PeerJ Computer Science最新文献

In social network analysis, bridges play a critical role in maintaining connectivity and facilitating the dissemination of information between communities. Despite increasing interest in bridge structures, a systematic classification of their roles across various network types remains unexplored. This study introduces a categorization of bridges into structural and functional types. Structural bridges maintain connectivity by preventing network fragmentation, whereas functional bridges facilitate the flow of information between communities. We conducted a comprehensive literature review and classified existing studies within this framework. The findings clarify the distinct roles of bridges and provide valuable insight for devising effective strategies for network design and analysis.

Preschool education plays a vital role in the harmonious development of an individual. Understanding basic shapes, colors, and letters at an early age lays a strong foundation for academic excellence and emotional growth. At an early childhood stage, the skills of spatial reasoning and problem-solving can be developed by recognizing and comprehending the depicted objects. By exploring deep learning technology, this article presents a cognitive enhancement framework for recognizing nested objects. With cutting-edge models, such as You Only Look Once (YOLOv8) and Visual Geometry Group (VGG16), objects and intra-objects are detected. For semantic description, the neural network model, specifically long short-term memory (LSTM), is exploited, preceded by precise object recognition. The framework is implemented in Google Colab with the prominent packages of Ultralytics, PyTorch, and OpenCV. The models are trained and tested by a custom dataset: PreEduDS. The results of the systematic evaluation suggest that the framework has widespread applicability. A promising accuracy score of 94.4% is obtained for object recognition and 96.5% for predicting precise semantic textual description. The proposed system is well-suited for enhancing preschool education and training based on augmented reality (AR) applications.

With the discovery of electricity and the widespread adoption of lighting technology, the extensive application of electricity has greatly increased productivity, making night-time factory production possible. At the same time, the rapid expansion of factories has led to a significant increase in particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the air. However, economic development heavily relies on lighting and factory production. To address this issue, researchers have focused on predicting urban gross domestic product (GDP) through night-time lights and PM2.5, but current studies often focus on the impact of a single factor on GDP, leaving room for improvement in model accuracy. In response to this problem, this article proposes the Relationship and Prediction Model between Night Light Data, PM2.5, and Urban GDP (R&P-NLPG model). Firstly, night light data, PM2.5 data, and GDP data are collected and preprocessed. Secondly, correlation analysis is conducted to analyze the correlation between data features. Then, data fusion methods are used to integrate features between night-time data and PM2.5 data, forming the third data features. Next, a neural network is constructed to establish a functional relationship between features and GDP. Finally, the trained neural network model is used to predict GDP. The experimental results demonstrate that the predictive capability of the R&P-NLPG model outperforms GDP prediction models constructed with single-feature input and existing multi-feature input.

Brain tumor diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is critical for improving patient survival rates. However, automating the analysis of these scans faces significant challenges, including data privacy concerns and the scarcity of large, diverse datasets. A potential solution is federated learning (FL), which enables cooperative model training among multiple organizations without requiring the sharing of raw data; however, it faces various challenges. To address these, we propose Federated Adaptive Reputation-aware aggregation with CKKS (Cheon-Kim-Kim-Song) Homomorphic encryption (FedARCH), a novel FL framework designed for a cross-silo scenario, where client weights are aggregated based on reputation scores derived from performance evaluations. Our framework incorporates a weighted aggregation method using these reputation scores to enhance the robustness of the global model. To address sudden changes in client performance, a smoothing factor is introduced, while a decay factor ensures that recent updates have a greater influence on the global model. These factors work together for dynamic performance management. Additionally, we address potential privacy risks from model inversion attacks by implementing a simplified and computationally efficient CKKS homomorphic encryption, which allows secure operations on encrypted data. With FedARCH, encrypted model weights of each client are multiplied by a plaintext reputation score for weighted aggregation. Since we are multiplying ciphertexts by plaintexts, instead of ciphertexts, the need for relinearization is eliminated, efficiently reducing the computational overhead. FedARCH achieved an accuracy of 99.39%, highlighting its potential in distinguishing between brain tumor classes. Several experiments were conducted by adding noise to the clients' data and varying the number of noisy clients. An accuracy of 94% was maintained even with 50% of noisy clients at a high noise level, while the standard FL approach accuracy dropped to 33%. Our results and the security analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of FedARCH in improving model accuracy, its robustness to noisy data, and its ability to ensure data privacy, making it a viable approach for medical image analysis in federated settings.

Image processing and computer vision highly rely on data augmentation in machine learning models to increase the diversity and variability within training datasets for better performance. One of the most promising and widely used applications of data augmentation is in classifying waste object images. This research focuses on augmenting waste object images with generative adversarial networks (GANS). Here deep convolutional GAN (DCGAN), an extension of GAN is utilized, which uses convolutional and convolutional-transpose layers for better image generation. This approach helps generate realism and variability in images. Furthermore, object detection and classification techniques are used. By utilizing ensemble learning techniques with DenseNet121, ConvNext, and Resnet101, the network can accurately identify and classify waste objects in images, thereby contributing to improved waste management practices and environmental sustainability. With ensemble learning, a notable accuracy of 99.80% was achieved. Thus, by investigating the effectiveness of these models in conjunction with data augmentation techniques, this novel approach of GAN-based augmentation cooperated with ensemble models aims to provide valuable insights into optimizing waste object identification processes for real-world applications. Future work will focus on better data augmentation methods with other types of GANS architectures and introducing multimodal sources of data to further increase the performance of the classification and detection models.

The escalating complexity of cyber threats in smart microgrids necessitates advanced detection frameworks to counter sophisticated attacks. Existing methods often underutilize optimization techniques like Harris hawks optimization (HHO) and struggle with class imbalance in cybersecurity datasets. This study proposes a novel framework integrating HHO with extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and a hybrid convolutional neural network with support vector machine (Cnn-SVM) to enhance cyber threat detection. Using the distributed denial of service (DDoS) botnet attack and KDD CUP99 datasets, the proposed models leverage HHO for hyperparameter optimization, achieving accuracies of 99.97% and 99.99%, respectively, alongside improved area under curve (AUC) metrics. These results highlight the framework's ability to capture complex nonlinearities and address class imbalance through RandomOverSampler. The findings demonstrate the potential of HHO-optimized models to advance automated threat detection, offering robust and scalable solutions for securing critical infrastructures.

Background: Reliable measurement of left ventricular mass (LVM) in echocardiography is essential for early detection of left ventricular dysfunction, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmia risk, yet growing patient volumes have created critical shortage of experts in echocardiography. Recent deep learning approaches reduce inter-operator variability but require large, fully labeled datasets for each standard view-an impractical demand in many clinical settings.

Methods: To overcome these limitations, we propose a heatmap-based point-estimation segmentation model trained via model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML) for few-shot LVM quantification across multiple echocardiographic views. Our framework adapts rapidly to new views by learning a shared representation and view-specific head performing K inner-loop updates, and then meta-updating in the outer loop. We used the EchoNet-LVH dataset for the PLAX view, the TMED-2 dataset for the PSAX view and the CAMUS dataset for both the apical 2-chamber and apical 4-chamber views under 1-, 5-, and 10-shot scenarios.

Results: As a result, the proposed MAML methods demonstrated comparable performance using mean distance error, mean angle error, successful distance error and spatial angular similarity in a few-shot setting compared to models trained with larger labeled datasets for each view of the echocardiogram.

Abnormal cardiac activity can lead to severe health complications, emphasizing the importance of timely diagnosis. It is essential to save lives if diseases are diagnosed in a reasonable timeframe. The intelligent telehealth system has the potential to transform the healthcare industry by continuously monitoring cardiac diseases remotely and non-invasively. A cloud-based telehealth system utilizing an Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor gathers and analyzes ECG signals to predict cardiac complications and notify physicians in crises, facilitating prompt and precise diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders. Abnormal cardiac activity can lead to severe health complications, making early detection crucial for effective treatment. This study provides an efficient method based on deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) approaches to categorize and detect cardiovascular problems utilizing ECG data to increase classifications (referring to distinguishing between different ECG signal categories) and precision. Additionally, a threshold-based classifier is developed for the telehealth system's security and privacy to enable user identification (for selecting the correct user from a group) using ECG data. A data preprocessing and augmentation technique was applied to improve the data quality and quantity. The proposed LSTM model attained 99.5% accuracy in the classification of cardiac diseases and 98.6% accuracy in user authentication utilizing ECG signals. These results exhibit enhanced performance compared to conventional machine learning and convolutional neural network models.

As a key natural language processing (NLP) task, question generation (QG) is crucial for boosting educational quality and fostering personalized learning. This article offers an in-depth review of the research advancements and future directions in QG in education (QGEd). We start by tracing the evolution of QG and QGEd. Next, we explore the current state of QGEd research through three dimensions: its three core objectives, commonly used datasets, and question quality evaluation methods. This article also underscores its unique contributions to QGEd, including a systematic analysis of the research landscape and an identification of pivotal challenges and opportunities. Lastly, we highlight future research directions, emphasizing the need for deeper exploration in QGEd regarding multimodal data processing, controllability of fine-grained cognitive and difficulty levels, specialized educational dataset construction, automatic evaluation technology development, and system architecture design. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the field, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in educational technology.

In the era of informational ascendancy, the discourse of artistic communication has transcended the confines of conventional physical domains and geographical boundaries, extending its purview ubiquitously across the global expanse. Consequently, the predominant mode of artistic interaction has evolved towards swift and extensive engagement through virtual platforms. However, this paradigm shift has given rise to the imperative task of meticulous categorization and labeling of an extensive corpus of artistic works, demanding substantial temporal and human resources. This article introduces an innovative bimodal time series classification model (BTSCM) network for the purpose of categorizing and labeling artworks on virtual platforms. Rooted in the foundational principles of visual communication and leveraging multimedia fusion technology, the proposed model proves instrumental in discerning categories within the realm of video content. The BTSCM framework initiates the classification of video data into constituent image and sound elements, employing the conceptual framework of visual communication. Subsequently, feature extraction for both forms of information is achieved through the application of Inflated 3D ConvNet and Mel frequency cepstrum coefficient (MFCC). The synthesis of these extracted features is orchestrated through a fusion of fully convolutional network (FCN), deep Q-network (DQN), and long short-term memory (LSTM), collectively manifesting as the BTSCM network model. This amalgamated network, shaped by the union of fully convolutional network (FCN), DQN, and LSTM, adeptly conducts information processing, culminating in the realization of high-precision video classification. Experimental findings substantiate the efficacy of the BTSCM framework, as evidenced by outstanding classification results across diverse video classification datasets. The classification recognition rate on the self-established art platform exceeds 90%, surpassing benchmarks set by multiple multimodal fusion recognition networks. These commendable outcomes underscore the BTSCM framework's potential significance, providing a theoretical and methodological foundation for the prospective scrutiny and annotation of content within art creation platforms.