Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10268-y
Lucía V. Sommaro, Juan J. Martínez
{"title":"Temporal stability in color patterns and body size variation in a six-year monitored population of the aposematic toad (Melanophryniscus rubriventris)","authors":"Lucía V. Sommaro, Juan J. Martínez","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10268-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10268-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135992751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10274-0
Lauriane Bégué, Noëlle Tschirren, Mélissa Peignier, Birgit Szabo, Eva Ringler
Abstract Animals often show consistency in their behavioural repertoire across time and/or contexts that differs from other individuals of the same population, i.e. animal personality. We currently have quite an incomplete understanding of the factors that lead to behavioural traits remaining stable – or becoming decoupled – over an animal’s lifetime. In this study, we investigated the role of metamorphosis in the development of animal personality in a Neotropical poison frog, a species that undergoes drastic morphological and ecological changes during its development. We used lab-reared individuals of the brilliant-thighed poison frog Allobates femoralis to assess if consistent individual differences are already present at the tadpole stage, and if these differences are maintained throughout metamorphosis. We found evidence for two personality traits, exploration and boldness, already present in A. femoralis tadpoles. Despite the drastic changes in morphology, physiology, and habitat in the transition from tadpoles to metamorphs, personality traits persisted throughout metamorphosis, suggesting a physiological and/or genetic basis for the measured behavioural traits. We also found that exploration and boldness related behaviours were correlated with growth speed. Very bold and explorative individuals took fewer days until metamorphosis compared to very shy and non-explorative ones, which is in line with the concept of a Pace-of-Life Syndrome. These findings provide important insights into the proximate mechanisms that generate personality in species with complex life cycles.
{"title":"Behavioural consistency across metamorphosis in a neotropical poison frog","authors":"Lauriane Bégué, Noëlle Tschirren, Mélissa Peignier, Birgit Szabo, Eva Ringler","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10274-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10274-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Animals often show consistency in their behavioural repertoire across time and/or contexts that differs from other individuals of the same population, i.e. animal personality. We currently have quite an incomplete understanding of the factors that lead to behavioural traits remaining stable – or becoming decoupled – over an animal’s lifetime. In this study, we investigated the role of metamorphosis in the development of animal personality in a Neotropical poison frog, a species that undergoes drastic morphological and ecological changes during its development. We used lab-reared individuals of the brilliant-thighed poison frog Allobates femoralis to assess if consistent individual differences are already present at the tadpole stage, and if these differences are maintained throughout metamorphosis. We found evidence for two personality traits, exploration and boldness, already present in A. femoralis tadpoles. Despite the drastic changes in morphology, physiology, and habitat in the transition from tadpoles to metamorphs, personality traits persisted throughout metamorphosis, suggesting a physiological and/or genetic basis for the measured behavioural traits. We also found that exploration and boldness related behaviours were correlated with growth speed. Very bold and explorative individuals took fewer days until metamorphosis compared to very shy and non-explorative ones, which is in line with the concept of a Pace-of-Life Syndrome. These findings provide important insights into the proximate mechanisms that generate personality in species with complex life cycles.","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10267-z
Jennifer L. Kelley, Anna-Lee Jessop, Laura A. Kelley, Jolyon Troscianko
Abstract Shadows that are produced across the surface of an object (self-shadows) are potentially an important source of information for visual systems. Animal patterns may exploit this principle for camouflage, using pictorial cues to produce false depth information that manipulates the viewer’s detection/recognition processes. However, pictorial cues could also facilitate camouflage by matching the contrast (e.g. due to shadows) of 3D backgrounds. Aside from studies of countershading (patterning that may conceal depth information), the role of self-shadows in camouflage patterns remains unclear. Here we investigated whether pictorial cues (self-shadows) increase the survival probability of moth-like prey presented to free-living wild bird predators relative to targets without these cues. We manipulated the presence of self-shadows by adjusting the illumination conditions to produce patterned targets under directional lighting (lit from above or from below; self-shadows present) or diffuse lighting (no self-shadows). We used non-patterned targets (uniform colour) as controls. We manipulated the direction of illumination because it has been linked with depth perception in birds; objects lit from above may appear convex while those lit from below can appear concave. As shadows influence contrast, which also determines detectability, we photographed the targets in situ over the observation period, allowing us to evaluate the effect of visual metrics on survival. We found some evidence that patterned targets without self-shadows had a lower probability of survival than patterned targets with self-shadows and targets with uniform colour. Surprisingly, none of the visual metrics explained variation in survival probability. However, predators increased their foraging efficiency over time, suggesting that predator learning may have overridden the benefits afforded by camouflaging coloration.
{"title":"The role of pictorial cues and contrast for camouflage","authors":"Jennifer L. Kelley, Anna-Lee Jessop, Laura A. Kelley, Jolyon Troscianko","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10267-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10267-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Shadows that are produced across the surface of an object (self-shadows) are potentially an important source of information for visual systems. Animal patterns may exploit this principle for camouflage, using pictorial cues to produce false depth information that manipulates the viewer’s detection/recognition processes. However, pictorial cues could also facilitate camouflage by matching the contrast (e.g. due to shadows) of 3D backgrounds. Aside from studies of countershading (patterning that may conceal depth information), the role of self-shadows in camouflage patterns remains unclear. Here we investigated whether pictorial cues (self-shadows) increase the survival probability of moth-like prey presented to free-living wild bird predators relative to targets without these cues. We manipulated the presence of self-shadows by adjusting the illumination conditions to produce patterned targets under directional lighting (lit from above or from below; self-shadows present) or diffuse lighting (no self-shadows). We used non-patterned targets (uniform colour) as controls. We manipulated the direction of illumination because it has been linked with depth perception in birds; objects lit from above may appear convex while those lit from below can appear concave. As shadows influence contrast, which also determines detectability, we photographed the targets in situ over the observation period, allowing us to evaluate the effect of visual metrics on survival. We found some evidence that patterned targets without self-shadows had a lower probability of survival than patterned targets with self-shadows and targets with uniform colour. Surprisingly, none of the visual metrics explained variation in survival probability. However, predators increased their foraging efficiency over time, suggesting that predator learning may have overridden the benefits afforded by camouflaging coloration.","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10265-1
Olivia L. Brooks, Evan N. Talbott-Swain, Matthew B. Dugas
{"title":"Food availability in the nursery affects parental food allocation but not tadpole begging performance in a frog with facultative parental care","authors":"Olivia L. Brooks, Evan N. Talbott-Swain, Matthew B. Dugas","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10265-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10265-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136295812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10264-2
Franz Weyerer, Avril Weinbach, Christiane Zarfl, Korinna T. Allhoff
Abstract The interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics can create feedback that reinforces external disturbances and potentially threatens species’ coexistence. For example, plants might invest less into attracting insect pollinators (decreased flower or nectar production) and more into independence (increased selfing or vegetative reproduction) when faced with pollinator decline. This adaptive response saves plant resources at the cost of further threatening the pollinator population. We ask under which conditions such self-reinforcing feedback occurs in two-species mutualistic systems when considering one-sided population decline and whether it can be counteracted by self-dampening feedback if co-evolution of both interaction partners is considered. Based on a mathematical model and in line with previous studies, we find that the described pattern of accelerated population decline occurs for a wide range of parameter values if a concave allocation trade-off between independent growth and interaction investment is assumed. The undisturbed population typically disinvests first, which then forces the declining population to also disinvest, in favour of other energy sources. However, a decelerated population decline can occur if the adaptation of the undisturbed partner is relatively slow compared to environmental decay, reducing the speed of its disinvestment, or if the initial investment into the interaction was very high. Our results suggest that if actions are taken to save endangered populations, not only the evolution of the target species but also of their interaction partner, as well as the interaction between them should be considered.
{"title":"Eco-evolutionary dynamics in two-species mutualistic systems: one-sided population decline triggers joint interaction disinvestment","authors":"Franz Weyerer, Avril Weinbach, Christiane Zarfl, Korinna T. Allhoff","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10264-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10264-2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics can create feedback that reinforces external disturbances and potentially threatens species’ coexistence. For example, plants might invest less into attracting insect pollinators (decreased flower or nectar production) and more into independence (increased selfing or vegetative reproduction) when faced with pollinator decline. This adaptive response saves plant resources at the cost of further threatening the pollinator population. We ask under which conditions such self-reinforcing feedback occurs in two-species mutualistic systems when considering one-sided population decline and whether it can be counteracted by self-dampening feedback if co-evolution of both interaction partners is considered. Based on a mathematical model and in line with previous studies, we find that the described pattern of accelerated population decline occurs for a wide range of parameter values if a concave allocation trade-off between independent growth and interaction investment is assumed. The undisturbed population typically disinvests first, which then forces the declining population to also disinvest, in favour of other energy sources. However, a decelerated population decline can occur if the adaptation of the undisturbed partner is relatively slow compared to environmental decay, reducing the speed of its disinvestment, or if the initial investment into the interaction was very high. Our results suggest that if actions are taken to save endangered populations, not only the evolution of the target species but also of their interaction partner, as well as the interaction between them should be considered.","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134976084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10258-0
Jeffrey L. Coleman, David C. Cannatella
{"title":"The molecular basis and evolution of toxin resistance in poison frogs","authors":"Jeffrey L. Coleman, David C. Cannatella","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10258-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10258-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135537202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10260-6
Katherine R. Waters, Matthew B. Dugas, Taran Grant, Ralph A. Saporito
{"title":"The ability to sequester the alkaloid epibatidine is widespread among dendrobatid poison frogs","authors":"Katherine R. Waters, Matthew B. Dugas, Taran Grant, Ralph A. Saporito","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10260-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10260-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"101-102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135537201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-23DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10262-4
Jeremy Klank, Francesca Protti-Sánchez, Paula Mora-Rojas, Hannah M. Rowland, Jennifer L. Stynoski
{"title":"How to move and when to escape: quantifying intraspecific exploratory and anti-predator behavior in an aposematic poison frog","authors":"Jeremy Klank, Francesca Protti-Sánchez, Paula Mora-Rojas, Hannah M. Rowland, Jennifer L. Stynoski","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10262-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10262-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135957813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-23DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10261-5
Ellen M. Martin, Emma Sherratt
Abstract The remarkable diversity of ecological niches that birds have evolved to inhabit have resulted in their status as model organisms to study how the same morphological features can adapt to different environments. Not least of these features is the avian foot, which has diversified into a wide range of forms suited to several different ecological functions. In this investigation, we examine how a potential trade-off between two such functions is expressed in the foot morphology of the Australian avifauna; namely, the impact that specialising for either walking or grasping has on the proportions of the phalanges. The lengths of the body, foot, third digit and its phalanges, and the hallux were recorded from 106 preserved skins belonging to 22 species. Our analysis of these data shows that this functional specialisation presents a similar morphological gradient in Australian birds as has been previously observed in American species, with a few unique exceptions. Generally, species that are reliant on the foot to grasp (e.g., perching and gripping prey) display greater distal phalanx and hallux lengths than species that are specialised for walking or wading. However, the terrestrial Megapodes of Australia demonstrate a more intermediate morphology, potentially as a result of the unique mound construction behaviour occurring in this clade. These findings have relevance not only for use in identifying the ecology of cryptic or extinct species from morphology, but also for determining future evolutionary changes in different avian groups.
{"title":"Grasping hold of functional trade-offs using the diversity of foot forms in Australian birds","authors":"Ellen M. Martin, Emma Sherratt","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10261-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10261-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The remarkable diversity of ecological niches that birds have evolved to inhabit have resulted in their status as model organisms to study how the same morphological features can adapt to different environments. Not least of these features is the avian foot, which has diversified into a wide range of forms suited to several different ecological functions. In this investigation, we examine how a potential trade-off between two such functions is expressed in the foot morphology of the Australian avifauna; namely, the impact that specialising for either walking or grasping has on the proportions of the phalanges. The lengths of the body, foot, third digit and its phalanges, and the hallux were recorded from 106 preserved skins belonging to 22 species. Our analysis of these data shows that this functional specialisation presents a similar morphological gradient in Australian birds as has been previously observed in American species, with a few unique exceptions. Generally, species that are reliant on the foot to grasp (e.g., perching and gripping prey) display greater distal phalanx and hallux lengths than species that are specialised for walking or wading. However, the terrestrial Megapodes of Australia demonstrate a more intermediate morphology, potentially as a result of the unique mound construction behaviour occurring in this clade. These findings have relevance not only for use in identifying the ecology of cryptic or extinct species from morphology, but also for determining future evolutionary changes in different avian groups.","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135957847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10256-2
Adam M. M. Stuckert, Layla Freeborn, Kimberly A. Howell, Yusan Yang, Rasmus Nielsen, Corinne Richards-Zawacki, Matthew D. MacManes
Abstract Skin coloration and patterning play a key role in animal survival and reproduction. As a result, color phenotypes have generated intense research interest. In aposematic species, color phenotypes can be important in avoiding predation and in mate choice. However, we still know little about the underlying genetic mechanisms of color production, particularly outside of a few model organisms. Here we seek to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying the production of different colors and how these undergo shifting expression patterns throughout development. To answer this, we examine gene expression of two different color patches(yellow and green) in a developmental time series from young tadpoles through adults in the poison frog Oophaga pumilio. We identified six genes that were differentially expressed between color patches in every developmental stage ( casq1, hand2, myh8, prva, tbx3, and zic1). Of these, hand2, myh8, tbx3, and zic1 have either been identified or implicated as important in coloration in other taxa. Casq1 and prva buffer Ca 2+ and are a Ca 2+ transporter, respectively, and may play a role in preventing autotoxicity to pumiliotoxins, which inhibit Ca 2+ -ATPase activity. We identify further candidate genes (e.g., adh, aldh1a2, asip, lef1, mc1r, tyr, tyrp1, xdh ), and identify a suite of hub genes that likely play a key role in integumental reorganization during development (e.g., collagen type I–IV genes, lysyl oxidases) which may also affect coloration via structural organization of chromatophores that contribute to color and pattern. Overall, we identify the putative role of a suite of candidate genes in the production of different color types in a polytypic, aposematic species.
{"title":"Transcriptomic analyses during development reveal mechanisms of integument structuring and color production","authors":"Adam M. M. Stuckert, Layla Freeborn, Kimberly A. Howell, Yusan Yang, Rasmus Nielsen, Corinne Richards-Zawacki, Matthew D. MacManes","doi":"10.1007/s10682-023-10256-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-023-10256-2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Skin coloration and patterning play a key role in animal survival and reproduction. As a result, color phenotypes have generated intense research interest. In aposematic species, color phenotypes can be important in avoiding predation and in mate choice. However, we still know little about the underlying genetic mechanisms of color production, particularly outside of a few model organisms. Here we seek to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying the production of different colors and how these undergo shifting expression patterns throughout development. To answer this, we examine gene expression of two different color patches(yellow and green) in a developmental time series from young tadpoles through adults in the poison frog Oophaga pumilio. We identified six genes that were differentially expressed between color patches in every developmental stage ( casq1, hand2, myh8, prva, tbx3, and zic1). Of these, hand2, myh8, tbx3, and zic1 have either been identified or implicated as important in coloration in other taxa. Casq1 and prva buffer Ca 2+ and are a Ca 2+ transporter, respectively, and may play a role in preventing autotoxicity to pumiliotoxins, which inhibit Ca 2+ -ATPase activity. We identify further candidate genes (e.g., adh, aldh1a2, asip, lef1, mc1r, tyr, tyrp1, xdh ), and identify a suite of hub genes that likely play a key role in integumental reorganization during development (e.g., collagen type I–IV genes, lysyl oxidases) which may also affect coloration via structural organization of chromatophores that contribute to color and pattern. Overall, we identify the putative role of a suite of candidate genes in the production of different color types in a polytypic, aposematic species.","PeriodicalId":55158,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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