1 h-1). In this situation in MLVE plots, the development of furrows in contrast to ML were not recorded; the total soil loss was more than 12 times lower than that recorded in the latter. This fact demonstrated the effectiveness of the vegetal cover in the protection of the agricultural soil against the erosion during extreme events. Also, for ML management, furrow erosion represented more than 60% of the total soil loss, demonstrating the dominance of this type of erosion. Finally, it should be noted that this event represents the almost total loss of soil recorded in the experimental plots during the period 2012-2015; and this consequently shows the significant impact of extreme events on erosion rates in the Mediterranean region.
在半干旱环境中保护土壤资源是农业系统的主要挑战之一，特别是在地中海地区。在本研究中，比较了两种类型的土壤管理：少耕（ML）和带自然植被覆盖的少耕（MLVE）。在2015年的一次特殊事件（91.3 mm和2719.89 mm ha-1 h-1的EI30）下，在斜坡（35%）的雨养杏仁种植园中进行了比较。在MLVE地块的这种情况下，与ML相反的犁沟发育没有记录；土壤总损失比后者减少了12倍以上。这一事实证明了植物覆盖在极端事件中保护农业土壤免受侵蚀的有效性。此外，对于ML管理，沟蚀占总土壤损失的60%以上，表明这种类型的侵蚀占主导地位。最后，应该指出的是，这一事件代表了2012-2015年期间试验地块记录的几乎全部土壤损失；因此，这表明了极端事件对地中海地区侵蚀率的重大影响。
{"title":"La cubierta vegetal y la erosión de suelos por surcos por eventos lluviosos extremos en ambientes semiáridos","authors":"Belén Cárceles-Rodríguez, Baltazar Gálvez-Ruiz, José Ramón Francia-Martínez, S. C. Tavira, C. R. R. Pleguezuelo, V. H. Durán-Zuazo","doi":"10.15359/RCA.51-1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15359/RCA.51-1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The conservation of the soil resource in semi-arid environments is one of the major challenges of agricultural systems, particularly in the Mediterranean region. In the present study, two types of soil management were compared: minimum tillage (ML) and minimum tillage with spontaneous vegetation cover (MLVE). The comparison was conducted in a rainfed almond plantation at slope (35%), under an extraordinary event in 2015 (91.3 mm and EI30 of 2,719.89 mm ha-1 h-1). In this situation in MLVE plots, the development of furrows in contrast to ML were not recorded; the total soil loss was more than 12 times lower than that recorded in the latter. This fact demonstrated the effectiveness of the vegetal cover in the protection of the agricultural soil against the erosion during extreme events. Also, for ML management, furrow erosion represented more than 60% of the total soil loss, demonstrating the dominance of this type of erosion. Finally, it should be noted that this event represents the almost total loss of soil recorded in the experimental plots during the period 2012-2015; and this consequently shows the significant impact of extreme events on erosion rates in the Mediterranean region.","PeriodicalId":53339,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Ambientales","volume":"51 1","pages":"51-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49223053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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