Pub Date : 2022-03-23DOI: 10.1007/s11241-022-09381-y
Nathan Otterness, James H. Anderson
Graphics processing units (GPUs) have been the target of a significant body of recent real-time research, but research is often hampered by the “black box” nature of GPU hardware and software. Now that one GPU manufacturer, AMD, has embraced an open-source software stack, one may expect an increased amount of real-time research to use AMD GPUs. Reality, however, is more complicated. Without understanding where internal details may differ, researchers have no basis for assuming that observations made using NVIDIA GPUs will continue to hold for AMD GPUs. Additionally, the openness of AMD’s software does not mean that their scheduling behavior is obvious, especially due to sparse, scattered documentation. In this paper, we gather the disparate pieces of documentation into a single coherent source that provides an end-to-end description of how compute work is scheduled on AMD GPUs. In doing so, we start with a concrete demonstration of how incorrect management triggers extreme worst-case behavior in shared AMD GPUs. Subsequently, we explain the internal scheduling rules for AMD GPUs, how they led to the “worst practices,” and how to correctly manage some of the most performance-critical factors in AMD GPU sharing.
{"title":"Exploring AMD GPU scheduling details by experimenting with “worst practices”","authors":"Nathan Otterness, James H. Anderson","doi":"10.1007/s11241-022-09381-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-022-09381-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Graphics processing units (GPUs) have been the target of a significant body of recent real-time research, but research is often hampered by the “black box” nature of GPU hardware and software. Now that one GPU manufacturer, AMD, has embraced an open-source software stack, one may expect an increased amount of real-time research to use AMD GPUs. Reality, however, is more complicated. Without understanding where internal details may differ, researchers have no basis for assuming that observations made using NVIDIA GPUs will continue to hold for AMD GPUs. Additionally, the openness of AMD’s software does not mean that their scheduling behavior is obvious, especially due to sparse, scattered documentation. In this paper, we gather the disparate pieces of documentation into a single coherent source that provides an end-to-end description of how compute work is scheduled on AMD GPUs. In doing so, we start with a concrete demonstration of how incorrect management triggers extreme worst-case behavior in shared AMD GPUs. Subsequently, we explain the internal scheduling rules for AMD GPUs, how they led to the “worst practices,” and how to correctly manage some of the most performance-critical factors in AMD GPU sharing.</p>","PeriodicalId":54507,"journal":{"name":"Real-Time Systems","volume":"216 1‐2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-20DOI: 10.1007/s11241-022-09378-7
S. Altmeyer, Jean-Luc Scharbarg
{"title":"Editorial on the special issue of RTNS 2020","authors":"S. Altmeyer, Jean-Luc Scharbarg","doi":"10.1007/s11241-022-09378-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-022-09378-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54507,"journal":{"name":"Real-Time Systems","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46565155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-19DOI: 10.1007/s11241-022-09377-8
Robert I. Davis, D. Griffin, Iain, Bate
{"title":"A framework for multi-core schedulability analysis accounting for resource stress and sensitivity","authors":"Robert I. Davis, D. Griffin, Iain, Bate","doi":"10.1007/s11241-022-09377-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-022-09377-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54507,"journal":{"name":"Real-Time Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41624325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1007/s11241-021-09376-1
Benny Akesson, Mitra Nasri, Geoffrey Nelissen, Sebastian Altmeyer, Robert I. Davis
This paper presents results and observations from a survey of 120 industry practitioners in the field of real-time embedded systems. The survey provides insights into the characteristics of the systems being developed today and identifies important trends for the future. It extends the results from the survey data to the broader population that it is representative of, and discusses significant differences between application domains. The survey aims to inform both academics and practitioners, helping to avoid divergence between industry practice and academic research. The value of this research is highlighted by a study showing that the aggregate findings of the survey are not common knowledge in the real-time systems community.
{"title":"A comprehensive survey of industry practice in real-time systems","authors":"Benny Akesson, Mitra Nasri, Geoffrey Nelissen, Sebastian Altmeyer, Robert I. Davis","doi":"10.1007/s11241-021-09376-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-021-09376-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents results and observations from a survey of 120 industry practitioners in the field of real-time embedded systems. The survey provides insights into the characteristics of the systems being developed today and identifies important trends for the future. It extends the results from the survey data to the broader population that it is representative of, and discusses significant differences between application domains. The survey aims to inform both academics and practitioners, helping to avoid divergence between industry practice and academic research. The value of this research is highlighted by a study showing that the aggregate findings of the survey are not common knowledge in the real-time systems community.</p>","PeriodicalId":54507,"journal":{"name":"Real-Time Systems","volume":"216 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1007/s11241-021-09375-2
Petros Voudouris, P. Stenström, R. Pathan
{"title":"Bounding the execution time of parallel applications on unrelated multiprocessors","authors":"Petros Voudouris, P. Stenström, R. Pathan","doi":"10.1007/s11241-021-09375-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-021-09375-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54507,"journal":{"name":"Real-Time Systems","volume":"58 1","pages":"189 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49670001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s11241-021-09374-3
Ricardo Brasil Teixeira, George Lima
{"title":"Shared resources in multiprocessor real-time systems scheduled by RUN","authors":"Ricardo Brasil Teixeira, George Lima","doi":"10.1007/s11241-021-09374-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-021-09374-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54507,"journal":{"name":"Real-Time Systems","volume":"58 1","pages":"153 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45589026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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