Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2058-7058/24/05/23
A. T. Lawton, P. Wright
Brown Dwarf is the term applied to a body of 5 to 80 times Jupiter mass largely deriving its radiation from gravitational shrinkage. This paper discusses the detection of such objects, their place in the star/planet hierarchy and how this could affect our criteria in searching for other life supporting worlds
{"title":"Searching for other worlds","authors":"A. T. Lawton, P. Wright","doi":"10.1088/2058-7058/24/05/23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/24/05/23","url":null,"abstract":"Brown Dwarf is the term applied to a body of 5 to 80 times Jupiter mass largely deriving its radiation from gravitational shrinkage. This paper discusses the detection of such objects, their place in the star/planet hierarchy and how this could affect our criteria in searching for other life supporting worlds","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"51 1","pages":"400-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75983280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces a mission architecture called 'Mars Direct' which brings together several technologies and existing hardware into a novel mission strategy to achieve a highly capable and affordable approach to the Mars and Lunar exploratory objective of the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI). Three innovations working in concept cut the initial mass by a factor of three, greatly expand out ability to explore Mars, and eliminate the need to assemble vehicles in Earth orbit. The first innovation, a hybrid Earth/Mars propellant production process works as follows. An Earth Return Vehicle (ERV), tanks loaded with liquid hydrogen, is sent to Mars. After landing, a 100 kWe nuclear reactor is deployed which powers a propellant processor that combines onboard hydrogen with Mars' atmospheric CO2 to produce methane and water. The water is then electrolized to create oxygen and, in the process, liberates the hydrogen for further processing. Additional oxygen is gained directly by decomposition of Mars' CO2 atmosphere. This second innovation, a hybrid crew transport/habitation method, uses the same habitat for transfer to Mars as well as for the 18 month stay on the surface. The crew return via the previously launched ERV in a modest, lightweight return capsule. This reduces mission mass for two reasons. One, it eliminates the unnecessary mass of two large habitats, one in orbit and one on the surface. And two, it eliminates the need for a trans-Earth injection stage. The third innovation is a launch vehicle optimized for Earth escape. The launch vehicle is a Shuttle Derived Vehicle (SDV) consisting of two solid rocket boosters, a modified external tank, four space shuttle main engines and a large cryogenic upper stage mounted atop the external tank. This vehicle can throw 40 tonnes (40,000 kg) onto a trans-Mars trajectory, which is about the same capability as Saturn-5. Using two such launches, a four person mission can be carried out every twenty-six months with minimal impact on shared Shuttle launch facilities at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The same launch vehicle, habitat, and upper stage of the ERV can also be used to perform Lunar missions. It is concluded that the Mars Direct architecture offers a cost effective approach to accomplishing the Lunar and Mars goals of the Space Exploration Initiative.
{"title":"Mars Direct: Combining Near-Term Technologies to Achieve a Two-Launch Manned Mars Mission","authors":"D. Baker, R. Zubrin","doi":"10.2514/6.1990-1896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-1896","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a mission architecture called 'Mars Direct' which brings together several technologies and existing hardware into a novel mission strategy to achieve a highly capable and affordable approach to the Mars and Lunar exploratory objective of the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI). Three innovations working in concept cut the initial mass by a factor of three, greatly expand out ability to explore Mars, and eliminate the need to assemble vehicles in Earth orbit. The first innovation, a hybrid Earth/Mars propellant production process works as follows. An Earth Return Vehicle (ERV), tanks loaded with liquid hydrogen, is sent to Mars. After landing, a 100 kWe nuclear reactor is deployed which powers a propellant processor that combines onboard hydrogen with Mars' atmospheric CO2 to produce methane and water. The water is then electrolized to create oxygen and, in the process, liberates the hydrogen for further processing. Additional oxygen is gained directly by decomposition of Mars' CO2 atmosphere. This second innovation, a hybrid crew transport/habitation method, uses the same habitat for transfer to Mars as well as for the 18 month stay on the surface. The crew return via the previously launched ERV in a modest, lightweight return capsule. This reduces mission mass for two reasons. One, it eliminates the unnecessary mass of two large habitats, one in orbit and one on the surface. And two, it eliminates the need for a trans-Earth injection stage. The third innovation is a launch vehicle optimized for Earth escape. The launch vehicle is a Shuttle Derived Vehicle (SDV) consisting of two solid rocket boosters, a modified external tank, four space shuttle main engines and a large cryogenic upper stage mounted atop the external tank. This vehicle can throw 40 tonnes (40,000 kg) onto a trans-Mars trajectory, which is about the same capability as Saturn-5. Using two such launches, a four person mission can be carried out every twenty-six months with minimal impact on shared Shuttle launch facilities at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The same launch vehicle, habitat, and upper stage of the ERV can also be used to perform Lunar missions. It is concluded that the Mars Direct architecture offers a cost effective approach to accomplishing the Lunar and Mars goals of the Space Exploration Initiative.","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83691228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-08-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/17/9/002
D. Barber, B. Brown
Applied Potential Tomography (APT) is a new method of imaging changes in the distribution of electrical resistivity within the human body. Such changes occur during respiration and, because of the movement of blood within the chest, during the cardiac cycle. Changes can also be observed due to redistribution of fluid within the body during simulated weightlessness. As very low electric currents are used to take measurements the method is safe. The equipment is simple and compact and ideal for use in space based measurement of physiological changes in the human body.
{"title":"Applied potential tomography.","authors":"D. Barber, B. Brown","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/17/9/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/17/9/002","url":null,"abstract":"Applied Potential Tomography (APT) is a new method of imaging changes in the distribution of electrical resistivity within the human body. Such changes occur during respiration and, because of the movement of blood within the chest, during the cardiac cycle. Changes can also be observed due to redistribution of fluid within the body during simulated weightlessness. As very low electric currents are used to take measurements the method is safe. The equipment is simple and compact and ideal for use in space based measurement of physiological changes in the human body.","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"12 1","pages":"391-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91033981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-02-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-446740-8.50018-8
D. Morrison
{"title":"The exploration of the solar system","authors":"D. Morrison","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-446740-8.50018-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-446740-8.50018-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72901132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope","authors":"R. W. Newport","doi":"10.1888/0333750888/4223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1888/0333750888/4223","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80348698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is shown that a starprobe could be built to perform a flyby mission to Proxima Centauri in approximately 400 years. This vehicle would use familiar fission nuclear reactor and ion propulsion system technologies to achieve a burn-out velocity of 0.0122c. Fine engineering and progressive technology refinements are shown to be the key to operating, and further improving, the capability of this long burn time propulsion system.
{"title":"Electric propulsion - A far reaching technology","authors":"G. Aston","doi":"10.2514/6.1985-2028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1985-2028","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that a starprobe could be built to perform a flyby mission to Proxima Centauri in approximately 400 years. This vehicle would use familiar fission nuclear reactor and ion propulsion system technologies to achieve a burn-out velocity of 0.0122c. Fine engineering and progressive technology refinements are shown to be the key to operating, and further improving, the capability of this long burn time propulsion system.","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"136 1","pages":"503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77752623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-01-01DOI: 10.1111/j.1949-8594.1970.tb08604.x
R. Parkinson
{"title":"The Space Platform","authors":"R. Parkinson","doi":"10.1111/j.1949-8594.1970.tb08604.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1970.tb08604.x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90241427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Venus Radar Mapper mission.","authors":"E. Cutting, J. Kwok, S. Mohan","doi":"10.17226/12368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17226/12368","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"2006 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82453058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimisation of Relativistic Antimatter Rockets","authors":"B. Cassenti","doi":"10.2514/6.1983-1343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1983-1343","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"256 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73068448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Future global satellite systems for Intelsat","authors":"J. Board","doi":"10.2514/6.1982-541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1982-541","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54906,"journal":{"name":"Jbis-Journal of the British Interplanetary Society","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90993099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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