Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.3.409
Julia Vieira da Cunha Ávila, C. Clement, A. B. Junqueira, T. Ticktin, A. Steward
Abstract. In Amazonia, changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events are occurring and expected to intensify, affecting food security with subsequent social and political problems. We conducted semi-structured interviews in communities of the mid-Solimões River basin (Amazonas, Brazil). Our questions were designed to construct seasonal calendars with residents (ribeirinhos) to understand climatic patterns and changes in livelihood activities, how traditional management is affected by extreme floods and droughts, and to identify their adaptation strategies in new climatic contexts. We studied three floodplain (várzea, n = 59 households) and three paleo-floodplain communities, situated 1–3 m higher than the floodplain (paleovárzea, n = 42 households). We show that these local communities have detailed knowledge of climate patterns and changes, and that they recognize that climatic unpredictability hinders effective planning of subsistence activities because their local knowledge is no longer fully reliable. Extreme climate events have consequences for their farming systems and associated agrobiodiversity, varying according to the degree of exposure of different environments to extreme events. During extreme events, ribeirinhos intensify adaptation strategies, such as avoiding stress to fruit-tree root systems, prioritizing plants that survive flooding, and working in less affected landscapes. Adaptation practices with long histories tend to occur more often in floodplains, and two adaptation practices were specific to floodplains. The impacts of extreme events on local communities are expected to increase, especially in environments more exposed to floods. Local residents suggest the documentation and sharing of adaptation strategies as a way to increase their resilience.
摘要在亚马逊地区，极端气候事件的频率和强度正在发生变化，预计还会加剧，从而影响粮食安全，并随之而来的社会和政治问题。我们在mid-Solimões河流域(巴西亚马逊河)的社区进行了半结构化访谈。我们的问题旨在与居民(ribeiinhos)构建季节性日历，以了解气候模式和生计活动的变化，传统管理如何受到极端洪涝和干旱的影响，并确定他们在新气候背景下的适应策略。我们研究了3个洪泛区(várzea, n = 59户)和3个位于比洪泛区高1-3 m的古洪泛区社区(paleovárzea, n = 42户)。我们表明，这些当地社区对气候模式和变化有详细的了解，他们认识到气候的不可预测性阻碍了生存活动的有效规划，因为他们的当地知识不再完全可靠。极端气候事件对其农业系统和相关的农业生物多样性产生影响，影响因不同环境对极端事件的暴露程度而异。在极端事件发生时，ribeirinhos强化了适应策略，例如避免对果树根系施加压力，优先选择在洪水中存活的植物，以及在受影响较小的景观中工作。具有悠久历史的适应实践在洪泛区更为常见，其中有两种适应实践是洪泛区特有的。极端事件对当地社区的影响预计会增加，特别是在更容易受到洪水影响的环境中。当地居民建议将适应策略的记录和分享作为提高其复原力的一种方式。
{"title":"Adaptive Management Strategies of Local Communities in Two Amazonian Floodplain Ecosystems in the Face of Extreme Climate Events","authors":"Julia Vieira da Cunha Ávila, C. Clement, A. B. Junqueira, T. Ticktin, A. Steward","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.3.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.3.409","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In Amazonia, changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events are occurring and expected to intensify, affecting food security with subsequent social and political problems. We conducted semi-structured interviews in communities of the mid-Solimões River basin (Amazonas, Brazil). Our questions were designed to construct seasonal calendars with residents (ribeirinhos) to understand climatic patterns and changes in livelihood activities, how traditional management is affected by extreme floods and droughts, and to identify their adaptation strategies in new climatic contexts. We studied three floodplain (várzea, n = 59 households) and three paleo-floodplain communities, situated 1–3 m higher than the floodplain (paleovárzea, n = 42 households). We show that these local communities have detailed knowledge of climate patterns and changes, and that they recognize that climatic unpredictability hinders effective planning of subsistence activities because their local knowledge is no longer fully reliable. Extreme climate events have consequences for their farming systems and associated agrobiodiversity, varying according to the degree of exposure of different environments to extreme events. During extreme events, ribeirinhos intensify adaptation strategies, such as avoiding stress to fruit-tree root systems, prioritizing plants that survive flooding, and working in less affected landscapes. Adaptation practices with long histories tend to occur more often in floodplains, and two adaptation practices were specific to floodplains. The impacts of extreme events on local communities are expected to increase, especially in environments more exposed to floods. Local residents suggest the documentation and sharing of adaptation strategies as a way to increase their resilience.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"409 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44449411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.292
C. Campos, M. Moreno, F. Cappa, Y. Ontiveros, M. Cona, M. Torres
Abstract. The current biodiversity conservation framework explores “nature-people” relationships, recognizing culture's central role. This study aimed to combine local knowledge with scientific ecological data to better understand the relationships between wild animals and local people. We worked in a village (Los Baldecitos) located in the area of influence of Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan, Argentina). We conducted 20 free listing interviews and 12 semi-structured and open ones. We analyzed how the overall salience of different species (established through free listing and cognitive salience index) can be explained by ecological (measured through species occupancy models) and cultural (expressed in interviews) aspects of salience. The cognitive salience index and estimated animal occupancy showed a positive correlation, although it was not statistically significant (Spearman's Rho = 0.48, P = 0.095, N = 17). This could mean that cultural aspects (faunal uses, perception related to attitudes and to nature conservation) were relevant in explaining overall salience. Ten species had the highest and most statistically significant salience and were recorded by camera traps. Some of them share spaces with people (village, water points, corrals, and domestic animal areas), and others were less likely to share habitats where people are present. Wild species have cultural value related to uses and acceptance due to material (tangible benefits, ecological functions) and non-material (affectionate, emotional, aesthetic, presence in oral expression) values. Two carnivores elicited negative reactions because of their predatory damage to domestic animals. This study demonstrates methods to interweave local and scientific knowledge to understand people-nature relationships in context.
摘要当前的生物多样性保护框架探索“自然-人”的关系，承认文化的核心作用。本研究旨在将当地知识与科学生态数据结合起来，更好地了解野生动物与当地人之间的关系。我们在一个村庄(Los Baldecitos)工作，该村庄位于Ischigualasto省立公园(阿根廷圣胡安)的影响区域。我们进行了20次免费上市面试和12次半结构化和开放式面试。我们分析了不同物种的总体显著性(通过自由列表和认知显著性指数建立)如何通过生态(通过物种占用模型测量)和文化(通过访谈表达)方面的显著性来解释。认知显著性指数与动物占用率呈正相关，但无统计学意义(Spearman’s Rho = 0.48, P = 0.095, N = 17)。这可能意味着文化方面(动物用途、与态度和自然保护有关的看法)与解释总体显著性有关。其中10种的显著性最高，统计上最显著，并被相机陷阱记录。它们中的一些与人类共享空间(村庄、供水点、畜栏和家畜区)，而另一些则不太可能与人类共享栖息地。由于物质(有形利益、生态功能)和非物质(情感、情感、审美、口头表达)价值，野生物种具有与使用和接受相关的文化价值。两种食肉动物因其对家畜的掠食性伤害而引起负面反应。本研究展示了如何将当地知识和科学知识结合起来，以理解人与自然的关系。
{"title":"“Weaving” Different Knowledge Systems through Studying Salience of Wild Animals in a Dryland Area of Argentina","authors":"C. Campos, M. Moreno, F. Cappa, Y. Ontiveros, M. Cona, M. Torres","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.292","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The current biodiversity conservation framework explores “nature-people” relationships, recognizing culture's central role. This study aimed to combine local knowledge with scientific ecological data to better understand the relationships between wild animals and local people. We worked in a village (Los Baldecitos) located in the area of influence of Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan, Argentina). We conducted 20 free listing interviews and 12 semi-structured and open ones. We analyzed how the overall salience of different species (established through free listing and cognitive salience index) can be explained by ecological (measured through species occupancy models) and cultural (expressed in interviews) aspects of salience. The cognitive salience index and estimated animal occupancy showed a positive correlation, although it was not statistically significant (Spearman's Rho = 0.48, P = 0.095, N = 17). This could mean that cultural aspects (faunal uses, perception related to attitudes and to nature conservation) were relevant in explaining overall salience. Ten species had the highest and most statistically significant salience and were recorded by camera traps. Some of them share spaces with people (village, water points, corrals, and domestic animal areas), and others were less likely to share habitats where people are present. Wild species have cultural value related to uses and acceptance due to material (tangible benefits, ecological functions) and non-material (affectionate, emotional, aesthetic, presence in oral expression) values. Two carnivores elicited negative reactions because of their predatory damage to domestic animals. This study demonstrates methods to interweave local and scientific knowledge to understand people-nature relationships in context.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"292 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41463497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.263
Hernando Echeverri-Sanchez
Abstract. This article explores the use of Cyperus articulates in Putumayo, Colombia. This often-overlooked medicinal plant, known here as chondur, is used as a shamanic tool to fight the multiplicity of spiritual agents that can cause illness in western Amazonia. It also has a central role in yagé/ ayahuasca ceremonies, placing it in a unique position for an analytical observation of the dynamics of health in the region. The article examines two different folk varieties of this potent plant, each with its unique use, purpose, and symbolism. The use of these plants in healing rituals and yagé ceremonies highlights the importance of tools, techniques, and devices to reinforce the therapeutic narratives.
{"title":"The Many Lives of a Shamanic Chondur: Using Cyperus articulates in Yagé Shamanism of Southern Colombia","authors":"Hernando Echeverri-Sanchez","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.263","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This article explores the use of Cyperus articulates in Putumayo, Colombia. This often-overlooked medicinal plant, known here as chondur, is used as a shamanic tool to fight the multiplicity of spiritual agents that can cause illness in western Amazonia. It also has a central role in yagé/ ayahuasca ceremonies, placing it in a unique position for an analytical observation of the dynamics of health in the region. The article examines two different folk varieties of this potent plant, each with its unique use, purpose, and symbolism. The use of these plants in healing rituals and yagé ceremonies highlights the importance of tools, techniques, and devices to reinforce the therapeutic narratives.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"263 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47167735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.247
Clara de Carvalho Machado, Eduardo Magalhães Borges Prata, V. Kinupp
Abstract. Food habit studies in the Amazon emphasize the consumption of fish and manioc (Manihot esculenta) flour as basic diet in different ethnic groups, while little is known about human plant-related diet dynamics during the hydrological regime. In a scenario of food transition in rural Amazonia, with insertion of industrialized items in the diet, traditional food and consumption of regional products have undergone transformations, affecting the autonomy and lifestyle of traditional populations. Considering this, the objectives of the current case study were: (1) to contextualize plant-related eating habits in five Riverine communities on the Lower Purus River and (2) to characterize the dietary dynamics of plant eating according to the hydrological regime, considering the provenance of food items. We conducted interviews and sample collection in both low- and high-water seasons. We calculated species richness and diversity per meal and season and used multivariate analysis to access differences in plant consumption between seasons. The greatest richness and diversity of plants is consumed in the flooding season and mainly as snacks, the meal most susceptible to being replaced by industrialized foods. Despite a significant difference in diet between seasons, the basic array of plants consumed is similar in both seasons, with availability topped up by external purchases. This tendency deserves attention and action from public policies aimed at providing food security in the region.
{"title":"Human Food Dynamics in Highly Seasonal Ecosystems: A Case Study of Plant-Eating in Riverine Communities in Central Amazon","authors":"Clara de Carvalho Machado, Eduardo Magalhães Borges Prata, V. Kinupp","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.247","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Food habit studies in the Amazon emphasize the consumption of fish and manioc (Manihot esculenta) flour as basic diet in different ethnic groups, while little is known about human plant-related diet dynamics during the hydrological regime. In a scenario of food transition in rural Amazonia, with insertion of industrialized items in the diet, traditional food and consumption of regional products have undergone transformations, affecting the autonomy and lifestyle of traditional populations. Considering this, the objectives of the current case study were: (1) to contextualize plant-related eating habits in five Riverine communities on the Lower Purus River and (2) to characterize the dietary dynamics of plant eating according to the hydrological regime, considering the provenance of food items. We conducted interviews and sample collection in both low- and high-water seasons. We calculated species richness and diversity per meal and season and used multivariate analysis to access differences in plant consumption between seasons. The greatest richness and diversity of plants is consumed in the flooding season and mainly as snacks, the meal most susceptible to being replaced by industrialized foods. Despite a significant difference in diet between seasons, the basic array of plants consumed is similar in both seasons, with availability topped up by external purchases. This tendency deserves attention and action from public policies aimed at providing food security in the region.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"247 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44818158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.229
R. Ellen
Abstract. Codiaeum variegatum has become a well-known ornamental plant in Europe and North America and has long been culturally significant in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, for example as a boundary plant. This paper asks, firstly, how variations in foliage are classified, managed, and valued in one population (Nuaulu on the island of Seram, eastern Indonesia), and how this relates to the range of uses to which these variations are put. Secondly, the paper suggests that this particular case helps shed light on the importance of leaf variegation as an organoleptic quality in the context of biocultural evolution. It is noted that the features that evolved in its area of endemism are those making it attractive as an ornamental globally. While color variations in foliage combining genotypic cultivar differences, clonal differences, and age-dependent differences produce phenotypic instability and are a problem for ornamental plant producers in a commercial context, they are not a problem for Nuaulu.
{"title":"Nuaulu Use and Management of Culturally Salient Polymorphisms in Codiaeum variegatum: Explaining the Biocultural Dimensions of Leaf Variegation in a Southeast Asian Ornamental","authors":"R. Ellen","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.229","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Codiaeum variegatum has become a well-known ornamental plant in Europe and North America and has long been culturally significant in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, for example as a boundary plant. This paper asks, firstly, how variations in foliage are classified, managed, and valued in one population (Nuaulu on the island of Seram, eastern Indonesia), and how this relates to the range of uses to which these variations are put. Secondly, the paper suggests that this particular case helps shed light on the importance of leaf variegation as an organoleptic quality in the context of biocultural evolution. It is noted that the features that evolved in its area of endemism are those making it attractive as an ornamental globally. While color variations in foliage combining genotypic cultivar differences, clonal differences, and age-dependent differences produce phenotypic instability and are a problem for ornamental plant producers in a commercial context, they are not a problem for Nuaulu.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"229 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46231083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.277
T. Braje, L. Bentz
Abstract. Since at least the mid-nineteenth century, California's Pacific Coast has been an epicenter of global commercial fishing activities. Decades of intensive harvest, pollution, anthropogenic climate change, and disease, however, have resulted in the collapse of many of the state's most important and profitable fisheries. Much of the research designed to understand the processes and consequences of this crisis of the oceans has focused on production issues—the number of fish that live in and are harvested from the ocean. Here, we turn our attention to consumption issues and explore how market-forces, status, ethnicity, and evolving perceptions of food can drive fisheries collapse. We use the rise and fall of the California abalone (Haliotis spp.) fishery as a case study and compile data on the price of abalone dishes from bills of fare, primarily in southern California, dating between 1901 and 2005. We explore how and why restaurant prices for abalone dishes changed over the last century and the role of consumer demand (or taste) and social status in influencing the health and stability of fish stocks.
{"title":"Bills of Fare, Consumer Demand, Social Status, Ethnicity, and the Collapse of California Abalone","authors":"T. Braje, L. Bentz","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.277","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Since at least the mid-nineteenth century, California's Pacific Coast has been an epicenter of global commercial fishing activities. Decades of intensive harvest, pollution, anthropogenic climate change, and disease, however, have resulted in the collapse of many of the state's most important and profitable fisheries. Much of the research designed to understand the processes and consequences of this crisis of the oceans has focused on production issues—the number of fish that live in and are harvested from the ocean. Here, we turn our attention to consumption issues and explore how market-forces, status, ethnicity, and evolving perceptions of food can drive fisheries collapse. We use the rise and fall of the California abalone (Haliotis spp.) fishery as a case study and compile data on the price of abalone dishes from bills of fare, primarily in southern California, dating between 1901 and 2005. We explore how and why restaurant prices for abalone dishes changed over the last century and the role of consumer demand (or taste) and social status in influencing the health and stability of fish stocks.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"277 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46782480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.209
J. Benner, J. Nielsen, Ken Lertzman
Abstract. Combining Indigenous traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) with scientific research holds promise for more effectively meeting community objectives for the conservation of cultural forest resources. Our study focuses on predicting the abundance of western redcedar trees (Thuja plicata) within the traditional territories of five Indigenous Nations that are part of the Nnwaolas Council in British Columbia, Canada. Indigenous people in this region use western redcedar extensively for cultural practices, such as carving dugout canoes, totem poles, and traditional buildings. However, after more than a century of industrial logging, the abundance of redcedar suitable for these types of practices is in decline and no longer reflects past baseline conditions. We assess how using TEK from interviews with Indigenous carvers refines predictions of resource abundance compared to using only conventional field surveys. Our findings reveal that western redcedar trees suitable for traditional carving are generally rare, and that some important growth forms, such as those associated with carving community canoes, are nearly extirpated from the landscape. We demonstrate a useful application of TEK in conservation planning and highlight concerns about the impact of industrial forestry on culturally important trees.
{"title":"Using Traditional Ecological Knowledge to Understand the Diversity and Abundance of Culturally Important Trees","authors":"J. Benner, J. Nielsen, Ken Lertzman","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.209","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Combining Indigenous traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) with scientific research holds promise for more effectively meeting community objectives for the conservation of cultural forest resources. Our study focuses on predicting the abundance of western redcedar trees (Thuja plicata) within the traditional territories of five Indigenous Nations that are part of the Nnwaolas Council in British Columbia, Canada. Indigenous people in this region use western redcedar extensively for cultural practices, such as carving dugout canoes, totem poles, and traditional buildings. However, after more than a century of industrial logging, the abundance of redcedar suitable for these types of practices is in decline and no longer reflects past baseline conditions. We assess how using TEK from interviews with Indigenous carvers refines predictions of resource abundance compared to using only conventional field surveys. Our findings reveal that western redcedar trees suitable for traditional carving are generally rare, and that some important growth forms, such as those associated with carving community canoes, are nearly extirpated from the landscape. We demonstrate a useful application of TEK in conservation planning and highlight concerns about the impact of industrial forestry on culturally important trees.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"209 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42772874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.170
A. McAlvay, C. Armstrong, J. Baker, Linda Black Elk, Samantha Bosco, N. Hanazaki, Leigh Joseph, T. Martínez-Cruz, M. Nesbitt, M. A. Palmer, Walderes Cocta Priprá de Almeida, Jane Anderson, Zemede Asfaw Z. Asfaw, I. Borokini, Eréndira Juanita Cano-Contreras, Simon Hoyte, M. Hudson, A. Ladio, G. Odonne, Sonia Peter, J. Rashford, Jeffrey Wall, Steve Wolverton, I. Vandebroek
Abstract. Ethnobiology, like many fields, was shaped by early Western imperial efforts to colonize people and lands around the world and extract natural resources. Those legacies and practices persist today and continue to influence the institutions ethnobiologists are a part of, how they carry out research, and their personal beliefs and actions. Various authors have previously outlined five overlapping “phases” of ethnobiology. Here, we argue that ethnobiology should move toward a sixth phase in which scholars and practitioners must actively challenge colonialism, racism, and oppressive structures embedded within their institutions, projects, and themselves. As an international group of ethnobiologists and scholars from allied fields, we identified key topics and priorities at three levels: at the institutional scale, we argue for repatriation/rematriation of biocultural heritage, accessibility of published work, and realignment of priorities to support community-driven research. At the level of projects, we emphasize the need for mutual dialogue, reciprocity, community research self-sufficiency, and research questions that support sovereignty of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities over lands and waters. Finally, for individual scholars, we support self-reflection on language use, co-authorship, and implicit bias. We advocate for concrete actions at each of these levels to move the field further toward social justice, antiracism, and decolonization.
{"title":"Ethnobiology Phase VI: Decolonizing Institutions, Projects, and Scholarship","authors":"A. McAlvay, C. Armstrong, J. Baker, Linda Black Elk, Samantha Bosco, N. Hanazaki, Leigh Joseph, T. Martínez-Cruz, M. Nesbitt, M. A. Palmer, Walderes Cocta Priprá de Almeida, Jane Anderson, Zemede Asfaw Z. Asfaw, I. Borokini, Eréndira Juanita Cano-Contreras, Simon Hoyte, M. Hudson, A. Ladio, G. Odonne, Sonia Peter, J. Rashford, Jeffrey Wall, Steve Wolverton, I. Vandebroek","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ethnobiology, like many fields, was shaped by early Western imperial efforts to colonize people and lands around the world and extract natural resources. Those legacies and practices persist today and continue to influence the institutions ethnobiologists are a part of, how they carry out research, and their personal beliefs and actions. Various authors have previously outlined five overlapping “phases” of ethnobiology. Here, we argue that ethnobiology should move toward a sixth phase in which scholars and practitioners must actively challenge colonialism, racism, and oppressive structures embedded within their institutions, projects, and themselves. As an international group of ethnobiologists and scholars from allied fields, we identified key topics and priorities at three levels: at the institutional scale, we argue for repatriation/rematriation of biocultural heritage, accessibility of published work, and realignment of priorities to support community-driven research. At the level of projects, we emphasize the need for mutual dialogue, reciprocity, community research self-sufficiency, and research questions that support sovereignty of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities over lands and waters. Finally, for individual scholars, we support self-reflection on language use, co-authorship, and implicit bias. We advocate for concrete actions at each of these levels to move the field further toward social justice, antiracism, and decolonization.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"170 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47802261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.192
J. Cariño, M. F. Ferrari
Abstract. A post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is currently under negotiation under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). This framework seeks to transform human-nature relationships towards its 2050 vision of “societies living in harmony with nature.” Global reports published to inform these negotiations include the second edition of Local Biodiversity Outlooks (LBO-2). In the context of ethnobiology, LBO-2 is particularly relevant because it features perspectives, experiences, and stories as told by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLC) about the global biodiversity crisis. Based on these perspectives, LBO-2 identifies six areas in need of urgent transformation (i.e., in culture, land, food, economies, governance, and financial incentives), analyzing how these relate to ongoing negotiations of the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. In this article, we consider these transitions, as well as recommendations made by the International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity, and reveal critical weaknesses in the ways the Global Biodiversity Framework addresses the views and perspectives of IPLC. Such shortcomings include separation of nature and cultures in the framework's goals and targets, and failure to recognize and embed customary land tenure and territorial management as vital for biodiversity conservation, sustainable use, and benefit-sharing. We make a series of recommendations to mainstream and prioritize support for the rights and collective actions of IPLC throughout the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.
{"title":"Negotiating the Futures of Nature and Cultures: Perspectives from Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities about the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework","authors":"J. Cariño, M. F. Ferrari","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.192","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is currently under negotiation under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). This framework seeks to transform human-nature relationships towards its 2050 vision of “societies living in harmony with nature.” Global reports published to inform these negotiations include the second edition of Local Biodiversity Outlooks (LBO-2). In the context of ethnobiology, LBO-2 is particularly relevant because it features perspectives, experiences, and stories as told by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLC) about the global biodiversity crisis. Based on these perspectives, LBO-2 identifies six areas in need of urgent transformation (i.e., in culture, land, food, economies, governance, and financial incentives), analyzing how these relate to ongoing negotiations of the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. In this article, we consider these transitions, as well as recommendations made by the International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity, and reveal critical weaknesses in the ways the Global Biodiversity Framework addresses the views and perspectives of IPLC. Such shortcomings include separation of nature and cultures in the framework's goals and targets, and failure to recognize and embed customary land tenure and territorial management as vital for biodiversity conservation, sustainable use, and benefit-sharing. We make a series of recommendations to mainstream and prioritize support for the rights and collective actions of IPLC throughout the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"192 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43826949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.122
D. Lepofsky, Cynthiann Heckelsmiller, Á. Fernández‐Llamazares, Jeffrey Wall
Abstract. The academic publishing world is rapidly changing. These changes are driven by and have implications for a range of intertwined ethical and financial considerations. In this essay, we situate Journal of Ethnobiology (JoE) in the discourse of ethical publishing, broadly, and in ethnobiology, specifically. We consider it an ethical imperative of JoE to promote the core values of the field of ethnobiology as a platform for scholarship that is both rigorous and socially just. We discuss here the many ways JoE addresses this imperative, including issues of diversity, accessibility, transparency, and how these efforts contribute to our ongoing relevance. We find that JoE has achieved high ethical standards and continues to raise the bar in our field. However, the growing incongruity between monetary solvency and best practices could threaten JoE's longevity unless we keep adapting to the changing landscape. Looking to the future, we encourage all ethnobiologists to participate in the ongoing process of improving ethics in publishing, including careful consideration of where to publish precious ethnobiological knowledge.
{"title":"Seeking a More Ethical Future for Ethnobiology Publishing: A 40-Year Perspective from Journal of ethnobiology","authors":"D. Lepofsky, Cynthiann Heckelsmiller, Á. Fernández‐Llamazares, Jeffrey Wall","doi":"10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The academic publishing world is rapidly changing. These changes are driven by and have implications for a range of intertwined ethical and financial considerations. In this essay, we situate Journal of Ethnobiology (JoE) in the discourse of ethical publishing, broadly, and in ethnobiology, specifically. We consider it an ethical imperative of JoE to promote the core values of the field of ethnobiology as a platform for scholarship that is both rigorous and socially just. We discuss here the many ways JoE addresses this imperative, including issues of diversity, accessibility, transparency, and how these efforts contribute to our ongoing relevance. We find that JoE has achieved high ethical standards and continues to raise the bar in our field. However, the growing incongruity between monetary solvency and best practices could threaten JoE's longevity unless we keep adapting to the changing landscape. Looking to the future, we encourage all ethnobiologists to participate in the ongoing process of improving ethics in publishing, including careful consideration of where to publish precious ethnobiological knowledge.","PeriodicalId":54838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","volume":"41 1","pages":"122 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49225321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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