Wood is a highly sustainable material and there is significant interest in its use in the construction industry in terms of modern building construction. However, safety rules and regulations, including fireproof requirements, have become increasingly demanding. In this regard, more effective and eco-friendly approaches for wooden materials treatment related to this topic are subject to research interest in laboratories around the world. The rapid development of nanotechnology offers new materials with unique properties, which will be able to partly substitute or even replace regular chemicals, often toxic to the environment, in the future. This paper overviews traditional fire retarding methods and fire retardants that are applied for the modification of wooden materials. In addition, the potential use of nanomaterials for wood and wooden applications were discussed by extensively literature review. Keywords: wood-based materials; flame retardancy; reaction-to-fire testing; nanomaterials; nano additives.
{"title":"A review of flame protection of wooden material and future potential with nano additives","authors":"Ville Lahtela, I. Turku, Timo Kärki","doi":"10.46490/bf636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf636","url":null,"abstract":"Wood is a highly sustainable material and there is significant interest in its use in the construction industry in terms of modern building construction. However, safety rules and regulations, including fireproof requirements, have become increasingly demanding. In this regard, more effective and eco-friendly approaches for wooden materials treatment related to this topic are subject to research interest in laboratories around the world. The rapid development of nanotechnology offers new materials with unique properties, which will be able to partly substitute or even replace regular chemicals, often toxic to the environment, in the future. This paper overviews traditional fire retarding methods and fire retardants that are applied for the modification of wooden materials. In addition, the potential use of nanomaterials for wood and wooden applications were discussed by extensively literature review.\u0000Keywords: wood-based materials; flame retardancy; reaction-to-fire testing; nanomaterials; nano additives.","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":"51 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139384176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Alnus glutinosa swamps are the most species-rich forest communities in the Fennoscandian hemiboreal zone. Considering the species abundance in different layers and their indicator values, in Estonia these stands can be classified into ten community types: 1) Calliergonella cuspidate–Carex acutiformis–Thelypteris palustris–Alnus glutinosa; 2) Brachythecium rutabulum–Scutellaria galericulata–Rubus caesius–Alnus glutinosa; 3) Brachythecium rutabulum–Urtica dioica–Aegopodium podagraria–Alnus glutinosa; 4) Plagiomnium elatum–Galeobdolon luteum–Oxalis acetosella–Alnus glutinosa; 5) Sphagnum fallax–Filipendula ulmaria–Phragmites australis–Alnus glutinosa; 6) Sphagnum riparium–Vaccinium myrtillus–Impatiens noli-tangere–Alnus glutinosa; 7) Calliergon cordifolium–Lysimachia thyrsiflora–Carex elongate–Alnus glutinosa; 8) Calliergonella cuspidate–Deschampsia cespitosa–Filipendula ulmaria–Alnus glutinosa; 9) Climacium dendroides–Calamagrostis canescens–Athyrium filix-femina–Alnus glutinosa; 10) Calypogeia integristipula–Filipendula ulmaria–Ulmus laevis–Alnus glutinosa. The species composition of the communities is determined mainly by the soil reaction and nitrogen content in the soil of their habitats. Key words: community types, indicator species, Ellenberg’s indicator values, habitats’ reaction gradient, nitrogen content gradient.
{"title":"Diversity of Alnus glutinosa dominated swamp forests in Estonia","authors":"J. Paal","doi":"10.46490/bf701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf701","url":null,"abstract":"The Alnus glutinosa swamps are the most species-rich forest communities in the Fennoscandian hemiboreal zone. Considering the species abundance in different layers and their indicator values, in Estonia these stands can be classified into ten community types: 1) Calliergonella cuspidate–Carex acutiformis–Thelypteris palustris–Alnus glutinosa; 2) Brachythecium rutabulum–Scutellaria galericulata–Rubus caesius–Alnus glutinosa; 3) Brachythecium rutabulum–Urtica dioica–Aegopodium podagraria–Alnus glutinosa; 4) Plagiomnium elatum–Galeobdolon luteum–Oxalis acetosella–Alnus glutinosa; 5) Sphagnum fallax–Filipendula ulmaria–Phragmites australis–Alnus glutinosa; 6) Sphagnum riparium–Vaccinium myrtillus–Impatiens noli-tangere–Alnus glutinosa; 7) Calliergon cordifolium–Lysimachia thyrsiflora–Carex elongate–Alnus glutinosa; 8) Calliergonella cuspidate–Deschampsia cespitosa–Filipendula ulmaria–Alnus glutinosa; 9) Climacium dendroides–Calamagrostis canescens–Athyrium filix-femina–Alnus glutinosa; 10) Calypogeia integristipula–Filipendula ulmaria–Ulmus laevis–Alnus glutinosa. The species composition of the communities is determined mainly by the soil reaction and nitrogen content in the soil of their habitats.\u0000Key words: community types, indicator species, Ellenberg’s indicator values, habitats’ reaction gradient, nitrogen content gradient.","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":"52 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139385737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ilze Matisone, Dārta Kaupe, R. Matisons, D. Kļaviņa, Ā. Jansons
In the eastern Baltic region, warming is favouring the advance of thermophilic tree species and the formation of mixed stands with a higher share of broadleaves, thus contributing to productivity and other ecosystem services of forests. However, the accelerating environmental changes often trigger the spread and intensification of biotic disturbances such as disease outbreaks at unprecedented rates, which might alter the course of stand development. Within the region, elms (Ulmus sp.), which are of low importance as a source of timber, yet highly important in terms of other ecosystem services, are suffering varying degree of dieback due to the Dutch elm disease, which can threaten the existence of species. Still, there are explicit local differences in the susceptibility of trees, which add uncertainties regarding the sustainability of elms. A permanent sampling plot network was established to monitor changes in mixed elms stands in response to the dieback caused by the disease; canopy and understory trees were accounted. Two surveys in 2016 and 2021 have been made. Canopy elms have suffered moderate dieback during the first wave already before the surveys, as ca. 17% of canopy elms were already dead. However, the susceptibility differed among the species (Ulmus glabra exceeded U. laevis), likely due to the preference of the vectors of the disease. In response to canopy openings, self-regeneration occurred, though the balance between the advance regeneration and undergrowth species was affected by the intensity of canopy dieback. The advanced growth of the former canopy species including elms was sufficient under moderate changes in the canopy, while low and high changes favoured undergrowth, suggesting the formation of shrubland. Accordingly, the additional mortality of elms due to Dutch elm disease tended to diverge the development course of the mixed broadleaved stands; hence further monitoring is advised. Keywords: Ulmus sp., Ophiostoma sp., advance growth, undergrowth, Dutch elm disease, succession
{"title":"Understory changes in mixed elm stands in response to canopy dieback in Latvia","authors":"Ilze Matisone, Dārta Kaupe, R. Matisons, D. Kļaviņa, Ā. Jansons","doi":"10.46490/bf712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf712","url":null,"abstract":"In the eastern Baltic region, warming is favouring the advance of thermophilic tree species and the formation of mixed stands with a higher share of broadleaves, thus contributing to productivity and other ecosystem services of forests. However, the accelerating environmental changes often trigger the spread and intensification of biotic disturbances such as disease outbreaks at unprecedented rates, which might alter the course of stand development. Within the region, elms (Ulmus sp.), which are of low importance as a source of timber, yet highly important in terms of other ecosystem services, are suffering varying degree of dieback due to the Dutch elm disease, which can threaten the existence of species. Still, there are explicit local differences in the susceptibility of trees, which add uncertainties regarding the sustainability of elms. A permanent sampling plot network was established to monitor changes in mixed elms stands in response to the dieback caused by the disease; canopy and understory trees were accounted. Two surveys in 2016 and 2021 have been made. Canopy elms have suffered moderate dieback during the first wave already before the surveys, as ca. 17% of canopy elms were already dead. However, the susceptibility differed among the species (Ulmus glabra exceeded U. laevis), likely due to the preference of the vectors of the disease. In response to canopy openings, self-regeneration occurred, though the balance between the advance regeneration and undergrowth species was affected by the intensity of canopy dieback. The advanced growth of the former canopy species including elms was sufficient under moderate changes in the canopy, while low and high changes favoured undergrowth, suggesting the formation of shrubland. Accordingly, the additional mortality of elms due to Dutch elm disease tended to diverge the development course of the mixed broadleaved stands; hence further monitoring is advised.\u0000Keywords: Ulmus sp., Ophiostoma sp., advance growth, undergrowth, Dutch elm disease, succession ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":"34 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methodological aspects of estimating leaf area from gap fraction measurements are discussed. Instead of the common practice of linking in the Beer-Lambert law leaf area index and clumping factor together, the clumping factor and Ross-Nilson geometry function as two structure parameters should be combined into the effective geometry function, which considers both the leaf angle distribution and clumping/regularity of foliage in the expression of the gap fraction of a vegetation layer. Key words: leaf area index; foliage clumping; gap fraction; LAI-2000; G-function
{"title":"Leaf area index (LAI) and gap fraction. A discussion","authors":"Andres Kuusk","doi":"10.46490/bf715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf715","url":null,"abstract":"Methodological aspects of estimating leaf area from gap fraction measurements are discussed. Instead of the common practice of linking in the Beer-Lambert law leaf area index and clumping factor together, the clumping factor and Ross-Nilson geometry function as two structure parameters should be combined into the effective geometry function, which considers both the leaf angle distribution and clumping/regularity of foliage in the expression of the gap fraction of a vegetation layer.\u0000Key words: leaf area index; foliage clumping; gap fraction; LAI-2000; G-function ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138616769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Habitat heterogeneity is a key factor for regulating biodiversity in temperate lowland forests. Specifically, stands associated with late forest development phases provide important habitat structures for many rare and threatened forest bird species. However, how forest stands that differ in their structural complexity, canopy conditions and tree species composition affect forest bird assemblages both at the local and landscape scale remains largely unclear. In a young moraine lake landscape of northeastern Germany, we assessed correlations of bird diversity and bird composition with stand properties. We used data from 48 transects (400 m) established in (1) unmanaged, closed-canopy, mature stands that were dominated by Fagus sylvatica (UDS), and (2) diverse managed, mixed coniferous stands with a mosaic of open and closed canopy patches (MCS). We found that bird communities of the UDS strongly differed from those in the MCS, with open habitat species being more frequent in the MCS. By contrast, differences in diversity measures were less distinct. Moreover, we identified nine indicator species for the UDS (Columba oenas, Cyanistes caeruleus, Muscicapa striata, Leiopicus medius, Certhia brachydactyla, Ficedula parva, Dryobates minor, Sturnus vulgaris, Ficedula hypoleuca) and seven indicator species for the MCS (Periparus ater, Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Regulus regulus, Prunella modularis, Lophophanus cristatus, Emberiza citronella, Anthus trivialis). Several famous ancient beech forest patches in Müritz National Park and the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve “Schorfheide-Chorin” were found to harbour the set of the UDS indicator species. The UDS support of bird coenosis is typical for old mature broadleaved forests and can be considered as an effective tool for bird conservation. Our results further indicate that the combination of unmanaged and managed stands associated with different habitat complexities would benefit forest bird assemblages at the landscape scale. Key words: forest specialist birds, bird conservation, non-managed forests, old-growth patches, Ficedula parva, Leiopicus medius, coniferous forest
{"title":"Effects of habitat heterogeneity on bird communities in the forests of northeastern Germany","authors":"Robert Sommer, Andreas Fichtner","doi":"10.46490/bf699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf699","url":null,"abstract":"Habitat heterogeneity is a key factor for regulating biodiversity in temperate lowland forests. Specifically, stands associated with late forest development phases provide important habitat structures for many rare and threatened forest bird species. However, how forest stands that differ in their structural complexity, canopy conditions and tree species composition affect forest bird assemblages both at the local and landscape scale remains largely unclear. In a young moraine lake landscape of northeastern Germany, we assessed correlations of bird diversity and bird composition with stand properties. We used data from 48 transects (400 m) established in (1) unmanaged, closed-canopy, mature stands that were dominated by Fagus sylvatica (UDS), and (2) diverse managed, mixed coniferous stands with a mosaic of open and closed canopy patches (MCS). We found that bird communities of the UDS strongly differed from those in the MCS, with open habitat species being more frequent in the MCS. By contrast, differences in diversity measures were less distinct. Moreover, we identified nine indicator species for the UDS (Columba oenas, Cyanistes caeruleus, Muscicapa striata, Leiopicus medius, Certhia brachydactyla, Ficedula parva, Dryobates minor, Sturnus vulgaris, Ficedula hypoleuca) and seven indicator species for the MCS (Periparus ater, Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Regulus regulus, Prunella modularis, Lophophanus cristatus, Emberiza citronella, Anthus trivialis). Several famous ancient beech forest patches in Müritz National Park and the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve “Schorfheide-Chorin” were found to harbour the set of the UDS indicator species. The UDS support of bird coenosis is typical for old mature broadleaved forests and can be considered as an effective tool for bird conservation. Our results further indicate that the combination of unmanaged and managed stands associated with different habitat complexities would benefit forest bird assemblages at the landscape scale.\u0000Key words: forest specialist birds, bird conservation, non-managed forests, old-growth patches, Ficedula parva, Leiopicus medius, coniferous forest","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138627405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacek Piętka, Michał Małecki, Krzysztof Niewiński, Wojciech Kędziora
This paper presents data on the occurrence of the semi-parasitic mistletoe plant (Viscum album L.) in a pine stand in central Poland. The number of mistletoe bushes, the percentage of mistletoe in the crown volume, and the location of its occurrence were determined from the ground level on 193 pine trees growing in a 212c subcompartment in the Głuchów Forestry, Rogów Forest Experimental Station. In addition, 15 trees were analyzed in detail after felling to verify the previously obtained results. The age, diameter, and location (top, middle, and bottom of the tree crown) of the shrubs were measured. The study showed that the pine stand analyzed was strongly infested by mistletoe. The number of mistletoe bushes recorded on standing trees from the ground level was significantly lower than that found on trees after felling. An in-depth visibility analysis showed that in some cases, an operator assessing mistletoe bush abundance from the ground level may miss a very large number of juvenile individuals, as well as mistletoe shrubs with large diameters. This is probably related to the clumping of perennial individuals growing in proximity to a single shrub that is visible from the ground. V. album mainly colonizes the apical zone (observations from the ground) and middle zone of the host crown (detailed analysis of mistletoe abundance on felled trees). Older shrubs were most abundant at the apex of the crown, while younger shrubs were most likely to colonize the middle and bottom of the host crown. In a study of felled trees, 289 mistletoe individuals were found on the most infested trees. It was also found that the most numerous shrubs, V. album were young, aged between three and six years. The increase in mistletoe infestations in forests observed in recent years may pose a serious threat to pine stands weakened by abiotic factors.
本文介绍了波兰中部松林中半寄生槲寄生植物(Viscum album L.)的发生情况。对Głuchów林业，Rogów森林试验站212c小室193棵松树进行地面测量，测定了槲寄生丛数、占树冠体积的百分比及其发生位置。另外，对砍伐后的15棵树进行了详细的分析，验证了之前得到的结果。测定灌木的树龄、直径和树冠顶部、中部和底部的位置。研究表明，所分析的松林寄生严重。从地面上记录的直立树上槲寄生灌木的数量明显低于砍伐后的树木。一项深入的能见度分析表明，在某些情况下，作业人员从地面评估槲寄生灌木的丰度时，可能会遗漏大量的幼树个体，以及直径较大的槲寄生灌木。这可能与多年生个体生长在靠近单一灌木的地方有关，从地面上可以看到。槲寄生主要寄生于寄主树冠的顶区(地面观测)和中间区(砍伐树木上槲寄生丰度的详细分析)。老灌木在寄主树冠的顶端分布最多，而年轻灌木在寄主树冠的中部和底部分布最多。在一项对被砍伐树木的研究中，在最受感染的树上发现了289个槲寄生个体。同时还发现，最多的灌木是3 ~ 6年的幼树。近年来在森林中观察到的槲寄生虫害的增加可能对非生物因素削弱的松林构成严重威胁。
{"title":"How wrong are we in estimating the abundance of mistletoe occurring on Scots pine? – a case study from Central Europe","authors":"Jacek Piętka, Michał Małecki, Krzysztof Niewiński, Wojciech Kędziora","doi":"10.46490/bf717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf717","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents data on the occurrence of the semi-parasitic mistletoe plant (Viscum album L.) in a pine stand in central Poland. The number of mistletoe bushes, the percentage of mistletoe in the crown volume, and the location of its occurrence were determined from the ground level on 193 pine trees growing in a 212c subcompartment in the Głuchów Forestry, Rogów Forest Experimental Station. In addition, 15 trees were analyzed in detail after felling to verify the previously obtained results. The age, diameter, and location (top, middle, and bottom of the tree crown) of the shrubs were measured. The study showed that the pine stand analyzed was strongly infested by mistletoe. The number of mistletoe bushes recorded on standing trees from the ground level was significantly lower than that found on trees after felling. An in-depth visibility analysis showed that in some cases, an operator assessing mistletoe bush abundance from the ground level may miss a very large number of juvenile individuals, as well as mistletoe shrubs with large diameters. This is probably related to the clumping of perennial individuals growing in proximity to a single shrub that is visible from the ground. V. album mainly colonizes the apical zone (observations from the ground) and middle zone of the host crown (detailed analysis of mistletoe abundance on felled trees). Older shrubs were most abundant at the apex of the crown, while younger shrubs were most likely to colonize the middle and bottom of the host crown. In a study of felled trees, 289 mistletoe individuals were found on the most infested trees. It was also found that the most numerous shrubs, V. album were young, aged between three and six years. The increase in mistletoe infestations in forests observed in recent years may pose a serious threat to pine stands weakened by abiotic factors.","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135432572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luboš Staněk, Pavel Nevrkla, Lukáš Jankových, Tomáš Zemánek
The study is focused on the rate of vibrations and level of noise in the chainsaw model Stihl MS 362 which belongs in the group of the best-selling professional chainsaws in the world with a highly efficient anti-vibration system. Testing cuts to determine the rate of vibrations were made on the stems of two tree species: sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). The purpose of noise level measurement was to compare the influence of chainsaw noise on its operator and on the person occurring behind the zone of protection (5 and 10 metres) from the source of noise. Then a distance from the chainsaw was measured where the level of noise reached 80 dB. The measurements were performed according to ČSN EN ISO 22868:2021. At measuring the chainsaw vibrations, the rate of vibrations acting on both operator’s hands (front and rear grip) was examined. Vibrations were measured according to ČSN EN ISO 22867 (2012). It was found out that the rate of vibrations on the rear handle was in both cases of measurements higher than the rate of vibrations on the front handle. At the same time, a higher rate of vibrations was recorded in sessile oak. As to the level of noise, results of measurements indicated that at working with the chainsaw, hearing protectors have to be used at all three measured distances (close proximity, 5 m from the operator, 10 m from the operator) in order to reduce high noise level as the average noise level was higher than permissible in all measurements. The highest possible tolerable level of acoustic noise (80 dB) at which permanent damage of hearing does not happen was measured at a distance of 21 m from the working place of chainsaw operator. Keywords: chainsaw, Stihl MS 362, vibrations, noise, occupational hygiene, forestry
该研究的重点是Stihl MS 362型链锯的振动率和噪音水平，该型链锯属于世界上最畅销的专业链锯，具有高效的抗振动系统。在两种树种的茎上进行了测试切割，以确定振动率:无梗橡树(栎)。)和挪威云杉(Picea abies (L.))h .岩溶)。噪声级测量的目的是比较电锯噪声对操作者和在保护区域(距离噪声源5米和10米)后面工作的人的影响。然后测量距离电锯的距离，噪声水平达到80分贝。根据ČSN EN ISO 22868:2021进行测量。在测量链锯振动时，检查了操作者双手(前后握把)的振动率。根据ČSN EN ISO 22867(2012)测量振动。结果发现，在两种测量情况下，后把手的振动率都高于前把手的振动率。与此同时，无柄橡木的振动率更高。至于噪音水平，测量结果表明，在使用链锯工作时，必须在所有三个测量距离(近距离，距离操作员5米，距离操作员10米)使用听力保护器，以减少高噪音水平，因为平均噪音水平高于所有测量的允许水平。在距离电锯操作员工作地点21米的地方测量了不发生永久性听力损伤的最高可能容忍噪声水平(80 dB)。关键词:链锯，Stihl ms362，振动，噪声，职业卫生，林业
{"title":"Rate of chainsaw vibrations in laboratory conditions and level of chainsaw noise at different distances","authors":"Luboš Staněk, Pavel Nevrkla, Lukáš Jankových, Tomáš Zemánek","doi":"10.46490/bf638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf638","url":null,"abstract":"The study is focused on the rate of vibrations and level of noise in the chainsaw model Stihl MS 362 which belongs in the group of the best-selling professional chainsaws in the world with a highly efficient anti-vibration system. Testing cuts to determine the rate of vibrations were made on the stems of two tree species: sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). The purpose of noise level measurement was to compare the influence of chainsaw noise on its operator and on the person occurring behind the zone of protection (5 and 10 metres) from the source of noise. Then a distance from the chainsaw was measured where the level of noise reached 80 dB. The measurements were performed according to ČSN EN ISO 22868:2021. At measuring the chainsaw vibrations, the rate of vibrations acting on both operator’s hands (front and rear grip) was examined. Vibrations were measured according to ČSN EN ISO 22867 (2012). It was found out that the rate of vibrations on the rear handle was in both cases of measurements higher than the rate of vibrations on the front handle. At the same time, a higher rate of vibrations was recorded in sessile oak. As to the level of noise, results of measurements indicated that at working with the chainsaw, hearing protectors have to be used at all three measured distances (close proximity, 5 m from the operator, 10 m from the operator) in order to reduce high noise level as the average noise level was higher than permissible in all measurements. The highest possible tolerable level of acoustic noise (80 dB) at which permanent damage of hearing does not happen was measured at a distance of 21 m from the working place of chainsaw operator. Keywords: chainsaw, Stihl MS 362, vibrations, noise, occupational hygiene, forestry","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":"83 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135480279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Common cranes (Grus grus) of the growing population in Finland form flocks on cultivated fields to forage in the autumn after the breeding season, in preparation for a successful migration. However, human-crane conflicts can arise when cranes cause crop damage, and for management purposes, it is important to prevent such conflicts. To minimize crop losses, one strategy is the creation of artificial feeding fields in high-use areas. Our study area, Söderfjärden, Ostrobothnia, on the west coast of Finland, is the most important staging area for cranes in the country. We compared the time allocation in the most attractive habitats in this area, investigated the changes in flock size during the day, and considered the management implications. Cranes used the two top-rated habitats (barley fields and grasslands) for clearly different purposes: barley fields for feeding and grasslands for resting. Flock size increased from the early morning until the evening when cranes dispersed from the area to roost. This could be a result of a trade-off between food intake and risk-sensitive behaviour and predator avoidance, although at present the predation risk in the area is low. This study highlights the importance to make artificial feeding habitats to fulfil various needs of cranes while minimizing crop loss and potential conflicts with humans. Keywords: common crane, Gruidae, conservation, foraging, habitat selection, vigilance
{"title":"Time budget of common cranes (Grus grus) varies between habitats: implications for management","authors":"Sanna Berndtson, Wenfei Liao, Petri Nummi","doi":"10.46490/bf691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf691","url":null,"abstract":"Common cranes (Grus grus) of the growing population in Finland form flocks on cultivated fields to forage in the autumn after the breeding season, in preparation for a successful migration. However, human-crane conflicts can arise when cranes cause crop damage, and for management purposes, it is important to prevent such conflicts. To minimize crop losses, one strategy is the creation of artificial feeding fields in high-use areas. Our study area, Söderfjärden, Ostrobothnia, on the west coast of Finland, is the most important staging area for cranes in the country. We compared the time allocation in the most attractive habitats in this area, investigated the changes in flock size during the day, and considered the management implications. Cranes used the two top-rated habitats (barley fields and grasslands) for clearly different purposes: barley fields for feeding and grasslands for resting. Flock size increased from the early morning until the evening when cranes dispersed from the area to roost. This could be a result of a trade-off between food intake and risk-sensitive behaviour and predator avoidance, although at present the predation risk in the area is low. This study highlights the importance to make artificial feeding habitats to fulfil various needs of cranes while minimizing crop loss and potential conflicts with humans. Keywords: common crane, Gruidae, conservation, foraging, habitat selection, vigilance","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":"89 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135432426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The occurrence of woodpeckers in European forests depends on many forest stand characteristics. During the study conducted in 2013 in the agricultural landscape of SE Poland (in an extremely deforested area with a 5% share of forest area), the habitat requirements of Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocoptes medius, Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major and Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus were described. For this purpose, the degree of occupation by individual species of 73 forest patches was assessed over an area of 355 km2. To determine the habitat requirements of the woodpecker species, a set of 7 parameters characterizing the studied forests and their surroundings were determined, viz. forest patch area, average age of the tree stand, etc.). Generally, the Syrian Woodpecker inhabited small forest patches surrounded by a significantly larger proportion (2.3–5.6%) of orchards, compared to forests uninhabited by this species. The most important factors that positively influenced the occurrence of the Middle and Great Spotted Woodpeckers were the forest patch size, average age of the forest patch stand, and area of forest stands aged older than 80 years. The Great Spotted Woodpecker preferred forest patches with an area exceeding 15 ha, but the Middle Spotted Woodpecker occurred only in forest patches over 42 ha. Such minimum forest patch areas should be considered essential for protecting the two mentioned species in a heavily deforested landscape. Small-sized forest patches should also be protected, enabling refuge for the Syrian Woodpecker. Keywords: bird conservation strategy, forest management, habitat selection, primary cavity nesters, rural landscape, woods, woodpeckers, SE Poland
{"title":"The requirements of three co-existing woodpecker species Picidae in relation to forests' features in the agricultural landscape of SE Poland","authors":"Jerzy Michalczuk, M. Michalczuk","doi":"10.46490/bf561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf561","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of woodpeckers in European forests depends on many forest stand characteristics. During the study conducted in 2013 in the agricultural landscape of SE Poland (in an extremely deforested area with a 5% share of forest area), the habitat requirements of Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocoptes medius, Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major and Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus were described. For this purpose, the degree of occupation by individual species of 73 forest patches was assessed over an area of 355 km2. To determine the habitat requirements of the woodpecker species, a set of 7 parameters characterizing the studied forests and their surroundings were determined, viz. forest patch area, average age of the tree stand, etc.). Generally, the Syrian Woodpecker inhabited small forest patches surrounded by a significantly larger proportion (2.3–5.6%) of orchards, compared to forests uninhabited by this species. The most important factors that positively influenced the occurrence of the Middle and Great Spotted Woodpeckers were the forest patch size, average age of the forest patch stand, and area of forest stands aged older than 80 years. The Great Spotted Woodpecker preferred forest patches with an area exceeding 15 ha, but the Middle Spotted Woodpecker occurred only in forest patches over 42 ha. Such minimum forest patch areas should be considered essential for protecting the two mentioned species in a heavily deforested landscape. Small-sized forest patches should also be protected, enabling refuge for the Syrian Woodpecker.\u0000Keywords: bird conservation strategy, forest management, habitat selection, primary cavity nesters, rural landscape, woods, woodpeckers, SE Poland ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48884010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zuševica, D. Lazdiņa, Toms A. Štāls, Kārlis Dūmiņš
Tree logging significantly impacts environmental conditions, increases soil and air temperature, and changes the microclimate and soil hydrology. This contributes to the changes in bryophyte and vascular plant cover and species composition. Site preparation positively affects the growth of planted trees in young stands but also causes forest understorey disturbance. During site preparation in young stands by spot mounding and disc trenching methods, new microtopographies, e.g. soil tumps and hollows are made in young stands. Site preparation generally increases vascular plant diversity, but there is a lack of information about the vegetation differences between microtopography depending on different site preparation methods and soil types. The aim of this study was to investigate how the microtopography formed during site preparation by spot mounding or disc trenching affects bryophyte and vascular plant communities in hemiboreal young stands two to three years after tree logging. Spot mounding altered vegetation composition more than disc trenching. Bryophyte species cover decreased in prepared soil, but Ellenberg’s moisture value increased; therefore, site preparation before planting contributes to the conservation of typical forest bryophyte species in young stands. Hollows lead to better typical forest habitat species preservation, but soil tumps diversify environmental conditions by providing new patches for the development of grassland habitat species that are not typical in this ecosystem, but temporally provide new ecosystem services. Keywords: bryophytes, spot mounding, disc trenching, vascular plants, plant growth forms, Ellenberg’s indicator values
{"title":"The effect of site preparation on vegetation restoration in young hemiboreal mixed stands","authors":"A. Zuševica, D. Lazdiņa, Toms A. Štāls, Kārlis Dūmiņš","doi":"10.46490/bf705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf705","url":null,"abstract":"Tree logging significantly impacts environmental conditions, increases soil and air temperature, and changes the microclimate and soil hydrology. This contributes to the changes in bryophyte and vascular plant cover and species composition. Site preparation positively affects the growth of planted trees in young stands but also causes forest understorey disturbance. During site preparation in young stands by spot mounding and disc trenching methods, new microtopographies, e.g. soil tumps and hollows are made in young stands. Site preparation generally increases vascular plant diversity, but there is a lack of information about the vegetation differences between microtopography depending on different site preparation methods and soil types. The aim of this study was to investigate how the microtopography formed during site preparation by spot mounding or disc trenching affects bryophyte and vascular plant communities in hemiboreal young stands two to three years after tree logging. Spot mounding altered vegetation composition more than disc trenching. Bryophyte species cover decreased in prepared soil, but Ellenberg’s moisture value increased; therefore, site preparation before planting contributes to the conservation of typical forest bryophyte species in young stands. Hollows lead to better typical forest habitat species preservation, but soil tumps diversify environmental conditions by providing new patches for the development of grassland habitat species that are not typical in this ecosystem, but temporally provide new ecosystem services.\u0000Keywords: bryophytes, spot mounding, disc trenching, vascular plants, plant growth forms, Ellenberg’s indicator values","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":"1142 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41275054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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