Negin Zhalehjoo, Didier Bodin, Geoffrey Jameson, Andrew Papacostas, Ross Guppy
Foamed bitumen stabilization offers a sustainable solution for the construction of new pavements or rehabilitation treatments while also improving the performance of pavement structures. This technique allows up to 100 % of the existing pavements to be used, which will lead to lower use of quarry resources and reduced material transportation cost. In recent years, there have been advances in the use of foamed bitumen stabilized (FBS) pavements. However, prior to the research in this paper, no specific Australian performance relationship had been developed for FBS materials. Also, there was a lack of test procedures specifically developed to manufacture and evaluate the fatigue cracking resistance of FBS conventional and recycled pavement materials. This paper presents the laboratory characterization and development of a fatigue relationship to predict performance of FBS materials. For this purpose, laboratory experiments were undertaken including flexural fatigue, modulus, and strength tests using a four-point bending beam system. Five different host materials were selected for laboratory investigations, including three crushed rocks and two recycled blends incorporating 50 % reclaimed asphalt pavement and 80 % recycled cement–treated crushed rock. A total of eight FBS mixes were tested with varying host materials, foamed bitumen content from 2 to 4 %, and hydrated lime content of 1 or 2 %. A testing procedure to measure and analyze the fatigue performance of FBS granular base and recycled blends was produced. Using the laboratory test results, a specific laboratory fatigue relationship for FBS materials, including recycled blends, is developed. The flexural modulus, flexural strength-to-modulus ratio, and volume of bitumen were found to be major parameters affecting the fatigue life of FBS materials and were consequently employed to develop the predictive model. This research will assist with the subsequent development of a performance-based in-service fatigue model for thickness design of FBS flexible pavements.
{"title":"Laboratory Fatigue Characterization of Foamed Bitumen Stabilized Granular Base and Recycled Blends for Pavements","authors":"Negin Zhalehjoo, Didier Bodin, Geoffrey Jameson, Andrew Papacostas, Ross Guppy","doi":"10.1520/gtj20230323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20230323","url":null,"abstract":"Foamed bitumen stabilization offers a sustainable solution for the construction of new pavements or rehabilitation treatments while also improving the performance of pavement structures. This technique allows up to 100 % of the existing pavements to be used, which will lead to lower use of quarry resources and reduced material transportation cost. In recent years, there have been advances in the use of foamed bitumen stabilized (FBS) pavements. However, prior to the research in this paper, no specific Australian performance relationship had been developed for FBS materials. Also, there was a lack of test procedures specifically developed to manufacture and evaluate the fatigue cracking resistance of FBS conventional and recycled pavement materials. This paper presents the laboratory characterization and development of a fatigue relationship to predict performance of FBS materials. For this purpose, laboratory experiments were undertaken including flexural fatigue, modulus, and strength tests using a four-point bending beam system. Five different host materials were selected for laboratory investigations, including three crushed rocks and two recycled blends incorporating 50 % reclaimed asphalt pavement and 80 % recycled cement–treated crushed rock. A total of eight FBS mixes were tested with varying host materials, foamed bitumen content from 2 to 4 %, and hydrated lime content of 1 or 2 %. A testing procedure to measure and analyze the fatigue performance of FBS granular base and recycled blends was produced. Using the laboratory test results, a specific laboratory fatigue relationship for FBS materials, including recycled blends, is developed. The flexural modulus, flexural strength-to-modulus ratio, and volume of bitumen were found to be major parameters affecting the fatigue life of FBS materials and were consequently employed to develop the predictive model. This research will assist with the subsequent development of a performance-based in-service fatigue model for thickness design of FBS flexible pavements.","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135010776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experimental evidence shows that earthquake induced liquefaction can occur more than once in sandy soils. Moreover, despite an increase in soil density caused by the dissipation of the excess pore pressure induced by earthquakes, the liquefaction resistance of soils that have experienced liquefaction may be lower than that of virgin soils. This paper offers insight into this topic starting from the analysis of the undrained monotonic behavior of post-liquefied sands by means of tests performed with a simple shear cell equipped with flexible boundaries, which maintains a constant diameter to guarantee the “K0-condition.” The control system of cyclic, reconsolidation, and monotonic phases is described in detail. The experimental results show that neither the relative density, effective confining stress, cyclic stress ratio, nor the direction of shear strain play important roles in the monotonic behavior of post-liquefied soils. Moreover, the comparison between the monotonic response of virgin and post-liquefied soils (prepared by moist tamping technique) shows that it is not affected by the stress–strain history experienced by soils. It can be explained through a microstructural interpretation. According to which, the initial soil fabric generated with the moist tamping method and that formed during liquefaction remain almost unchanged because of the rotation of principal stress directions occurring during simple shear tests. A further confirmation is given by the results of tests performed on specimens prepared by air pluviation method.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation on the Post-liquefaction Behavior of Sands in Simple Shear Conditions","authors":"Lucia Mele, Stefania Lirer, Alessandro Flora","doi":"10.1520/gtj20230306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20230306","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental evidence shows that earthquake induced liquefaction can occur more than once in sandy soils. Moreover, despite an increase in soil density caused by the dissipation of the excess pore pressure induced by earthquakes, the liquefaction resistance of soils that have experienced liquefaction may be lower than that of virgin soils. This paper offers insight into this topic starting from the analysis of the undrained monotonic behavior of post-liquefied sands by means of tests performed with a simple shear cell equipped with flexible boundaries, which maintains a constant diameter to guarantee the “K0-condition.” The control system of cyclic, reconsolidation, and monotonic phases is described in detail. The experimental results show that neither the relative density, effective confining stress, cyclic stress ratio, nor the direction of shear strain play important roles in the monotonic behavior of post-liquefied soils. Moreover, the comparison between the monotonic response of virgin and post-liquefied soils (prepared by moist tamping technique) shows that it is not affected by the stress–strain history experienced by soils. It can be explained through a microstructural interpretation. According to which, the initial soil fabric generated with the moist tamping method and that formed during liquefaction remain almost unchanged because of the rotation of principal stress directions occurring during simple shear tests. A further confirmation is given by the results of tests performed on specimens prepared by air pluviation method.","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135110419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kenny K. Sorensen, Victor K. H. Nielsen, Astrid R. Mikkelsen, Hans H. Stutz
This study investigates the influence of structure and stress history on the strain-rate-dependent (viscous) stress–strain behavior of a very-high-plasticity stiff sedimentary clay. Oedometer, ring shear, and triaxial compression tests with step changes in strain rate have been conducted on specimens of Søvind Marl with the aim to characterize and quantify the rate-dependent behavior of the clay in both compression and shearing pre-peak, post-peak, and at residual state. Moreover, from a comparison of intact specimens and normally consolidated and overconsolidated reconstituted specimens, the influence of diagenesis and mechanical overconsolidation on the rate-dependent behavior is assessed and discussed in the light of findings from similar studies on other high-plasticity clays.
{"title":"Characterization of the Rate-Dependent Behavior of a High-Plasticity Stiff Sedimentary Clay","authors":"Kenny K. Sorensen, Victor K. H. Nielsen, Astrid R. Mikkelsen, Hans H. Stutz","doi":"10.1520/gtj20230339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20230339","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the influence of structure and stress history on the strain-rate-dependent (viscous) stress–strain behavior of a very-high-plasticity stiff sedimentary clay. Oedometer, ring shear, and triaxial compression tests with step changes in strain rate have been conducted on specimens of Søvind Marl with the aim to characterize and quantify the rate-dependent behavior of the clay in both compression and shearing pre-peak, post-peak, and at residual state. Moreover, from a comparison of intact specimens and normally consolidated and overconsolidated reconstituted specimens, the influence of diagenesis and mechanical overconsolidation on the rate-dependent behavior is assessed and discussed in the light of findings from similar studies on other high-plasticity clays.","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":"237 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135353535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small amounts of gas occur in almost every sediment in marine or coastal environments. In past studies, a negative influence of gas on the mechanical properties of soil was associated with geohazard occurrence and dike safety in tide affected areas. However, the impact of a homogeneous distribution of gas bubbles in soil on its mechanical properties has not yet been thoroughly understood. In order to further investigate and improve our understanding of the shear strength of gassy soils, an experimental setup and a sample preparation procedure to implement the axis-translation method were developed. To this end, a temperature-controlled triaxial apparatus was specially modified. The triaxial apparatus is supplemented by a circulation system, required for the preparation of gassy samples with a homogeneous gas bubble distribution. In the circulation system, a defined quantity of carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water. During the test procedure, the carbonated water is circulated into a saturated sample via a pressure gradient between the sample top and bottom. A subsequent unloading, tailored to the previously dissolved gas quantity, leads to gas exsolution in the sample. As a result, a defined degree of saturation can be generated within the triaxial apparatus. This experimental procedure represents a nondestructive technique for the preparation of gassy soil samples that is not limited to specific soil types. Triaxial shear tests on these samples extend our knowledge on the stress–strain behavior of gassy soils and thus provide a basis for future research, e.g., in the field of constitutive modeling.
{"title":"Triaxial Testing Methodology for Gassy Soils","authors":"Pauline Kaminski, Jürgen Grabe","doi":"10.1520/gtj20230296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20230296","url":null,"abstract":"Small amounts of gas occur in almost every sediment in marine or coastal environments. In past studies, a negative influence of gas on the mechanical properties of soil was associated with geohazard occurrence and dike safety in tide affected areas. However, the impact of a homogeneous distribution of gas bubbles in soil on its mechanical properties has not yet been thoroughly understood. In order to further investigate and improve our understanding of the shear strength of gassy soils, an experimental setup and a sample preparation procedure to implement the axis-translation method were developed. To this end, a temperature-controlled triaxial apparatus was specially modified. The triaxial apparatus is supplemented by a circulation system, required for the preparation of gassy samples with a homogeneous gas bubble distribution. In the circulation system, a defined quantity of carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water. During the test procedure, the carbonated water is circulated into a saturated sample via a pressure gradient between the sample top and bottom. A subsequent unloading, tailored to the previously dissolved gas quantity, leads to gas exsolution in the sample. As a result, a defined degree of saturation can be generated within the triaxial apparatus. This experimental procedure represents a nondestructive technique for the preparation of gassy soil samples that is not limited to specific soil types. Triaxial shear tests on these samples extend our knowledge on the stress–strain behavior of gassy soils and thus provide a basis for future research, e.g., in the field of constitutive modeling.","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135353536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandra López Ramírez, Yinning Zhang, Juha Forsman, Leena Korkiala-Tanttu
{"title":"Stabilization of Soft Clay with Sustainable Binders for Dry Deep Mixing Design","authors":"Alejandra López Ramírez, Yinning Zhang, Juha Forsman, Leena Korkiala-Tanttu","doi":"10.1520/gtj20220255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20220255","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135490860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurement of Dynamic and Static Properties of Residual Soil Using a Modified Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus","authors":"Zhuoyuan Cheng, Eng Choon Leong","doi":"10.1520/gtj20230317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20230317","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134990127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radhavi A. Samarakoon, Isaac L. Kreitzer, John Scott McCartney
{"title":"Use of Bender Elements to Evaluate Linkages between Thermal Volume Changes and Shear Modulus Hardening in Drained and Undrained Thermal Triaxial Tests","authors":"Radhavi A. Samarakoon, Isaac L. Kreitzer, John Scott McCartney","doi":"10.1520/gtj20220159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20220159","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134990605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashray Saxena, V. V. Kumar, Natalia S. Correia, J. Zornberg
{"title":"Evaluation of Millability and Recyclability of Asphalt with Paving Interlayers","authors":"Ashray Saxena, V. V. Kumar, Natalia S. Correia, J. Zornberg","doi":"10.1520/gtj20230326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20230326","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44110582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strength-Deformation Characteristics of Two Different Foamed Glass Aggregates under a Static Design Load","authors":"J. Nicks, I. Ghaaowd, Michael T. Adams","doi":"10.1520/gtj20220258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20220258","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45046530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bahador Yazdanpour, M. Karimpour-Fard, Mohsen Sabermahani, S. Machado
{"title":"Compression Behavior of Municipal Solid Waste in Temperature-Controlled Isotropic Condition","authors":"Bahador Yazdanpour, M. Karimpour-Fard, Mohsen Sabermahani, S. Machado","doi":"10.1520/gtj20230354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20230354","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55099,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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