This study contributes new research exploring cases of collaboration with the German authorities and the phenomenon of delators (denouncers), informers and agents in occupied Krakow, as well as letters of denunciation. Cases linked to the blackmailing at the beginning of World War II of Jews, and as the war continued of colleagues and neighbours working for the resistance and of disliked relatives and in-laws are also taken into account. Letters written by Krakow inhabitants – some anonymous, others signed – are appraised for information contained therein on political, racial, economic, social and fi nancial matters. The article also describes the activities of the Polish resistance against collaborators and the post-war settling of scores through the Krakow Special Criminal Court in the early post-war years.
{"title":"Collaborators, Informers and Agents in Occupied Krakow: A Contribution to Further Research","authors":"Alicja Jarkowska-Natkaniec","doi":"10.33542/cah2020-1-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/cah2020-1-03","url":null,"abstract":"This study contributes new research exploring cases of collaboration with the German authorities and the phenomenon of delators (denouncers), informers and agents in occupied Krakow, as well as letters of denunciation. Cases linked to the blackmailing at the beginning of World War II of Jews, and as the war continued of colleagues and neighbours working for the resistance and of disliked relatives and in-laws are also taken into account. Letters written by Krakow inhabitants – some anonymous, others signed – are appraised for information contained therein on political, racial, economic, social and fi nancial matters. The article also describes the activities of the Polish resistance against collaborators and the post-war settling of scores through the Krakow Special Criminal Court in the early post-war years.","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70422092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aim of this article is to present a comparative historical analysis of the mechanisms for the replacement of the political elites after the collapse of interwar Czechoslovakia and the declaration of the Slovak State under the infl uence of Nazi Germany in the years 1938–1940 at the level of municipal self-government with regard to the onset of an authoritarian regime. The subjects of the research are two towns, Prešov and Nitra, which provide an opportunity to look for similarities and diff erences in the changes implemented in two socio-economically and demographically similar towns with diff erent political climates. The research is based on primary and secondary historical sources confronted mainly with the theories of V. Pareto, R. Michels and J. J. Linz. Historical developments in Slovakia in the years 1938–1940 and the process of the replacement of municipal elites correlates with the framework formulated in the sociological theories of Pareto and Michels. The process of the replacement of municipal elites contributed also to the gaining of characteristic elements of the authoritarian regime in the sense of the defi nition of J. J. Linz established in Slovakia by the Hlinka Slovak People’s Party.
本文的主要目的是对捷克斯洛伐克在两次世界大战之间的崩溃以及1938-1940年在纳粹德国的影响下斯洛伐克国家在市政自治一级宣布建立专制政权后，政治精英更替的机制进行比较历史分析。研究的主题是两个城镇，Prešov和Nitra，这提供了一个机会，寻找在两个社会经济和人口相似的城镇实施的变化的异同，不同的政治气候。本研究主要以帕累托、米歇尔斯和林茨的第一手和第二手历史资料为基础。斯洛伐克1938-1940年的历史发展和城市精英更替的过程与帕累托和米歇尔斯的社会学理论框架相关。市政精英更替的过程也有助于获得专制政权的特征要素，这是由Hlinka斯洛伐克人民党在斯洛伐克建立的J. J. Linz定义的意义。
{"title":"Replacement of Municipal Political Elite as a Tool for Seizing Power and Consolidating an Authoritarian Regime in Slovakia 1938–1940","authors":"M. Pekar","doi":"10.33542/cah2020-1-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/cah2020-1-04","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this article is to present a comparative historical analysis of the mechanisms for the replacement of the political elites after the collapse of interwar Czechoslovakia and the declaration of the Slovak State under the infl uence of Nazi Germany in the years 1938–1940 at the level of municipal self-government with regard to the onset of an authoritarian regime. The subjects of the research are two towns, Prešov and Nitra, which provide an opportunity to look for similarities and diff erences in the changes implemented in two socio-economically and demographically similar towns with diff erent political climates. The research is based on primary and secondary historical sources confronted mainly with the theories of V. Pareto, R. Michels and J. J. Linz. Historical developments in Slovakia in the years 1938–1940 and the process of the replacement of municipal elites correlates with the framework formulated in the sociological theories of Pareto and Michels. The process of the replacement of municipal elites contributed also to the gaining of characteristic elements of the authoritarian regime in the sense of the defi nition of J. J. Linz established in Slovakia by the Hlinka Slovak People’s Party.","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70422105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the results of archaeological excavations at the sites Košice-Galgovec I-III and Červený rak on the southeastern edge of Košice in 1997–2001 indicated several stages of settlement and their dating. AMS 14C dates for the Tiszadob group were 6260±35 BP, 5330–5140 calBC; for the early stage of the Bükk culture they were 6310±40-35 BP, 5285±42 calBC. Assessment of residential, farming and settlement features was carried out, and numerous remains of pottery and lithic industry were classified with regard to contemporary sites in the Košická kotlina basin and in northeastern Hungary. The researchers evaluated the settlement in the microregion of Košice from the beginning of the Eastern Linear Pottery culture – the Proto-Linear stage – to the Barca III group and the Tiszadob group and the subsequent settlement during the Bükk culture period.
{"title":"Prehistory of Košice – settlement in the Neolithic","authors":"Ľ. Kaminská","doi":"10.33542/CAH2020-2-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/CAH2020-2-04","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of archaeological excavations at the sites Košice-Galgovec I-III and Červený rak on the southeastern edge of Košice in 1997–2001 indicated several stages of settlement and their dating. AMS 14C dates for the Tiszadob group were 6260±35 BP, 5330–5140 calBC; for the early stage of the Bükk culture they were 6310±40-35 BP, 5285±42 calBC. Assessment of residential, farming and settlement features was carried out, and numerous remains of pottery and lithic industry were classified with regard to contemporary sites in the Košická kotlina basin and in northeastern Hungary. The researchers evaluated the settlement in the microregion of Košice from the beginning of the Eastern Linear Pottery culture – the Proto-Linear stage – to the Barca III group and the Tiszadob group and the subsequent settlement during the Bükk culture period.","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70422122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research focuses on those Gradec citizens who were elected to administrative functions since these were held by the richest and most distinguished citizens. They constituted the political elite of the city as there was only a thin line between the economic, social and political elites in Gradec. This paper deals with many aspects and elements that played a role in the formation of the urban elite, elements such as family ties, wealth, moral values, piety, education and membership of the nobility.
{"title":"Some Aspects of the Formation of Urban Elites: The Case of Medieval Gradec (Zagreb)","authors":"B. Škreblin","doi":"10.33542/mad2019-1-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/mad2019-1-01","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on those Gradec citizens who were elected to administrative functions since these were held by the richest and most distinguished citizens. They constituted the political elite of the city as there was only a thin line between the economic, social and political elites in Gradec. This paper deals with many aspects and elements that played a role in the formation of the urban elite, elements such as family ties, wealth, moral values, piety, education and membership of the nobility.","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
80 Introduction In the short period from the German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 until mid-1941, Nazi Germany was able to gain control over most of continental Europe. While some countries were fully incorporated into the Third Reich or were put under direct Nazi military occupation, other countries and newlyformed states became German war allies which, whilst being de jure independent of the Third Reich, were, however, fully serving its ideas. Nazi power or the newly-constituted non-democratic regimes in allied countries were accompanied by changes within the highest legislative and executive state authorities, which naturally resulted in political interferences at the lower levels of local administrations and the authorities of self-government. This process also resulted in the exchange of local political elites. A thorough knowledge of the composition and tasks of local elites, as political authorities with various levels of political infl uence, is a key element in understanding the character and the diversity of the non-democratic regimes. The total scope of the application of non-democratic principles (the “success” or “eff ectiveness” of regimes) was signifi cantly dependent not only on the central organs, but also on the performance, abilities, loyalty and behaviour of the elites at regional or local level, elites whose representatives were responsible for the process of local policy making and who played a signifi cant role in implementing anti-Jewish policy during the Holocaust era. The research on elites is currently multifaceted, and it can be analysed across several dimensions. One of these dimensions relates to the social background of an elite’s members and the positions held preceding their entering the elite, the course of their careers or their personal characteristics. Another dimension refers to whether the members of an elite share common ideological models and styles of Legislative Interventions into the Creation of Local Political Elites as an Instrument of Anti-Jewish Policy during the Holocaust (A Comparative View)*
{"title":"Legislative Interventions into the Creation of Local Political Elites as an Instrument of Anti-Jewish Policy during the Holocaust (A Comparative View)","authors":"Zuzana Tokárová","doi":"10.33542/mad2019-1-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/mad2019-1-04","url":null,"abstract":"80 Introduction In the short period from the German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 until mid-1941, Nazi Germany was able to gain control over most of continental Europe. While some countries were fully incorporated into the Third Reich or were put under direct Nazi military occupation, other countries and newlyformed states became German war allies which, whilst being de jure independent of the Third Reich, were, however, fully serving its ideas. Nazi power or the newly-constituted non-democratic regimes in allied countries were accompanied by changes within the highest legislative and executive state authorities, which naturally resulted in political interferences at the lower levels of local administrations and the authorities of self-government. This process also resulted in the exchange of local political elites. A thorough knowledge of the composition and tasks of local elites, as political authorities with various levels of political infl uence, is a key element in understanding the character and the diversity of the non-democratic regimes. The total scope of the application of non-democratic principles (the “success” or “eff ectiveness” of regimes) was signifi cantly dependent not only on the central organs, but also on the performance, abilities, loyalty and behaviour of the elites at regional or local level, elites whose representatives were responsible for the process of local policy making and who played a signifi cant role in implementing anti-Jewish policy during the Holocaust era. The research on elites is currently multifaceted, and it can be analysed across several dimensions. One of these dimensions relates to the social background of an elite’s members and the positions held preceding their entering the elite, the course of their careers or their personal characteristics. Another dimension refers to whether the members of an elite share common ideological models and styles of Legislative Interventions into the Creation of Local Political Elites as an Instrument of Anti-Jewish Policy during the Holocaust (A Comparative View)*","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uses, Confl icts and RegulatiUses, Confl icts and Regulations in Micro-places: The Case of Early Modern Lyonsons in Micro-places: The Case of Early Modern Lyons","authors":"O. Zeller","doi":"10.33542/mad2019-1-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/mad2019-1-02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
39 Introduction Prešporok (Pressburg in German, Pozsony in Hungarian), as the city of Bratislava was called until 1919,1 used to be one of the most important industrial centres of the Hungarian kingdom of the Austro-Hungarian Empire – a fact that is not immediately apparent because of the small number of industrial structures preserved up to the present. Comparing historical documentation and period images with the current situation naturally brings the attention primarily toward the questionable processes that led to the destruction of buildings that were once a source of pride in the city, as a symbol of its progress. Although the situation is far from ideal, in terms of both industrial and modern heritage, a number of experts have already addressed the issues of insuffi cient protection for more recent and less traditional heritage.2 Though some might argue that little of the industrial heritage is left to protect, there are still some structures deserving attention and proper evaluation, and therefore further research. However, this study focuses on a diff erent issue: the analysis of historical events that led to development of a key industrial zone in the area of the former Mühlau (Nivy), in spite of its relative proximity to the historical centre (Figure 1). The research has been based on the premise that the recent and oft-criticised development in this area can, paradoxically, be seen as parallel to the industrial zone’s previous development. In addition, a deeper understanding of those events might serve not as an apology for current development, but rather a guide of what not to ignore in planning, which could be helpful for future development in the adjacent Winter Harbour area.
{"title":"Planning through a Prism of Individual Interests: Historical Events Defining the Area of Bratislava’s Former Key Industrial Zone","authors":"Nina Bartošová","doi":"10.33542/mad2019-2-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/mad2019-2-03","url":null,"abstract":"39 Introduction Prešporok (Pressburg in German, Pozsony in Hungarian), as the city of Bratislava was called until 1919,1 used to be one of the most important industrial centres of the Hungarian kingdom of the Austro-Hungarian Empire – a fact that is not immediately apparent because of the small number of industrial structures preserved up to the present. Comparing historical documentation and period images with the current situation naturally brings the attention primarily toward the questionable processes that led to the destruction of buildings that were once a source of pride in the city, as a symbol of its progress. Although the situation is far from ideal, in terms of both industrial and modern heritage, a number of experts have already addressed the issues of insuffi cient protection for more recent and less traditional heritage.2 Though some might argue that little of the industrial heritage is left to protect, there are still some structures deserving attention and proper evaluation, and therefore further research. However, this study focuses on a diff erent issue: the analysis of historical events that led to development of a key industrial zone in the area of the former Mühlau (Nivy), in spite of its relative proximity to the historical centre (Figure 1). The research has been based on the premise that the recent and oft-criticised development in this area can, paradoxically, be seen as parallel to the industrial zone’s previous development. In addition, a deeper understanding of those events might serve not as an apology for current development, but rather a guide of what not to ignore in planning, which could be helpful for future development in the adjacent Winter Harbour area.","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
22 Introduction The submitted study deals with the issue of education for industrial production in the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, an issue which has been, mainly by Czech historians, refl ected only minimally.1 In the period under consideration the modernization processes, already underway, were becoming more intense, signifi cantly infl uencing the form of the professional training of workers for both small-scale production and the centralised forms of mass production. What seems especially signifi cant are the eff ects of the Industrial Revolution (the introduction and spreading of new technologies, the innovation in working procedures, the secondarization of the economy, etc.), the changes in the demand for certain commodities and workforces, increased due to the liberalization of the market and the improvement of transportation possibilities, and the more precise legislation regulating economic life and social transformations. The new – modern – society that was developing did not only have a new structure, but also other possibilities, ambitions and principles of functioning. It was precisely in this period that, according to Fritz Ringer, the relation between a part of the educational sector and the economic sphere was introduced, while certain forms of science and technical education were becoming at least one of the causes of further economic growth.2 All those involved were to adapt to the new conditions: employers, workforces and even the state, which had been, until
{"title":"Bielsko: The Education Centre for Industrial Production between Austrian Silesia and Galicia at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries","authors":"P. Kadlec","doi":"10.33542/mad2019-2-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/mad2019-2-02","url":null,"abstract":"22 Introduction The submitted study deals with the issue of education for industrial production in the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, an issue which has been, mainly by Czech historians, refl ected only minimally.1 In the period under consideration the modernization processes, already underway, were becoming more intense, signifi cantly infl uencing the form of the professional training of workers for both small-scale production and the centralised forms of mass production. What seems especially signifi cant are the eff ects of the Industrial Revolution (the introduction and spreading of new technologies, the innovation in working procedures, the secondarization of the economy, etc.), the changes in the demand for certain commodities and workforces, increased due to the liberalization of the market and the improvement of transportation possibilities, and the more precise legislation regulating economic life and social transformations. The new – modern – society that was developing did not only have a new structure, but also other possibilities, ambitions and principles of functioning. It was precisely in this period that, according to Fritz Ringer, the relation between a part of the educational sector and the economic sphere was introduced, while certain forms of science and technical education were becoming at least one of the causes of further economic growth.2 All those involved were to adapt to the new conditions: employers, workforces and even the state, which had been, until","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
(now Bratislava, Slovakia; Pressburg in German) to give birth to the future Hungarian king in the vicinity of the Habsburgs. However, Ladislas the Posthumous was born en route, in Komárom (now Komarno, Slovakia). The queen, having seized the Holy Crown of Hungary, went to Székesfehérvár to have her son crowned there in accordance with the Hungarian customs. Thus, her action preceded the crowning of Wladislas Jagiello, who had been invited to Hungary in the meantime by a group of barons to take the Hungarian throne. The city of Pozsony constantly supported Elisabeth and her court in realizing their plans. The reports of the queen’s envoys and the account book of Pozsony help us reconstruct the exact course of events leading up to the queen’s arrival in her beloved city.
{"title":"The Town and the Widow: The Journey of Elisabeth of Luxembourg to Pozsony","authors":"Renáta Skorka, B. Weisz","doi":"10.33542/mad2019-2-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/mad2019-2-01","url":null,"abstract":"(now Bratislava, Slovakia; Pressburg in German) to give birth to the future Hungarian king in the vicinity of the Habsburgs. However, Ladislas the Posthumous was born en route, in Komárom (now Komarno, Slovakia). The queen, having seized the Holy Crown of Hungary, went to Székesfehérvár to have her son crowned there in accordance with the Hungarian customs. Thus, her action preceded the crowning of Wladislas Jagiello, who had been invited to Hungary in the meantime by a group of barons to take the Hungarian throne. The city of Pozsony constantly supported Elisabeth and her court in realizing their plans. The reports of the queen’s envoys and the account book of Pozsony help us reconstruct the exact course of events leading up to the queen’s arrival in her beloved city.","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"City Symphonies: The Urban Culture of Expressionist Cinema in 1920s Berlin","authors":"Taher Abdel - Ghani","doi":"10.33542/mad2019-2-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/mad2019-2-04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53758,"journal":{"name":"Mesto a Dejiny-The City and History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70425056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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