Pub Date : 2020-03-06DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-202002281030
S. Kimaru-Muchai, F. Ngetich, M. Baaru, Prof Monicah Wanjiku Mucheru-Muna
Inadequate and poorly distributed rainfall and declining soil fertility have led to low crop productivity in most smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, there has been a renewed quest for sustainable and resource-use efficient agricultural production practices. Zai pit technology is a practice that has the potential to alleviate water stress and enhance soil fertility. We assessed the factors that influence farmers' adoption and utilisation of Zai pits in Tharaka-Nithi County in upper Eastern Kenya. We interviewed 291 farm household heads. Descriptive statistical analysis and a logistic regression model were applied to evaluate socio-economic factors that affect the adoption of Zai pits by farmers. Binary logistic regression estimation revealed that the number of non-formal training, beneficiaries of nongovernmental organisations, wealth status and membership of a social group play an essential role in the adoption of Zai pits. Based on the findings, we recommend that farm characteristics and socio-economic characteristics of farmers should be considered in the promotion of Zai pits as a water harvesting technology. The results of the study will be useful to extension service providers in planning, designing and evaluating effective and efficient agricultural policies, programs and projects at local, regional and national scales in the dissemination of Zai pit technology among smallholder farmers in the semi-arid tropics.
{"title":"Adoption and utilisation of Zai pits for improved farm productivity in drier upper Eastern Kenya","authors":"S. Kimaru-Muchai, F. Ngetich, M. Baaru, Prof Monicah Wanjiku Mucheru-Muna","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-202002281030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-202002281030","url":null,"abstract":"Inadequate and poorly distributed rainfall and declining soil fertility have led to low crop productivity in most smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, there has been a renewed quest for sustainable and resource-use efficient agricultural production practices. Zai pit technology is a practice that has the potential to alleviate water stress and enhance soil fertility. We assessed the factors that influence farmers' adoption and utilisation of Zai pits in Tharaka-Nithi County in upper Eastern Kenya. We interviewed 291 farm household heads. Descriptive statistical analysis and a logistic regression model were applied to evaluate socio-economic factors that affect the adoption of Zai pits by farmers. Binary logistic regression estimation revealed that the number of non-formal training, beneficiaries of nongovernmental organisations, wealth status and membership of a social group play an essential role in the adoption of Zai pits. Based on the findings, we recommend that farm characteristics and socio-economic characteristics of farmers should be considered in the promotion of Zai pits as a water harvesting technology. The results of the study will be useful to extension service providers in planning, designing and evaluating effective and efficient agricultural policies, programs and projects at local, regional and national scales in the dissemination of Zai pit technology among smallholder farmers in the semi-arid tropics.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"121 1","pages":"13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43107079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-20191217882
T. Chuma, M. Mudhara, J. Govereh
This study investigated the effects of grain storage practices on smallholder farmers’ maize marketing behaviour using primary data collected from 413 random households in Makoni and Shamva Districts of Zimbabwe. The data was analysed using the ordered probit model and the study results revealed that storage practices had significant effects on the maize marketing behaviour of smallholder farmers. Storage using insecticide and traditional granary increased the chances of farmers to become net sellers of maize. Using insecticide in storage reduces the amount of grain that is lost in storage hence farmers are able to preserve the amount of grain available for consumption and also for sale. This implies that safe storage of maize may increase household incomes thus reducing poverty. This also contributes to improved food security. Investment in safe grain storage technologies is thus a fundamental key policy issue in developing countries. Quantity harvested, market location, household head’s sex and other household factors influenced maize marketing behaviour of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe.
{"title":"The effects of grain storage technologies on maize marketing behaviour of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe","authors":"T. Chuma, M. Mudhara, J. Govereh","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-20191217882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-20191217882","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effects of grain storage practices on smallholder farmers’ maize marketing behaviour using primary data collected from 413 random households in Makoni and Shamva Districts of Zimbabwe. The data was analysed using the ordered probit model and the study results revealed that storage practices had significant effects on the maize marketing behaviour of smallholder farmers. Storage using insecticide and traditional granary increased the chances of farmers to become net sellers of maize. Using insecticide in storage reduces the amount of grain that is lost in storage hence farmers are able to preserve the amount of grain available for consumption and also for sale. This implies that safe storage of maize may increase household incomes thus reducing poverty. This also contributes to improved food security. Investment in safe grain storage technologies is thus a fundamental key policy issue in developing countries. Quantity harvested, market location, household head’s sex and other household factors influenced maize marketing behaviour of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"121 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49464762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-23DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-20191217881
M. Bilal, J. Barkmann
Adoption of yield-enhancing agricultural inputs fosters agricultural intensification in low-income countries. In Pakistan, initial adoption of agrochemicals is already widespread; the low quality of much of the inputs contributes to severe health, environmental and enduring pest problems, however. While the positive influence of farm capital and farmer capital on initial adoption is well documented, the adoption of improved quality inputs is little researched. We reduce the knowledge gap investigating smallholder adoption of improved quality agrochemical inputs in the Punjab, Pakistan. Using multi-stage random sampling, a pre-tested and piloted farming household survey was administered to smallholder farming households from 18 villages across three districts of the cotton-wheat zone ( N =275). Ordered probit models show that several farming and farm capital variables (cotton crop area, farm machinery, no-tillage farming, adoption in the neighbourhood) as well as several farmer capital variables (age, education, off-farm income, agricultural extension services, source of agricultural credit) influence adoption of improved quality agrochemical inputs. Of these variables, an intensification of agricultural extension service visits appears as the most promising policy option. From a fundamental science point of view, our results provide, for the first time, evidence that adoption of improved quality agrochemical inputs is influenced principally by the same variables as initial adoption.
{"title":"Farm and farmer capital foster adoption of improved quality agrochemical inputs in the cotton-wheat zone of the Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"M. Bilal, J. Barkmann","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-20191217881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-20191217881","url":null,"abstract":"Adoption of yield-enhancing agricultural inputs fosters agricultural intensification in low-income countries. In Pakistan, initial adoption of agrochemicals is already widespread; the low quality of much of the inputs contributes to severe health, environmental and enduring pest problems, however. While the positive influence of farm capital and farmer capital on initial adoption is well documented, the adoption of improved quality inputs is little researched. We reduce the knowledge gap investigating smallholder adoption of improved quality agrochemical inputs in the Punjab, Pakistan. Using multi-stage random sampling, a pre-tested and piloted farming household survey was administered to smallholder farming households from 18 villages across three districts of the cotton-wheat zone ( N =275). Ordered probit models show that several farming and farm capital variables (cotton crop area, farm machinery, no-tillage farming, adoption in the neighbourhood) as well as several farmer capital variables (age, education, off-farm income, agricultural extension services, source of agricultural credit) influence adoption of improved quality agrochemical inputs. Of these variables, an intensification of agricultural extension service visits appears as the most promising policy option. From a fundamental science point of view, our results provide, for the first time, evidence that adoption of improved quality agrochemical inputs is influenced principally by the same variables as initial adoption.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"120 1","pages":"229-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46697350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-17DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-20191212867
Shaun Snoxell, M. Lyne
Myanmar is a country in rapid economic and political transition, with opportunities emerging for its smallholders to benefit from current economic growth. However many smallholders are trapped in semi-subsistence agriculture, disconnected from markets. Commercialisation can increase farm incomes, and - through the multiplier effect - lead to wider pro-poor growth in the rural economy. However, there are many constraints to commercialisation that prevent this process from occurring. While literature on constraints confronting smallholders abounds internationally, there is a paucity of literature on the challenges confronting smallholders in Myanmar. This study investigates constraints to commercial farming in the townships (districts) of Myeik and Palaw in Myanmar’s Tanintharyi Division. A representative two-stage sample of 259 rural households was drawn from these townships, and data relating to livelihoods and agricultural enterprises were gathered using a structured questionnaire. The most important determinants of commercialisation identified using Heckman regression were the household’s land endowment, liquidity, land quality, and productive assets. Access to affordable financial services could boost household liquidity and investment in farm inputs, assets and improvements to land, so alleviating the most important constraints to commercial farming.
{"title":"Constraints to commercialisation of smallholder agriculture in Tanintharyi division, Myanmar","authors":"Shaun Snoxell, M. Lyne","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-20191212867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-20191212867","url":null,"abstract":"Myanmar is a country in rapid economic and political transition, with opportunities emerging for its smallholders to benefit from current economic growth. However many smallholders are trapped in semi-subsistence agriculture, disconnected from markets. Commercialisation can increase farm incomes, and - through the multiplier effect - lead to wider pro-poor growth in the rural economy. However, there are many constraints to commercialisation that prevent this process from occurring. While literature on constraints confronting smallholders abounds internationally, there is a paucity of literature on the challenges confronting smallholders in Myanmar. This study investigates constraints to commercial farming in the townships (districts) of Myeik and Palaw in Myanmar’s Tanintharyi Division. A representative two-stage sample of 259 rural households was drawn from these townships, and data relating to livelihoods and agricultural enterprises were gathered using a structured questionnaire. The most important determinants of commercialisation identified using Heckman regression were the household’s land endowment, liquidity, land quality, and productive assets. Access to affordable financial services could boost household liquidity and investment in farm inputs, assets and improvements to land, so alleviating the most important constraints to commercial farming.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"120 1","pages":"219-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43467206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-17DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-20191212866
Nicole Alexia Veridiano de Castro, N. Dagamac, Maricel A. Tapia
Small-scale farmers, whose livelihood and food security greatly depends on farming, are constantly exposed and vulnerable to the risks of extreme weather events. The current study explored how the perception and attitude on agricultural risks of small-scale farmers from the upland, lowland and waterside ecosystems in Siniloan, Laguna in Philippines influence the way they respond and cope with extreme weather events. The study employed quantitative and qualitative data collection methods particularly farm surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and secondary data from the office of the municipal agriculturist. The small-scale farmer-respondents recognised that they were exposed and at risk of extreme weather events and perceived climate as a major farming risk (85 %). However, pest and diseases (not climate) was perceived as the biggest risk to their production (94 %). The respondents had a risk-neutral attitude towards extreme weather events and tended to have ‘band-aid’ solutions to the impacts and tolerated the outcome. Based on correlation, the perceptions and attitudes of the small-scale farmers were influenced by socioeconomic factors that generally identified the experiences, roles and spending power of the farmer namely age, education, household size, income, land ownership, farm size and farming experience. The risk perception and risk attitude on various extreme weather events influenced the small-scale farmers’ agricultural practices, such as farm decisions. Therefore, risk perception, risk attitude and socioeconomic factors of the farmers are important factors to consider in risk management strategies for the local agricultural sector of the Philippines. Raising awareness and education on effective adaptation strategies and improved climate forecasting are recommended to minimize losses from extreme weather events.
{"title":"Responses of Filipino farmers to harsh weather phenomena: A risk perception and attitude study","authors":"Nicole Alexia Veridiano de Castro, N. Dagamac, Maricel A. Tapia","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-20191212866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-20191212866","url":null,"abstract":"Small-scale farmers, whose livelihood and food security greatly depends on farming, are constantly exposed and vulnerable to the risks of extreme weather events. The current study explored how the perception and attitude on agricultural risks of small-scale farmers from the upland, lowland and waterside ecosystems in Siniloan, Laguna in Philippines influence the way they respond and cope with extreme weather events. The study employed quantitative and qualitative data collection methods particularly farm surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and secondary data from the office of the municipal agriculturist. The small-scale farmer-respondents recognised that they were exposed and at risk of extreme weather events and perceived climate as a major farming risk (85 %). However, pest and diseases (not climate) was perceived as the biggest risk to their production (94 %). The respondents had a risk-neutral attitude towards extreme weather events and tended to have ‘band-aid’ solutions to the impacts and tolerated the outcome. Based on correlation, the perceptions and attitudes of the small-scale farmers were influenced by socioeconomic factors that generally identified the experiences, roles and spending power of the farmer namely age, education, household size, income, land ownership, farm size and farming experience. The risk perception and risk attitude on various extreme weather events influenced the small-scale farmers’ agricultural practices, such as farm decisions. Therefore, risk perception, risk attitude and socioeconomic factors of the farmers are important factors to consider in risk management strategies for the local agricultural sector of the Philippines. Raising awareness and education on effective adaptation strategies and improved climate forecasting are recommended to minimize losses from extreme weather events.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"120 1","pages":"205-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43181699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-20191212865
F. Silva, P. Morais, A. Bessa, Maria Elizabeth da Costa, Allinny Luzia Alves Cavalcante, S. Torres, Daniela Freitas de Oliveira, Larissa Silva
Cucumis melo is one of the most appreciated and consumed vegetables in the world, however, producing areas have been suffering from increased salinity in irrigation water. Therefore, accesses of melon, from the germplasm bank of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), were tested for salinity and the physiological responses of the seedlings were evaluated. For the 24 accesses of C. melo , salinity of 0.06 and 3.45 dS m -1 was applied. For this, four subsamples of 25 seeds per access were used, which were seeded in polystyrene trays having as a substrate washed and sterilized sand, initially moistened at 50% field capacity. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme (two salinity levels and 24 accesses). Salinity affected the physiological quality (germination and mean germination time) of melon seeds, germinating on average 62%, with an average germination time of 4 days, mean height of 10.5 cm and reduction of dry matter accumulation. The saline treatment increased the EC of the soil saturation extract, indicating the presence of stress. The accesses that presented intolerance to salinity were: A35, A24, A41, A31, A09, A28 and A43. The moderately tolerant accesses were: A16, A19, A15, A17, A34, A25, A27, A18, A42. The salinity tolerant accesses were: A45, A08, A37, A50, A14, A36, A07, A39 which may serve as a basis for genetic improvement.
甜瓜是世界上最受欢迎和消费的蔬菜之一，然而，甜瓜产区的灌溉用水含盐量一直在增加。为此，从联邦农村半干旱大学(UFERSA)种质资源库中提取甜瓜，进行了盐度测试，并对幼苗的生理反应进行了评价。对甜瓜24个通道施用0.06和3.45 dS m -1的盐度。为此，使用了4个亚样本，每次使用25个种子，将种子播种在聚苯乙烯托盘中，托盘中有洗涤和灭菌的沙子作为基质，最初以50%的田间容量湿润。设计采用全随机因子方案(2个盐度水平和24个通道)。盐度影响了甜瓜种子的生理品质(萌发和平均萌发时间)，平均发芽率为62%，平均萌发时间为4 d，平均高10.5 cm，干物质积累减少。盐水处理增加了土壤饱和提取物的EC，表明存在应力。耐盐通道依次为A35、A24、A41、A31、A09、A28和A43。中等耐受性通道为:A16、A19、A15、A17、A34、A25、A27、A18、A42。耐盐通道为:A45、A08、A37、A50、A14、A36、A07、A39，可作为遗传改良的基础。
{"title":"Effect of salt stress on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds","authors":"F. Silva, P. Morais, A. Bessa, Maria Elizabeth da Costa, Allinny Luzia Alves Cavalcante, S. Torres, Daniela Freitas de Oliveira, Larissa Silva","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-20191212865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-20191212865","url":null,"abstract":"Cucumis melo is one of the most appreciated and consumed vegetables in the world, however, producing areas have been suffering from increased salinity in irrigation water. Therefore, accesses of melon, from the germplasm bank of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), were tested for salinity and the physiological responses of the seedlings were evaluated. For the 24 accesses of C. melo , salinity of 0.06 and 3.45 dS m -1 was applied. For this, four subsamples of 25 seeds per access were used, which were seeded in polystyrene trays having as a substrate washed and sterilized sand, initially moistened at 50% field capacity. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme (two salinity levels and 24 accesses). Salinity affected the physiological quality (germination and mean germination time) of melon seeds, germinating on average 62%, with an average germination time of 4 days, mean height of 10.5 cm and reduction of dry matter accumulation. The saline treatment increased the EC of the soil saturation extract, indicating the presence of stress. The accesses that presented intolerance to salinity were: A35, A24, A41, A31, A09, A28 and A43. The moderately tolerant accesses were: A16, A19, A15, A17, A34, A25, A27, A18, A42. The salinity tolerant accesses were: A45, A08, A37, A50, A14, A36, A07, A39 which may serve as a basis for genetic improvement.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"120 1","pages":"197-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42433794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-20191127816
A. Azarov, M. Maurer, H. Weyerhaeuser, D. Darr
The farming systems in the mountain areas of Kyrgyzstan are primarily characterised by small-scale crop and livestock activities. Farmers are faced with several environmental, socio-economic and political challenges and constraints that result in significant uncertainties affecting their operations. This paper attempts to model how various sources of uncertainty collectively affected the smallholders’ farm incomes during a mid-term horizon using Monte Carlo simulation. The analyses were based on data collected through a survey of 235 smallholder farms in the medium and high-elevation mountains ranges and expert interviews. We defined a static and a dynamic scenario, the latter of which incorporating likely adjustments in land use and production methods by farmers in response to changing prices and factor costs. Our results suggest that to benefit from improving market opportunities, farmers should adjust and modify their farm management by expanding cash crops in the medium-elevation ranges or increasing herd sizes and fodder cultivation in high-altitude ranges. Results also indicate that farmers in the medium elevations benefit more from these opportunities than farmers in higher altitudes. The paper concludes with some practical recommendations for agricultural policy making in Kyrgyzstan.
{"title":"The impact of uncertainty on smallholder farmers' income in Kyrgyzstan","authors":"A. Azarov, M. Maurer, H. Weyerhaeuser, D. Darr","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-20191127816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-20191127816","url":null,"abstract":"The farming systems in the mountain areas of Kyrgyzstan are primarily characterised by small-scale crop and livestock activities. Farmers are faced with several environmental, socio-economic and political challenges and constraints that result in significant uncertainties affecting their operations. This paper attempts to model how various sources of uncertainty collectively affected the smallholders’ farm incomes during a mid-term horizon using Monte Carlo simulation. The analyses were based on data collected through a survey of 235 smallholder farms in the medium and high-elevation mountains ranges and expert interviews. We defined a static and a dynamic scenario, the latter of which incorporating likely adjustments in land use and production methods by farmers in response to changing prices and factor costs. Our results suggest that to benefit from improving market opportunities, farmers should adjust and modify their farm management by expanding cash crops in the medium-elevation ranges or increasing herd sizes and fodder cultivation in high-altitude ranges. Results also indicate that farmers in the medium elevations benefit more from these opportunities than farmers in higher altitudes. The paper concludes with some practical recommendations for agricultural policy making in Kyrgyzstan.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"120 1","pages":"183-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48843680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-05DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-20191127815
M. A. Scariot, Josiel Ricardo Toni, C. T. Forte, L. Galon, R. G. Dionello, L. Radünz
Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the main foods of the Brazilian diet. However, to achieve high yields, one of the determining factors is seed quality, which can be influenced by harvesting time and storage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical quality and physiological performance of black bean seeds as function of the moisture content at harvest and storage method. For that, black bean seeds, cultivar BRS Campeiro, were used. The harvest was performed when the seeds reached moisture contents of 26.2; 16.6 and 13.5%. The storage was carried out in hermetic (PET bottles) and conventional (paper bags) systems for 240 days. There was a reduction in the physical quality and the physiological performance of the bean seeds according to the storage time and the harvest delay. However, the seeds stored in a sealed system showed less reduction in physical quality and physiological performance over time, regardless of the harvest moisture content. The harvest of black bean seeds, cultivar BRS Campeiro, with moisture contents between 16.6 and 26.2% and stored in hermetic system present better physical quality and physiological performance.
{"title":"Quality of black bean seeds harvested with different moisture contents and submitted to two different storage systems","authors":"M. A. Scariot, Josiel Ricardo Toni, C. T. Forte, L. Galon, R. G. Dionello, L. Radünz","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-20191127815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-20191127815","url":null,"abstract":"Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the main foods of the Brazilian diet. However, to achieve high yields, one of the determining factors is seed quality, which can be influenced by harvesting time and storage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical quality and physiological performance of black bean seeds as function of the moisture content at harvest and storage method. For that, black bean seeds, cultivar BRS Campeiro, were used. The harvest was performed when the seeds reached moisture contents of 26.2; 16.6 and 13.5%. The storage was carried out in hermetic (PET bottles) and conventional (paper bags) systems for 240 days. There was a reduction in the physical quality and the physiological performance of the bean seeds according to the storage time and the harvest delay. However, the seeds stored in a sealed system showed less reduction in physical quality and physiological performance over time, regardless of the harvest moisture content. The harvest of black bean seeds, cultivar BRS Campeiro, with moisture contents between 16.6 and 26.2% and stored in hermetic system present better physical quality and physiological performance.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"120 1","pages":"171-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41573353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-04DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-20191127814
H. Hagel, C. Hoffmann, José Ferreira Irmão, R. Doluschitz
Along the lower-middle Sao Francisco River, in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil, irrigated agriculture contributes to reduce rural poverty. In the framework of the Itaparica Reservoir construction, three irrigation schemes were implemented in the Pernambuco state to compensate the local population for flooded land. Despite favourable production conditions for irrigated agriculture, many smallholders in the irrigation schemes are facing poverty. To identify socio-economic key indicators on farm income, expert interviews (n=16) and a household survey (n=120) were conducted. The effect of socio-economic factors and crop choice on farm income was investigated by analysis of variance. Insufficient infrastructure, limited market access and low market power, volatility of producer prices, lack of credit availability, unequal distribution of irrigable land, and insufficient social capital and knowledge about irrigated fruit production threatened the smallholders’ livelihoods. Crop choice and availability of irrigable areas were the main characteristics of prosperous smallholders, whereas knowledge intensive and capital intensive perennials as well as high value annual cash crops with high risks of yield losses were the most profitable crops. Thus, wealthier farmers were more likely to generate high farm income. Agricultural extension, investments in infrastructure, especially in improved market access and value-adding facilities, and off-farm income alternatives are recommended to provide adequate income to the local population and prevent rural exodus.
{"title":"Socio-economic aspects of irrigation agriculture as livelihood for rural families in Brazil’s semi-arid northeast","authors":"H. Hagel, C. Hoffmann, José Ferreira Irmão, R. Doluschitz","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-20191127814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-20191127814","url":null,"abstract":"Along the lower-middle Sao Francisco River, in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil, irrigated agriculture contributes to reduce rural poverty. In the framework of the Itaparica Reservoir construction, three irrigation schemes were implemented in the Pernambuco state to compensate the local population for flooded land. Despite favourable production conditions for irrigated agriculture, many smallholders in the irrigation schemes are facing poverty. To identify socio-economic key indicators on farm income, expert interviews (n=16) and a household survey (n=120) were conducted. The effect of socio-economic factors and crop choice on farm income was investigated by analysis of variance. Insufficient infrastructure, limited market access and low market power, volatility of producer prices, lack of credit availability, unequal distribution of irrigable land, and insufficient social capital and knowledge about irrigated fruit production threatened the smallholders’ livelihoods. Crop choice and availability of irrigable areas were the main characteristics of prosperous smallholders, whereas knowledge intensive and capital intensive perennials as well as high value annual cash crops with high risks of yield losses were the most profitable crops. Thus, wealthier farmers were more likely to generate high farm income. Agricultural extension, investments in infrastructure, especially in improved market access and value-adding facilities, and off-farm income alternatives are recommended to provide adequate income to the local population and prevent rural exodus.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"120 1","pages":"157-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43000630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.17170/KOBRA-20191127812
N. Adikuru, Iheanyi J. Ogoke, C. P. Anyanwu, B. Uzoho
Maize was planted on limed and unlimed plots to study the effect of soil acidity on reproductive growth and yield components of the crop in Owerri southeastern Nigeria. Eight (8) maize varieties (Factor A) and two lime levels (0 and 2 t ha -1 , Factor B) were arranged as a factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The number of days to 50 % anthesis and silking, anthesis-silking interval (ASI), physiological maturity and grain filling duration were measured to determine the effect on reproductive development. The effect on yield and yield components were determined by measuring the number of grain rows cob -1 , grains row -1 , grains cob -1 , weight of hundred seeds and grain yield. Soil acidity induced the distortion of the synchrony in maize flowering by a 45.9 % increase in ASI. This caused a reduction in yield components and ultimately reduced grain yield by 35.5 %. Among the varieties, AK 9928-DMRSR, OBA SUPER II and AMA TZBR C1 with ASI of 3.0, 4.0 and 4.0 days respectively, were the least affected by distortion of synchrony in flowering. These varieties also had the highest grain yield (3.3, 2.9 and 3.1 t ha -1 , respectively), greatest number of grains cob -1 (kernel number, 358, 327 and 339) and were therefore the best among this set of maize varieties under the prevailing acid soil conditions.
在尼日利亚东南部的Owerri，在石灰和未石灰的地块上种植玉米，研究土壤酸度对作物生殖生长和产量成分的影响。8个玉米品种(因子A)和2个石灰水平(0和2 t ha -1，因子B)采用随机完全区组设计，设3个重复。测定了开花吐丝至50%的天数、开花吐丝间隔(ASI)、生理成熟度和籽粒灌浆期对生殖发育的影响。通过测定籽粒行数(cob -1)、粒行数(cob -1)、粒芯数(cob -1)、百粒重(cob -1)和籽粒产量来确定其对产量及其构成因素的影响。土壤酸度导致玉米开花同步性失真，ASI增加45.9%。这导致了产量组成部分的减少，最终使粮食产量减少了35.5%。其中，ak9928 - dmrsr、OBA SUPER II和AMA TZBR C1受开花同步畸变的影响最小，ASI分别为3.0、4.0和4.0 d。这些品种籽粒产量最高(分别为3.3、2.9和3.1 t ha -1)，籽粒数最多(粒数分别为358,327和339)，因此在酸性土壤条件下是该组玉米品种中表现最好的。
{"title":"Liming effects on reproductive growth and yield components of maize grown on an acid rainforest soil","authors":"N. Adikuru, Iheanyi J. Ogoke, C. P. Anyanwu, B. Uzoho","doi":"10.17170/KOBRA-20191127812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17170/KOBRA-20191127812","url":null,"abstract":"Maize was planted on limed and unlimed plots to study the effect of soil acidity on reproductive growth and yield components of the crop in Owerri southeastern Nigeria. Eight (8) maize varieties (Factor A) and two lime levels (0 and 2 t ha -1 , Factor B) were arranged as a factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The number of days to 50 % anthesis and silking, anthesis-silking interval (ASI), physiological maturity and grain filling duration were measured to determine the effect on reproductive development. The effect on yield and yield components were determined by measuring the number of grain rows cob -1 , grains row -1 , grains cob -1 , weight of hundred seeds and grain yield. Soil acidity induced the distortion of the synchrony in maize flowering by a 45.9 % increase in ASI. This caused a reduction in yield components and ultimately reduced grain yield by 35.5 %. Among the varieties, AK 9928-DMRSR, OBA SUPER II and AMA TZBR C1 with ASI of 3.0, 4.0 and 4.0 days respectively, were the least affected by distortion of synchrony in flowering. These varieties also had the highest grain yield (3.3, 2.9 and 3.1 t ha -1 , respectively), greatest number of grains cob -1 (kernel number, 358, 327 and 339) and were therefore the best among this set of maize varieties under the prevailing acid soil conditions.","PeriodicalId":54889,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics","volume":"120 1","pages":"141-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48905406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：