Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.018001
Tae-Geun Ji, Jennifer Sobeck, Changgon Kim, Hojae Ahn, Mingyeong Yang, Taeeun Kim, Sungwook E. Hong, Kei Szeto, Jennifer L. Marshall, Christian Surace, Soojong Pak
The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) project will provide multi-object spectroscopy in the optical and near-infrared bands using an 11.25-m aperture telescope, repurposing the original Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope site. MSE will observe 4332 objects per single exposure with a field of view of 1.5 square degrees, utilizing two spectrographs with low-moderate (R∼3000, 6000) and high (R≈30,000) spectral resolution. In general, an exposure time calculator (ETC) is used to estimate the performance of an observing system by calculating the signal- to-noise ratio (S/N) and exposure time. We present the design of the MSE ETC, which has four calculation modes (S/N, exposure time, S/N trend with wavelength, and S/N trend with magnitude) and incorporates the MSE system requirements as specified in the conceptual design. The MSE ETC currently allows for user-defined inputs of the target AB magnitude, water vapor, air mass, and sky brightness AB magnitude (additional user inputs can be provided depending on the computational mode). The ETC is built using Python 3.7 and features a graphical user interface that allows for cross-platform use. The development process of the ETC software follows an Agile methodology and utilizes the unified modeling language diagrams to visualize the software architecture. We also describe the testing and verification of the MSE ETC.
{"title":"Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer exposure time calculator for end-to-end simulator: to optimizing spectrograph design and observing simulation","authors":"Tae-Geun Ji, Jennifer Sobeck, Changgon Kim, Hojae Ahn, Mingyeong Yang, Taeeun Kim, Sungwook E. Hong, Kei Szeto, Jennifer L. Marshall, Christian Surace, Soojong Pak","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.018001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.018001","url":null,"abstract":"The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) project will provide multi-object spectroscopy in the optical and near-infrared bands using an 11.25-m aperture telescope, repurposing the original Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope site. MSE will observe 4332 objects per single exposure with a field of view of 1.5 square degrees, utilizing two spectrographs with low-moderate (R∼3000, 6000) and high (R≈30,000) spectral resolution. In general, an exposure time calculator (ETC) is used to estimate the performance of an observing system by calculating the signal- to-noise ratio (S/N) and exposure time. We present the design of the MSE ETC, which has four calculation modes (S/N, exposure time, S/N trend with wavelength, and S/N trend with magnitude) and incorporates the MSE system requirements as specified in the conceptual design. The MSE ETC currently allows for user-defined inputs of the target AB magnitude, water vapor, air mass, and sky brightness AB magnitude (additional user inputs can be provided depending on the computational mode). The ETC is built using Python 3.7 and features a graphical user interface that allows for cross-platform use. The development process of the ETC software follows an Agile methodology and utilizes the unified modeling language diagrams to visualize the software architecture. We also describe the testing and verification of the MSE ETC.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139102601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.018002
Luisa Sciortino, Marco Barbera, Salvatore Ferruggia Bonura, Michela Todaro, Elena Puccio, Fabio D’Anca, Ugo Lo Cicero, Pekka T. Törmä, Elena Magnano, Silvia Nappini, Igor Píš, Emanuele Perinati, Sebastian Diebold, Alejandro Guzman, Chris Tenzer, Gianpiero Buscarino, Christian Gollwitzer, Evelyn Handick, Michael Krumrey, Christian Laubis, Roberto Candia, Salvatore Varisco
X-ray detectors for space astrophysics missions are susceptible to noise caused by photons with energies outside the operating energy range; for this reason, efficient external optical blocking filters are required to shield the detector from the out-of-band radiation. These filters play a crucial role in meeting the scientific requirements of the X-ray detectors, and their proper operation over the life of the mission is essential for the success of the experimental activity. We studied thin sandwich membranes made of silicon nitride and aluminum as optical blocking filters for high-energy detectors in space missions. Here, we report the results of a multi-technique characterization of SiN membranes with thicknesses in the range from 40 nm to 145 nm coated with few tens of nanometers of aluminum on both sides. In particular, we have measured the X-ray transmission at synchrotron radiation beamlines, the rejection of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation, the amount of native oxide on the aluminum surfaces by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the morphology of the sample surfaces by atomic force microscopy, and the aging effects under proton irradiation.
用于空间天体物理学飞行任务的 X 射线探测器容易受到能量超出工作能量范围的光子造成的噪声的影响;因此,需要高效的外部光学阻挡滤波器来屏蔽探测器的带外辐射。这些滤光片在满足 X 射线探测器的科学要求方面起着至关重要的作用,它们在整个飞行任务期间的正常运行对实验活动的成功至关重要。我们研究了将氮化硅和铝制成的薄夹层膜作为空间任务中高能探测器的光学阻挡滤波器。在此,我们报告了对厚度在 40 纳米到 145 纳米之间、两面涂有几十纳米铝的氮化硅膜进行多技术表征的结果。我们特别测量了同步辐射光束线的 X 射线透射率,紫外线、可见光和近红外辐射的抑制率,通过 X 射线光电子能谱测量铝表面的原生氧化物含量,通过原子力显微镜测量样品表面的形貌,以及质子辐照下的老化效应。
{"title":"Multi-technique investigation of silicon nitride/aluminum membranes as optical blocking filters for high-energy space missions","authors":"Luisa Sciortino, Marco Barbera, Salvatore Ferruggia Bonura, Michela Todaro, Elena Puccio, Fabio D’Anca, Ugo Lo Cicero, Pekka T. Törmä, Elena Magnano, Silvia Nappini, Igor Píš, Emanuele Perinati, Sebastian Diebold, Alejandro Guzman, Chris Tenzer, Gianpiero Buscarino, Christian Gollwitzer, Evelyn Handick, Michael Krumrey, Christian Laubis, Roberto Candia, Salvatore Varisco","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.018002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.018002","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray detectors for space astrophysics missions are susceptible to noise caused by photons with energies outside the operating energy range; for this reason, efficient external optical blocking filters are required to shield the detector from the out-of-band radiation. These filters play a crucial role in meeting the scientific requirements of the X-ray detectors, and their proper operation over the life of the mission is essential for the success of the experimental activity. We studied thin sandwich membranes made of silicon nitride and aluminum as optical blocking filters for high-energy detectors in space missions. Here, we report the results of a multi-technique characterization of SiN membranes with thicknesses in the range from 40 nm to 145 nm coated with few tens of nanometers of aluminum on both sides. In particular, we have measured the X-ray transmission at synchrotron radiation beamlines, the rejection of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation, the amount of native oxide on the aluminum surfaces by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the morphology of the sample surfaces by atomic force microscopy, and the aging effects under proton irradiation.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"254 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139558087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.017001
Andrea Bulgarelli, Fabrizio Lucarelli, Gino Tosti, Vito Conforti, Nicolò Parmiggiani, Joseph Hillary Schwarz, Juan Guillermo Alvarez Gallardo, Lucio Angelo Antonelli, Mauricio Araya, Matteo Balbo, Leonardo Baroncelli, Ciro Bigongiari, Pietro Bruno, Milvia Capalbi, Martina Cardillo, Guillermo Andres Rodriguez Castillo, Osvaldo Catalano, Antonio Alessio Compagnino, Mattia Corpora, Alessandro Costa, Silvia Crestan, Giuseppe Cusumano, Antonino D’Aì, Valentina Fioretti, Stefano Gallozzi, Stefano Germani, Fulvio Gianotti, Valentina Giordano, Andrea Giuliani, Alessandro Grillo, Isaias Huerta, Federico Incardona, Simone Iovenitti, Nicola La Palombara, Valentina La Parola, Marco Landoni, Saverio Lombardi, Maria Cettina Maccarone, Rachele Millul, Teresa Mineo, Gabriela Montenegro, Davide Mollica, Kevin Munari, Antonio Pagliaro, Giovanni Pareschi, Valerio Pastore, Matteo Perri, Fabio Pintore, Patrizia Romano, Federico Russo, Ricardo Zanmar Sanchez, Pierluca Sangiorgi, Francesco Gabriele Saturni, Nestor Sayes, Eva Sciacca, Vitalii Sliusar, Salvatore Scuderi, Alessandro Tacchini, Vincenzo Testa, Massimo Trifoglio, Antonio Tutone, Stefano Vercellone, Roland Walter, for the ASTRI Project
The Astrophysics with Italian Replicating Technology Mirrors (ASTRI) Mini-Array is an international collaboration led by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) and devoted to imaging atmospheric Cherenkov light for very-high γ-ray astrophysics, detection of cosmic-rays, and stellar Hambury-Brown intensity interferometry. The project is deploying an array of nine dual-mirror aplanatic imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes of 4-m class at the Teide Observatory on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Based on SiPM sensors, the focal plane camera covers an unprecedented field of view of 10.5 deg in diameter. The array is most sensitive to γ-ray radiation above 1 up to 200 TeV, with an angular resolution of 3 arcmin, better than the current particle arrays, such as LHAASO and HAWC. We describe the overall software architecture of the ASTRI Mini-Array and the software engineering approach for its development. The software covers the entire life cycle of the Mini-Array, from scheduling to remote operations, data acquisition, and processing until data dissemination. The on-site control software allows remote array operations from different locations, including automated reactions to critical conditions. All data are collected every night, and the array trigger is managed post facto. The high-speed networking connection between the observatory site and the Data Center in Rome allows for ready data availability for stereoscopic event reconstruction, data processing, and almost real-time science products generation.
{"title":"Software architecture and development approach for the ASTRI Mini-Array project at the Teide Observatory","authors":"Andrea Bulgarelli, Fabrizio Lucarelli, Gino Tosti, Vito Conforti, Nicolò Parmiggiani, Joseph Hillary Schwarz, Juan Guillermo Alvarez Gallardo, Lucio Angelo Antonelli, Mauricio Araya, Matteo Balbo, Leonardo Baroncelli, Ciro Bigongiari, Pietro Bruno, Milvia Capalbi, Martina Cardillo, Guillermo Andres Rodriguez Castillo, Osvaldo Catalano, Antonio Alessio Compagnino, Mattia Corpora, Alessandro Costa, Silvia Crestan, Giuseppe Cusumano, Antonino D’Aì, Valentina Fioretti, Stefano Gallozzi, Stefano Germani, Fulvio Gianotti, Valentina Giordano, Andrea Giuliani, Alessandro Grillo, Isaias Huerta, Federico Incardona, Simone Iovenitti, Nicola La Palombara, Valentina La Parola, Marco Landoni, Saverio Lombardi, Maria Cettina Maccarone, Rachele Millul, Teresa Mineo, Gabriela Montenegro, Davide Mollica, Kevin Munari, Antonio Pagliaro, Giovanni Pareschi, Valerio Pastore, Matteo Perri, Fabio Pintore, Patrizia Romano, Federico Russo, Ricardo Zanmar Sanchez, Pierluca Sangiorgi, Francesco Gabriele Saturni, Nestor Sayes, Eva Sciacca, Vitalii Sliusar, Salvatore Scuderi, Alessandro Tacchini, Vincenzo Testa, Massimo Trifoglio, Antonio Tutone, Stefano Vercellone, Roland Walter, for the ASTRI Project","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.017001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.017001","url":null,"abstract":"The Astrophysics with Italian Replicating Technology Mirrors (ASTRI) Mini-Array is an international collaboration led by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) and devoted to imaging atmospheric Cherenkov light for very-high γ-ray astrophysics, detection of cosmic-rays, and stellar Hambury-Brown intensity interferometry. The project is deploying an array of nine dual-mirror aplanatic imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes of 4-m class at the Teide Observatory on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Based on SiPM sensors, the focal plane camera covers an unprecedented field of view of 10.5 deg in diameter. The array is most sensitive to γ-ray radiation above 1 up to 200 TeV, with an angular resolution of 3 arcmin, better than the current particle arrays, such as LHAASO and HAWC. We describe the overall software architecture of the ASTRI Mini-Array and the software engineering approach for its development. The software covers the entire life cycle of the Mini-Array, from scheduling to remote operations, data acquisition, and processing until data dissemination. The on-site control software allows remote array operations from different locations, including automated reactions to critical conditions. All data are collected every night, and the array trigger is managed post facto. The high-speed networking connection between the observatory site and the Data Center in Rome allows for ready data availability for stereoscopic event reconstruction, data processing, and almost real-time science products generation.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139558333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.014002
Lisa Ferro, Enrico Virgilli, Natalia Auricchio, Claudio Ferrari, Ezio Caroli, Riccardo Lolli, Miguel F. Moita, Piero Rosati, Filippo Frontera, Mauro Pucci, John B. Stephen, Cristiano Guidorzi
We report on recent progress in the development of Laue lenses for applications in hard X/soft gamma-ray astronomy. Here, we focus on the realization of a sector of such a lens made of 11 bent germanium crystals and describe the technological challenges involved in their positioning and alignment with adhesive-based bonding techniques. The accurate alignment and the uniformity of the curvature of the crystals are critical for achieving optimal X-ray focusing capabilities. We assessed how the errors of misalignment with respect to the main orientation angles of the crystals affect the point spread function (PSF) of the image diffracted by a single sector. We corroborated these results with simulations carried out with our physical model of the lens, based on a Monte Carlo ray-tracing technique, adopting the geometrical configuration of the Laue sector, the observed assembly accuracy, and the measured curvatures of the crystals. An extrapolation of the performances achieved on a single sector to an entire Laue lens based on this model shows that a PSF with a half-power-diameter of 4.8 arcmin can be achieved with current technology. This has the potential to lead to a significant improvement in the sensitivity of spectroscopic and polarimetric observations in the 50 to 600 keV band.
我们报告了为硬 X 射线/软伽马射线天文学应用开发 Laue 透镜的最新进展。在此,我们重点介绍了由 11 块弯曲锗晶体组成的这种透镜的一个扇面的实现情况,并描述了使用基于粘合剂的粘接技术对这些晶体进行定位和对准所面临的技术挑战。晶体的精确对准和曲率均匀性对于实现最佳 X 射线聚焦能力至关重要。我们评估了晶体主要方向角的不对准误差如何影响单扇区衍射图像的点扩散函数(PSF)。我们采用 Laue 扇形的几何结构、观察到的装配精度和测量到的晶体曲率,通过蒙特卡洛射线追踪技术,对透镜的物理模型进行了模拟,从而证实了这些结果。根据这一模型,将单个扇区的性能推断到整个 Laue 透镜,结果表明,利用现有技术可以实现半功率直径为 4.8 弧分的 PSF。这有可能显著提高 50 至 600 千伏波段光谱和偏振观测的灵敏度。
{"title":"Recent developments in Laue lens manufacturing and their impact on imaging performance","authors":"Lisa Ferro, Enrico Virgilli, Natalia Auricchio, Claudio Ferrari, Ezio Caroli, Riccardo Lolli, Miguel F. Moita, Piero Rosati, Filippo Frontera, Mauro Pucci, John B. Stephen, Cristiano Guidorzi","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.014002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.014002","url":null,"abstract":"We report on recent progress in the development of Laue lenses for applications in hard X/soft gamma-ray astronomy. Here, we focus on the realization of a sector of such a lens made of 11 bent germanium crystals and describe the technological challenges involved in their positioning and alignment with adhesive-based bonding techniques. The accurate alignment and the uniformity of the curvature of the crystals are critical for achieving optimal X-ray focusing capabilities. We assessed how the errors of misalignment with respect to the main orientation angles of the crystals affect the point spread function (PSF) of the image diffracted by a single sector. We corroborated these results with simulations carried out with our physical model of the lens, based on a Monte Carlo ray-tracing technique, adopting the geometrical configuration of the Laue sector, the observed assembly accuracy, and the measured curvatures of the crystals. An extrapolation of the performances achieved on a single sector to an entire Laue lens based on this model shows that a PSF with a half-power-diameter of 4.8 arcmin can be achieved with current technology. This has the potential to lead to a significant improvement in the sensitivity of spectroscopic and polarimetric observations in the 50 to 600 keV band.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"17 204 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139463661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.016004
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay, Sven Herrmann, Peter Orel, Kevan Donlon, Gregory Prigozhin, Glenn Morris, Michael Cooper, Beverly LaMarr, Andrew Malonis, Steven W. Allen, Marshall W. Bautz, Chris Leitz
We demonstrate so-called repetitive non-destructive readout (RNDR) for the first time on a single electron sensitive readout (SiSeRO) device. SiSeRO is a novel on-chip charge detector output stage for charge-coupled device image sensors, developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. This technology uses a p-MOSFET transistor with a depleted internal gate beneath the transistor channel. The transistor source-drain current is modulated by the transfer of charge into the internal gate. RNDR was realized by transferring the signal charge non-destructively between the internal gate and the summing well (SW), which is the last serial register. The advantage of the non-destructive charge transfer is that the signal charge for each pixel can be measured at the end of each transfer cycle, and by averaging for a large number of measurements (Ncycle), the total noise can be reduced by a factor of 1/Ncycle. In our experiments with a prototype SiSeRO device, we implemented nine (Ncycle=9) RNDR cycles, achieving around two electron readout noise (equivalent noise charge or ENC) with a spectral resolution close to the fano limit for silicon at 5.9 keV. These first results are extremely encouraging, demonstrating successful implementation of the RNDR technique in SiSeROs. They also lay the foundation for future experiments with more optimized test stands (better temperature control, larger number of RNDR cycles, and RNDR-optimized SiSeRO devices), which should be capable of achieving sub-electron noise sensitivities. This new device class presents an exciting technology for next generation astronomical X-ray telescopes requiring very low-noise spectroscopic imagers. The sub-electron sensitivity also adds the capability to conduct in-situ absolute calibration, enabling unprecedented characterization of the low energy instrument response.
{"title":"Demonstrating repetitive non-destructive readout with SiSeRO devices","authors":"Tanmoy Chattopadhyay, Sven Herrmann, Peter Orel, Kevan Donlon, Gregory Prigozhin, Glenn Morris, Michael Cooper, Beverly LaMarr, Andrew Malonis, Steven W. Allen, Marshall W. Bautz, Chris Leitz","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.016004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.016004","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate so-called repetitive non-destructive readout (RNDR) for the first time on a single electron sensitive readout (SiSeRO) device. SiSeRO is a novel on-chip charge detector output stage for charge-coupled device image sensors, developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. This technology uses a p-MOSFET transistor with a depleted internal gate beneath the transistor channel. The transistor source-drain current is modulated by the transfer of charge into the internal gate. RNDR was realized by transferring the signal charge non-destructively between the internal gate and the summing well (SW), which is the last serial register. The advantage of the non-destructive charge transfer is that the signal charge for each pixel can be measured at the end of each transfer cycle, and by averaging for a large number of measurements (Ncycle), the total noise can be reduced by a factor of 1/Ncycle. In our experiments with a prototype SiSeRO device, we implemented nine (Ncycle=9) RNDR cycles, achieving around two electron readout noise (equivalent noise charge or ENC) with a spectral resolution close to the fano limit for silicon at 5.9 keV. These first results are extremely encouraging, demonstrating successful implementation of the RNDR technique in SiSeROs. They also lay the foundation for future experiments with more optimized test stands (better temperature control, larger number of RNDR cycles, and RNDR-optimized SiSeRO devices), which should be capable of achieving sub-electron noise sensitivities. This new device class presents an exciting technology for next generation astronomical X-ray telescopes requiring very low-noise spectroscopic imagers. The sub-electron sensitivity also adds the capability to conduct in-situ absolute calibration, enabling unprecedented characterization of the low energy instrument response.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139412961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.018003
Daisuke Kaneko, Sayuri Takatori, Masaya Hasegawa, Masashi Hazumi, Yuki Inoue, Oliver Jeong, Nobuhiko Katayama, Adrian T. Lee, Frederick Matsuda, Haruki Nishino, Praween Siritanasak, Aritoki Suzuki, Satoru Takakura, Takayuki Tomaru
We present an advanced system for calibrating the detector gain responsivity with a chopped thermal source for POLARBEAR-2a, which is the first receiver system of a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimetry experiment: the Simons Array. Intensity-to-polarization leakage due to calibration errors between detectors can be a significant source of systematic error for a polarization-sensitive experiment. To suppress this systematic uncertainty, POLARBEAR-2a calibrates the detector gain responsivities by observing a chopped thermal source before and after each period of science observations. The system includes a high-temperature ceramic heater that emits blackbody radiation covering a wide frequency range and an optical chopper to modulate the radiation signal. We discuss the experimental requirements of gain calibration and system design to calibrate POLARBEAR-2a. We evaluate the performance of our system during the early commissioning of the receiver system. This calibration system is promising for the future generation of CMB ground-based polarization observations.
{"title":"Design and performance of a gain calibration system for the POLARBEAR-2a receiver system at the Simons Array cosmic microwave background experiment","authors":"Daisuke Kaneko, Sayuri Takatori, Masaya Hasegawa, Masashi Hazumi, Yuki Inoue, Oliver Jeong, Nobuhiko Katayama, Adrian T. Lee, Frederick Matsuda, Haruki Nishino, Praween Siritanasak, Aritoki Suzuki, Satoru Takakura, Takayuki Tomaru","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.018003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.018003","url":null,"abstract":"We present an advanced system for calibrating the detector gain responsivity with a chopped thermal source for POLARBEAR-2a, which is the first receiver system of a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimetry experiment: the Simons Array. Intensity-to-polarization leakage due to calibration errors between detectors can be a significant source of systematic error for a polarization-sensitive experiment. To suppress this systematic uncertainty, POLARBEAR-2a calibrates the detector gain responsivities by observing a chopped thermal source before and after each period of science observations. The system includes a high-temperature ceramic heater that emits blackbody radiation covering a wide frequency range and an optical chopper to modulate the radiation signal. We discuss the experimental requirements of gain calibration and system design to calibrate POLARBEAR-2a. We evaluate the performance of our system during the early commissioning of the receiver system. This calibration system is promising for the future generation of CMB ground-based polarization observations.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139588044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report a development status of a focal plane detector for the GEO-X (GEOspace X-ray imager) mission that will perform soft X-ray (≤2 keV) imaging spectroscopy of Earth’s magnetosphere from a micro satellite. The mission instrument consists of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) X-ray mirror and a focal plane detector. A sensor with fine positional resolution and moderate energy resolution in the energy band of 0.3 to 2 keV is required. Because the observing target is the magnetosphere around the day-side Earth, the visible-light background must be decreased by shortening the integration time for readout. To satisfy the above requirements, a high-speed X-ray CMOS sensor is being evaluated as a primary candidate for the detector. Irradiating the flight candidate sensor with monochromatic X-rays, we obtained the energy resolution of 205 eV (FWHM) at 6 keV by cooling the devices to −15°C. Radiation tolerance of the sensor, especially in terms of total dose effect, is investigated with 100 MeV proton. The amount of degradation of energy resolution is <50 eV up to 10 krad, which ensures that we will be able to track and calibrate the change of the line width in orbit.
我们报告了用于 GEO-X(地球同步轨道空间 X 射线成像仪)任务的焦平面探测器的开发情况,该任务将从一颗微型卫星上对地球磁层进行软 X 射线(≤2 千伏)成像分光。该飞行任务的仪器由一个微电子机械系统(MEMS)X 射线镜和一个焦平面探测器组成。要求传感器在 0.3 至 2 千伏的能带内具有精细的位置分辨率和中等的能量分辨率。由于观测目标是日面地球周围的磁层,因此必须通过缩短读出积分时间来减少可见光背景。为了满足上述要求,目前正在评估一种高速 X 射线 CMOS 传感器,作为探测器的主要候选器件。我们用单色 X 射线辐照飞行候选传感器,通过将器件冷却到 -15°C 获得了 6 keV 时 205 eV(FWHM)的能量分辨率。我们用 100 MeV 质子对传感器的辐射耐受性,特别是总剂量效应进行了研究。能量分辨率在 10 krad 以下的衰减量小于 50 eV,这确保我们能够跟踪和校准轨道上的线宽变化。
{"title":"Development of the focal-plane CMOS detector for the GEO-X mission","authors":"Hiroshi Nakajima, Shotaro Nakamura, Koichi Hagino, Ayumi Kiuchi, Takuya Matsumoto, Tohya Yamagami, Tomokage Yoneyama, Junko S. Hiraga, Yuichiro Ezoe, Masaki Numazawa, Kumi Ishikawa, Hisashi Kitamura","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.016001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.016001","url":null,"abstract":"We report a development status of a focal plane detector for the GEO-X (GEOspace X-ray imager) mission that will perform soft X-ray (≤2 keV) imaging spectroscopy of Earth’s magnetosphere from a micro satellite. The mission instrument consists of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) X-ray mirror and a focal plane detector. A sensor with fine positional resolution and moderate energy resolution in the energy band of 0.3 to 2 keV is required. Because the observing target is the magnetosphere around the day-side Earth, the visible-light background must be decreased by shortening the integration time for readout. To satisfy the above requirements, a high-speed X-ray CMOS sensor is being evaluated as a primary candidate for the detector. Irradiating the flight candidate sensor with monochromatic X-rays, we obtained the energy resolution of 205 eV (FWHM) at 6 keV by cooling the devices to −15°C. Radiation tolerance of the sensor, especially in terms of total dose effect, is investigated with 100 MeV proton. The amount of degradation of energy resolution is <50 eV up to 10 krad, which ensures that we will be able to track and calibrate the change of the line width in orbit.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139052065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.014001
Kshitij S. Bane, Indrajit V. Barve, Gantyada Venkata Satya Gireesh, Chidambaram Kathiravan, Rajaram Ramesh
Recently a prototype for pulsar observations at low radio frequencies (RFs) (<100 MHz) using log-periodic dipole antennas (LPDAs) in the Gauribidanur Radio Observatory (≈77°E14°N) near Bangalore, India, was commissioned. The aforementioned system is currently being augmented (i) to directly digitize the RF signals from the individual antennas and (ii) with a digital beamformer to simultaneously observe different regions of the sky present within the primary “beam” of the LPDA used in the array. Our initial results indicate that co-temporal observations of a known pulsar along with the Sun using two different beams could be used to calibrate the dynamic spectrum of the solar radio transients. This is important because the calibration of the latter in observations with the conventional solar radio spectrographs is difficult.
{"title":"Initial results from multi-beam observations of pulsars and solar transient with the digital beamformer for the Gauribidanur pulsar system","authors":"Kshitij S. Bane, Indrajit V. Barve, Gantyada Venkata Satya Gireesh, Chidambaram Kathiravan, Rajaram Ramesh","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.014001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.014001","url":null,"abstract":"Recently a prototype for pulsar observations at low radio frequencies (RFs) (<100 MHz) using log-periodic dipole antennas (LPDAs) in the Gauribidanur Radio Observatory (≈77°E14°N) near Bangalore, India, was commissioned. The aforementioned system is currently being augmented (i) to directly digitize the RF signals from the individual antennas and (ii) with a digital beamformer to simultaneously observe different regions of the sky present within the primary “beam” of the LPDA used in the array. Our initial results indicate that co-temporal observations of a known pulsar along with the Sun using two different beams could be used to calibrate the dynamic spectrum of the solar radio transients. This is important because the calibration of the latter in observations with the conventional solar radio spectrographs is difficult.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139067266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.016002
Hui Wang, Hong-fei Zhang, Jian Wang, Qi Feng, Ying-fan Guo, Jun Zhang, Zhi-yue Wang, Zhe Geng, Jie Gao, Hao Liu, Jian Ge, Hui Zhang, Lin Wen, Yu-dong Li
To detect exoplanets and study their formation and evolution, several exoplanet space missions, such as Kepler, TESS, GAIA, and CHEOPS, have been successfully developed and fully operated in space. However, China has not yet had its own exoplanet space mission. The Earth 2.0 (ET) space mission is being developed in China aiming at detecting and characterizing exoplanets, especially extra-terrestrial like planets. ET will carry six transit telescopes pointing to the same sky region and a gravitational microlensing telescope, with the goal of finding habitable Earth like planets (Earth 2.0s) around solar type stars and measure its occurrence rate. In order to detect Earth 2.0s, ultrahigh-precision photometry of ∼30 ppm is required, which places tight constrain on camera performance, such as high-speed readout, low readout noise, mosaic detectors, and radiation tolerance. As of now, a prototype camera utilizing a CCD250-82 detector from Teledyne e2v has been developed and its performance has been tested. At a readout rate of 2 M pixels/s, the readout noise of 10.96 e− RMS and the pixel response nonuniformity of 0.66% at 600 nm have been achieved. After receiving radiation doses of 5 krad (Si) and 13.43 krad (Si), the dark current of the CCD increased by 30% and 126%, respectively. The camera’s key performance meets the basic requirements for the ET space mission, except for its high cooling power consumption.
{"title":"Development and performance test of a scientific CCD camera prototype for the Earth 2.0 mission","authors":"Hui Wang, Hong-fei Zhang, Jian Wang, Qi Feng, Ying-fan Guo, Jun Zhang, Zhi-yue Wang, Zhe Geng, Jie Gao, Hao Liu, Jian Ge, Hui Zhang, Lin Wen, Yu-dong Li","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.016002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.10.1.016002","url":null,"abstract":"To detect exoplanets and study their formation and evolution, several exoplanet space missions, such as Kepler, TESS, GAIA, and CHEOPS, have been successfully developed and fully operated in space. However, China has not yet had its own exoplanet space mission. The Earth 2.0 (ET) space mission is being developed in China aiming at detecting and characterizing exoplanets, especially extra-terrestrial like planets. ET will carry six transit telescopes pointing to the same sky region and a gravitational microlensing telescope, with the goal of finding habitable Earth like planets (Earth 2.0s) around solar type stars and measure its occurrence rate. In order to detect Earth 2.0s, ultrahigh-precision photometry of ∼30 ppm is required, which places tight constrain on camera performance, such as high-speed readout, low readout noise, mosaic detectors, and radiation tolerance. As of now, a prototype camera utilizing a CCD250-82 detector from Teledyne e2v has been developed and its performance has been tested. At a readout rate of 2 M pixels/s, the readout noise of 10.96 e− RMS and the pixel response nonuniformity of 0.66% at 600 nm have been achieved. After receiving radiation doses of 5 krad (Si) and 13.43 krad (Si), the dark current of the CCD increased by 30% and 126%, respectively. The camera’s key performance meets the basic requirements for the ET space mission, except for its high cooling power consumption.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139052050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.9.4.041008
Daniel J. Patnaude, Ralph P. Kraft, Caroline Kilbourne, Simon Bandler, Akos Bogdan, Renata Cumbee, Megan Eckart, Cecilia Garraffo, Edmund Hodges-Kluck, Richard Kelley, Maxim Markevitch, Anna Ogorzalek, Paul Plucinsky, Frederick Scott Porter, John ZuHone, Irina Zhuravleva, Jeremy Drake, Maurice Leutenegger, Steve Kenyon, Stephen Smith, Will Zhang, Steve DePalo, Xiaoyi Li, Nathan Williams, Edward Amatucci, Janice Houston, Deme Apostolou, Hugh Kanner, Kathleen Coderre, Isaac Hayden, Kyle Martin, Elizabeth Osborne, Jeffery Olson, Steven Ramm, Scott Richardson
In the 2020 Astrophysics Decadal Survey, the National Academies identified cosmic feedback and structure formation as a key question that should drive research in the upcoming decade. In response to this recommendation, NASA released a call for X-ray and IR probe-class missions, with a $1B cost cap. The line emission mapper (LEM) is a mission concept designed in response to this call. LEM is a single-instrument X-ray telescope that consists of a Wolter–Schwarzschild type I X-ray optic with a 4 m focal length, coupled with an X-ray microcalorimeter with a 30′ field of view (FoV), 15″ angular resolution, and 2.5 eV energy resolution [full-width half maximum (FWHM)], with a 1.3 eV FWHM energy resolution central subarray. The high throughput X-ray mirror combined with the large FoV and excellent energy resolution allows for efficient mapping of extended emission-line dominated astrophysical objects from megaparsecs to sub-pc scales to study cosmic ecosystems and unveil the physical drivers of galaxy formation.
在2020年天体物理学十年调查中,美国国家科学院将宇宙反馈和结构形成确定为未来十年推动研究的关键问题。为响应这一建议,NASA发布了x射线和红外探测器级任务的呼吁,其成本上限为10亿美元。线发射成像仪(LEM)是响应这一呼吁而设计的任务概念。LEM是一种单仪器x射线望远镜,由一个焦距为4米的Wolter-Schwarzschild型I型x射线光学系统,加上一个30 '视场(FoV), 15″角分辨率和2.5 eV能量分辨率的x射线微热量计组成,其中有一个1.3 eV FWHM能量分辨率的中心子阵列。高通量x射线反射镜结合大视场和出色的能量分辨率,可以有效地映射从百万秒差距到亚pc尺度的扩展发射线主导的天体物理对象,以研究宇宙生态系统并揭示星系形成的物理驱动因素。
{"title":"Line Emission Mapper: an X-ray probe mission concept to study the cosmic ecosystems and the physics of galaxy formation","authors":"Daniel J. Patnaude, Ralph P. Kraft, Caroline Kilbourne, Simon Bandler, Akos Bogdan, Renata Cumbee, Megan Eckart, Cecilia Garraffo, Edmund Hodges-Kluck, Richard Kelley, Maxim Markevitch, Anna Ogorzalek, Paul Plucinsky, Frederick Scott Porter, John ZuHone, Irina Zhuravleva, Jeremy Drake, Maurice Leutenegger, Steve Kenyon, Stephen Smith, Will Zhang, Steve DePalo, Xiaoyi Li, Nathan Williams, Edward Amatucci, Janice Houston, Deme Apostolou, Hugh Kanner, Kathleen Coderre, Isaac Hayden, Kyle Martin, Elizabeth Osborne, Jeffery Olson, Steven Ramm, Scott Richardson","doi":"10.1117/1.jatis.9.4.041008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.9.4.041008","url":null,"abstract":"In the 2020 Astrophysics Decadal Survey, the National Academies identified cosmic feedback and structure formation as a key question that should drive research in the upcoming decade. In response to this recommendation, NASA released a call for X-ray and IR probe-class missions, with a $1B cost cap. The line emission mapper (LEM) is a mission concept designed in response to this call. LEM is a single-instrument X-ray telescope that consists of a Wolter–Schwarzschild type I X-ray optic with a 4 m focal length, coupled with an X-ray microcalorimeter with a 30′ field of view (FoV), 15″ angular resolution, and 2.5 eV energy resolution [full-width half maximum (FWHM)], with a 1.3 eV FWHM energy resolution central subarray. The high throughput X-ray mirror combined with the large FoV and excellent energy resolution allows for efficient mapping of extended emission-line dominated astrophysical objects from megaparsecs to sub-pc scales to study cosmic ecosystems and unveil the physical drivers of galaxy formation.","PeriodicalId":54342,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems","volume":"3 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}