Rice fields have traditionally been considered key feeding grounds for many waterbird species, including herons. Studies show that field management and flooding cycles influence the reproductive parameters of these birds. L'Albufera de València, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, has large areas of rice fields and is home to the third largest breeding colony of herons in Spain. Changes in water and rice field management that have occurred since the colony was last assessed (1990) may have affected the colony's reproductive performance. Clutch and brood size, and hatching, nesting and breeding success were estimated for Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Purple Heron Ardea purpurea, Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides (Ardeidae) and Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus (Threskiornithidae) in 2015–2017. The extent of flooding and cultivation of rice fields was assessed from February 2016 to June 2017. Reproductive parameters were related to the state of the rice fields. All reproductive output parameters were lower than those reported in the literature. In 2016, laying started earlier (at the end of April), when the fields were still dry and hatching started from May, after flooding. In 2017, peak hatching occurred in June, when the fields were sown. A significant relationship was found between breeding success and the area of sown fields, except for the Squacco Heron. We found that birds that initiated egg laying closer to the date of flooding had a relatively higher breeding success for the Little Egret, Glossy Ibis, Cattle Egret and Purple Heron. The success of nesting populations in this type of artificial wetland requires water management plans that synchronize flooding regimes and maintenance of flooded areas with the biological requirements of these species.
稻田传统上被认为是包括苍鹭在内的许多水鸟的主要觅食地。研究表明，田间管理和洪水周期影响了这些鸟类的生殖参数。位于伊比利亚半岛东海岸的L'Albufera de valnncia拥有大面积的稻田，是西班牙第三大苍鹭繁殖地。自上次对蜂群进行评估(1990年)以来，发生的水和稻田管理的变化可能影响了蜂群的繁殖性能。对2015-2017年灰鹭、紫鹭、黄鹭、小白鹭、灰鹭(鹭科)、白鹭(斑鹭科)、灰鹭(斑鹭科)、灰鹭(斑鹭科)的窝卵数、窝卵数、孵化、筑巢和繁殖成功率进行了分析。2016年2月至2017年6月对稻田的洪水和种植程度进行了评估。生殖参数与稻田状态有关。所有生殖输出参数均低于文献报道。在2016年，产卵开始得更早(4月底)，当时田地还很干燥，在洪水过后的5月开始孵化。在2017年，孵化高峰发生在6月，当时田地播种。除苍鹭外，其他品种的繁殖成功率与播种面积有显著关系。我们发现，在洪水发生日期附近开始产卵的鸟类，小白鹭、朱鹮、牛白鹭和紫鹭的繁殖成功率相对较高。在这种类型的人工湿地中，筑巢种群的成功需要水管理计划，使洪水制度和洪水地区的维护与这些物种的生物需求同步。
{"title":"Effects of Rice Field Phenology on Breeding Parameters of Heron Colonies in the East of the Iberian Peninsula","authors":"Mariela Forti, J. S. Monrós, P. Vera","doi":"10.5253/arde.v109i3.a12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v109i3.a12","url":null,"abstract":"Rice fields have traditionally been considered key feeding grounds for many waterbird species, including herons. Studies show that field management and flooding cycles influence the reproductive parameters of these birds. L'Albufera de València, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, has large areas of rice fields and is home to the third largest breeding colony of herons in Spain. Changes in water and rice field management that have occurred since the colony was last assessed (1990) may have affected the colony's reproductive performance. Clutch and brood size, and hatching, nesting and breeding success were estimated for Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Purple Heron Ardea purpurea, Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides (Ardeidae) and Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus (Threskiornithidae) in 2015–2017. The extent of flooding and cultivation of rice fields was assessed from February 2016 to June 2017. Reproductive parameters were related to the state of the rice fields. All reproductive output parameters were lower than those reported in the literature. In 2016, laying started earlier (at the end of April), when the fields were still dry and hatching started from May, after flooding. In 2017, peak hatching occurred in June, when the fields were sown. A significant relationship was found between breeding success and the area of sown fields, except for the Squacco Heron. We found that birds that initiated egg laying closer to the date of flooding had a relatively higher breeding success for the Little Egret, Glossy Ibis, Cattle Egret and Purple Heron. The success of nesting populations in this type of artificial wetland requires water management plans that synchronize flooding regimes and maintenance of flooded areas with the biological requirements of these species.","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"109 1","pages":"149 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42570527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We describe a vocal signal and associated postures shown by Eurasian Spoonbills Platalea leucorodia leucorodia just before the departure of (part of) the flock from a site, but also occurring in flight. Onomatopoetically called ‘ook’, it is a soft muffled sound that was noticed in Spoonbills at a stopover site during southward migration in southwestern France and at a post-breeding feeding site in The Netherlands. When making the ‘ook’-sounds, adults as well as juveniles contributed to what looked like dialogues, the sound of the juvenile having a higher pitch than that of the adult. On the basis of their specific occurrence in pre-departure contexts, we propose that the vocalizations function during collective decision-making, perhaps contributing to reach consensus before and during non-routine group movements from one place to another.
{"title":"Vocal Signalling by Eurasian Spoonbills Platalea leucorodia in Flocks before Migratory Departure","authors":"Florent Lagarde, T. Piersma","doi":"10.5253/arde.v109i3.a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v109i3.a8","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a vocal signal and associated postures shown by Eurasian Spoonbills Platalea leucorodia leucorodia just before the departure of (part of) the flock from a site, but also occurring in flight. Onomatopoetically called ‘ook’, it is a soft muffled sound that was noticed in Spoonbills at a stopover site during southward migration in southwestern France and at a post-breeding feeding site in The Netherlands. When making the ‘ook’-sounds, adults as well as juveniles contributed to what looked like dialogues, the sound of the juvenile having a higher pitch than that of the adult. On the basis of their specific occurrence in pre-departure contexts, we propose that the vocalizations function during collective decision-making, perhaps contributing to reach consensus before and during non-routine group movements from one place to another.","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"109 1","pages":"243 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46129089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sangeeth Sailas, S. Babu, P. Pramod, P. Karunakaran, H. N. Kumara
Northeast India, located in a global biodiversity hotspot, faces several biodiversity issues. These include shorter fallow periods between ‘jhum’ (shifting cultivation) cycles which give less time for forests to recoup, along with encroachment, logging and other developmental activities. This is leading to widespread habitat loss and degradation. In such a scenario, Community Reserves that largely make up the Protected Area network in Northeast India could likely act as refugia for several species. Our study explored how owls use these Reserves in the Garo Hills in Meghalaya. We conducted three temporal replicates in thirty-three 500 × 500 m grids between January and March 2020. Ecologically relevant site and sampling covariates were quantified in each grid along with owl counts. Occupancy and N-mixture models revealed that wind speed, temperature, humidity and survey start time had the greatest effect on the detection probability of owls. On the other hand, occupancy and abundance were most influenced by slope, distance to water body, disturbance and tree structural characteristics (girth and tree height heterogeneity). With these findings, we highlight the importance of preserving water bodies and old-growth forests in Community Reserves of the Garo Hills landscape, which seem to be acting as refugia for the Brown Wood-owl Strix leptogrammica, an old-growth forest specialist thought to be currently in decline.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Habitat Use by Owls in a Mosaic Landscape in the Garo Hills, Northeast India","authors":"S. Sangeeth Sailas, S. Babu, P. Pramod, P. Karunakaran, H. N. Kumara","doi":"10.5253/arde.v109i3.a10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v109i3.a10","url":null,"abstract":"Northeast India, located in a global biodiversity hotspot, faces several biodiversity issues. These include shorter fallow periods between ‘jhum’ (shifting cultivation) cycles which give less time for forests to recoup, along with encroachment, logging and other developmental activities. This is leading to widespread habitat loss and degradation. In such a scenario, Community Reserves that largely make up the Protected Area network in Northeast India could likely act as refugia for several species. Our study explored how owls use these Reserves in the Garo Hills in Meghalaya. We conducted three temporal replicates in thirty-three 500 × 500 m grids between January and March 2020. Ecologically relevant site and sampling covariates were quantified in each grid along with owl counts. Occupancy and N-mixture models revealed that wind speed, temperature, humidity and survey start time had the greatest effect on the detection probability of owls. On the other hand, occupancy and abundance were most influenced by slope, distance to water body, disturbance and tree structural characteristics (girth and tree height heterogeneity). With these findings, we highlight the importance of preserving water bodies and old-growth forests in Community Reserves of the Garo Hills landscape, which seem to be acting as refugia for the Brown Wood-owl Strix leptogrammica, an old-growth forest specialist thought to be currently in decline.","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"109 1","pages":"185 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47361529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Individual diet specialization is known to occur in populations of generalist predators, where specific individuals develop specialist feeding strategies. Diet specialization has been reported in many raptor species and it may be an important driver of intraspecific population structure. Here, we quantify the diet of Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus from five breeding territories on an island determined from prey remains collected over four breeding seasons. Three prey species accounted for 69.8% of total prey frequency, with Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus being the primary prey accounting for 47.3% by frequency and 40.8% by biomass. European Herring Gull Larus argentatus was the second most important prey species by frequency (13.8%) and biomass (29.8%) followed by Feral Pigeon Columba livia (frequency: 8.7%, biomass: 7.0%). Prey frequency on specific prey groups varied substantially between breeding pairs and months. Two pairs specialized on Manx Shearwater, one pair specialized on Herring Gull and Manx Shearwater, with the remaining two pairs having a relatively generalist diet of Manx Shearwaters, Feral Pigeon and small passerines. Prey frequency on Manx Shearwaters increased throughout the breeding season with a peak in total diet frequency of 63.8% in July, with a concurrent decrease in Herring Gull prey frequency. Higher percentage of Manx Shearwater in the diet explained 87% of the variation in a narrower dietary breadth for the Peregrine pairs. Our results suggest individual diet specialization may be one of multiple factors important for understanding population density in insular raptor populations.
{"title":"Diet Specialization in an Insular Population of Coastal Peregrine Falcons","authors":"L. Sutton, Sebastian W. Loram","doi":"10.5253/arde.2022.a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.2022.a5","url":null,"abstract":"Individual diet specialization is known to occur in populations of generalist predators, where specific individuals develop specialist feeding strategies. Diet specialization has been reported in many raptor species and it may be an important driver of intraspecific population structure. Here, we quantify the diet of Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus from five breeding territories on an island determined from prey remains collected over four breeding seasons. Three prey species accounted for 69.8% of total prey frequency, with Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus being the primary prey accounting for 47.3% by frequency and 40.8% by biomass. European Herring Gull Larus argentatus was the second most important prey species by frequency (13.8%) and biomass (29.8%) followed by Feral Pigeon Columba livia (frequency: 8.7%, biomass: 7.0%). Prey frequency on specific prey groups varied substantially between breeding pairs and months. Two pairs specialized on Manx Shearwater, one pair specialized on Herring Gull and Manx Shearwater, with the remaining two pairs having a relatively generalist diet of Manx Shearwaters, Feral Pigeon and small passerines. Prey frequency on Manx Shearwaters increased throughout the breeding season with a peak in total diet frequency of 63.8% in July, with a concurrent decrease in Herring Gull prey frequency. Higher percentage of Manx Shearwater in the diet explained 87% of the variation in a narrower dietary breadth for the Peregrine pairs. Our results suggest individual diet specialization may be one of multiple factors important for understanding population density in insular raptor populations.","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"110 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49451877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rock Nuthatches comprise two morphologically similar species: Western Rock Nuthatch Sitta neumayer and Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta tephronota, with several subspecies within each species. These two species are closely related, and the two together are often considered an offshoot of the Sitta europaea group. The Western Rock Nuthatch is distributed across the Balkans to the Caucasus and Iran while the Eastern Rock Nuthatch is distributed across Eastern Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Using partial mitochondrial ND2 and ND3 gene sequences from populations throughout the distribution ranges and ecological niche modelling, we investigated the genetic structure and biogeographic history of these bird species. Two well-differentiated and supported clades in each species indicated a reciprocal monophyly with no gene flow between birds in the Zagros Mountains and other populations. Ecological niche modelling suggested population contraction in their potential habitat during the Last Glacial Maximum. The genetic differentiation in Zagros Mountains indicates that the post-glacial colonization of most of the Rock Nuthatch distribution range occurred from refugia located elsewhere than the Zagros Mountains. Given that Rock Nuthatches in the Zagros Mountains have long constituted an isolated population, there may be two phylogenetic species within each Rock Nuthatch species. Further genetic studies should be performed for taxonomic clarification.
{"title":"Mitochondrial Differentiation and Biogeography of Rock Nuthatches","authors":"Can Elverici, Banu Şebnem Önder, Utku Perktaş","doi":"10.5253/arde.v109i3.a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v109i3.a5","url":null,"abstract":"Rock Nuthatches comprise two morphologically similar species: Western Rock Nuthatch Sitta neumayer and Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta tephronota, with several subspecies within each species. These two species are closely related, and the two together are often considered an offshoot of the Sitta europaea group. The Western Rock Nuthatch is distributed across the Balkans to the Caucasus and Iran while the Eastern Rock Nuthatch is distributed across Eastern Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Using partial mitochondrial ND2 and ND3 gene sequences from populations throughout the distribution ranges and ecological niche modelling, we investigated the genetic structure and biogeographic history of these bird species. Two well-differentiated and supported clades in each species indicated a reciprocal monophyly with no gene flow between birds in the Zagros Mountains and other populations. Ecological niche modelling suggested population contraction in their potential habitat during the Last Glacial Maximum. The genetic differentiation in Zagros Mountains indicates that the post-glacial colonization of most of the Rock Nuthatch distribution range occurred from refugia located elsewhere than the Zagros Mountains. Given that Rock Nuthatches in the Zagros Mountains have long constituted an isolated population, there may be two phylogenetic species within each Rock Nuthatch species. Further genetic studies should be performed for taxonomic clarification.","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"109 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44471008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Barboutis, C. Kassara, O. Alexandrou, G. Catsadorakis
Understanding spatiotemporal dynamics in wildlife populations is of paramount importance for their effective conservation, however longitudinal studies are relatively scarce for most animal groups. Waterbirds are an exception however, since midwinter surveys have been implemented in most areas of the world for over four decades. The Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus is a globally threatened emblematic wetland species of the Palearctic, with a wide distribution in Europe and Asia. Its global population is divided into three distinct groups that coincide with the Black Sea-Mediterranean Flyway, the Central Asian Flyway and the East Asian Flyway. In this study we used International Waterfowl Census data to assess long-term changes in the wintering population of the Dalmatian Pelican pertaining to the Black Sea-Mediterranean Flyway. We report national and regional population trends in SE Europe and Turkey and explore spatiotemporal patterns in the wintering numbers and distribution of the species in relation to climate variability during the last two decades. Our key findings suggest that during the past 30 years the abundance of wintering Pelicans increased across the entire study area. Within the eastern subpopulation this increase was most accentuated in the northern edge of the species' wintering distribution, which was associated with a local warming trend, and was coupled with a north-eastern shift in the distribution pattern, yet not driven by climate conditions. Other contributing factors, such as winter site fidelity, local food availability, finer scale climatic and habitat conditions, but also carry-over effects should be considered in future studies. Given the advancement of first laying dates in Dalmatian Pelicans in almost all breeding sites and the strict timing of IWC counts, we also propose the implementation of species-specific winter surveys, independently from IWC, to obtain a more thorough understanding of the dynamics of the Dalmatian Pelican's wintering population.
{"title":"Long-Term Changes in the Wintering Population of the Dalmatian Pelican along the Black Sea-Mediterranean Flyway","authors":"C. Barboutis, C. Kassara, O. Alexandrou, G. Catsadorakis","doi":"10.5253/arde.v109i3.a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v109i3.a4","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding spatiotemporal dynamics in wildlife populations is of paramount importance for their effective conservation, however longitudinal studies are relatively scarce for most animal groups. Waterbirds are an exception however, since midwinter surveys have been implemented in most areas of the world for over four decades. The Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus is a globally threatened emblematic wetland species of the Palearctic, with a wide distribution in Europe and Asia. Its global population is divided into three distinct groups that coincide with the Black Sea-Mediterranean Flyway, the Central Asian Flyway and the East Asian Flyway. In this study we used International Waterfowl Census data to assess long-term changes in the wintering population of the Dalmatian Pelican pertaining to the Black Sea-Mediterranean Flyway. We report national and regional population trends in SE Europe and Turkey and explore spatiotemporal patterns in the wintering numbers and distribution of the species in relation to climate variability during the last two decades. Our key findings suggest that during the past 30 years the abundance of wintering Pelicans increased across the entire study area. Within the eastern subpopulation this increase was most accentuated in the northern edge of the species' wintering distribution, which was associated with a local warming trend, and was coupled with a north-eastern shift in the distribution pattern, yet not driven by climate conditions. Other contributing factors, such as winter site fidelity, local food availability, finer scale climatic and habitat conditions, but also carry-over effects should be considered in future studies. Given the advancement of first laying dates in Dalmatian Pelicans in almost all breeding sites and the strict timing of IWC counts, we also propose the implementation of species-specific winter surveys, independently from IWC, to obtain a more thorough understanding of the dynamics of the Dalmatian Pelican's wintering population.","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"109 1","pages":"1 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45242947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Marova, I. Ilyina, P. Kvartalnov, V. Grabovsky, M. Belokon, E. Solovyova, V. Ivanitskii
The Chiffchaff superspecies complex occupies almost the entire Palearctic and includes many taxa of different ranks. It is traditionally considered to be one of the most complex problems in the taxonomy of Palearctic birds. We present new data on the genetics, morphology and bioacoustics of the Chiffchaff taxa found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Kopet Dagh: ‘greenish' brevirostris, caucasicus, menzbieri and ‘brownish' lorenzii. In southern Turkey, two Chiffchaffs were identified which carried a novel haplotype, recently discovered in Northern Israel. Both individuals from Turkey looked somewhat brighter and more yellowish than typical brevirostris, but their song clearly corresponded to the brevirostris dialect. The form brevirostris, inhabiting the western and central regions of Northern Turkey, was found to be the most distinct among all ‘greenish’ taxa, due to its small body size, wing formula and distinct vocal dialect. Paradoxically, the mitochondrial DNA of brevirostris is almost identical with caucasicus, whereas, in this respect, menzbieri is different from both. We believe that this paradox can be explained if we suppose that caucasicus originated during the ancient hybridization of brevirostris and menzbieri. The relationships between brevirostris and lorenzii, in the mountainous regions of eastern Turkey, show the mismatch between phenotypic and genotypic traits in some individuals that could also be a result of hybridization.
{"title":"From the Bosporus to Kopet Dagh: Morphological, Genetic and Bioacoustic Variation in the Chiffchaff in Turkey, the Caucasus and Western Turkmenistan","authors":"I. Marova, I. Ilyina, P. Kvartalnov, V. Grabovsky, M. Belokon, E. Solovyova, V. Ivanitskii","doi":"10.5253/arde.v109i3.a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v109i3.a3","url":null,"abstract":"The Chiffchaff superspecies complex occupies almost the entire Palearctic and includes many taxa of different ranks. It is traditionally considered to be one of the most complex problems in the taxonomy of Palearctic birds. We present new data on the genetics, morphology and bioacoustics of the Chiffchaff taxa found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Kopet Dagh: ‘greenish' brevirostris, caucasicus, menzbieri and ‘brownish' lorenzii. In southern Turkey, two Chiffchaffs were identified which carried a novel haplotype, recently discovered in Northern Israel. Both individuals from Turkey looked somewhat brighter and more yellowish than typical brevirostris, but their song clearly corresponded to the brevirostris dialect. The form brevirostris, inhabiting the western and central regions of Northern Turkey, was found to be the most distinct among all ‘greenish’ taxa, due to its small body size, wing formula and distinct vocal dialect. Paradoxically, the mitochondrial DNA of brevirostris is almost identical with caucasicus, whereas, in this respect, menzbieri is different from both. We believe that this paradox can be explained if we suppose that caucasicus originated during the ancient hybridization of brevirostris and menzbieri. The relationships between brevirostris and lorenzii, in the mountainous regions of eastern Turkey, show the mismatch between phenotypic and genotypic traits in some individuals that could also be a result of hybridization.","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"109 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45891777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
factors. For example, the organism’s own sex (Záryb nická et al. 2015, Loonstra et al. 2018, Nogueira et al. 2019), the amount of parental investment (Eising et al. 2001, Hsu et al. 2019), food abundance (Zárybnická et al. 2015) and sibling competition (Nilsson & Svensson 1996, Royle et al. 1999) have all been shown to affect growth. Because body size is a major determinant of individual fitness (Peters 1983), how it develops and what factors influence it are important questions in evolutionary ecology. Sibling rivalry is an important factor to consider when discussing growth patterns in most avian species. Hatching order often shapes competitive hierarchies between nestlings (Lack 1947, Mock & Parker 1998), as later-hatched chicks are usually allocated less food, which results in poor growth or death. Furthermore, hormone levels may also alter the hierarchy, as androgens are related to the intensity of nestling behaviours such as begging and aggressiveness (Groothuis & Schwabl 2008). It is important to note that a relative power balance Growth curves of Ryukyu Scops Owl nestlings, an owl species with asynchronous hatching and reversed sexual dimorphism
因素。例如，生物体自身的性别（Záryb-nickáet al.2015，Loonstra et al.2018，Nogueira et al.2019）、父母的投资额（Eising et al.2001，Hsu et al.2019。因为体型是个体健康的主要决定因素（Peters 1983），所以它是如何发展的以及哪些因素影响它是进化生态学中的重要问题。在讨论大多数鸟类的生长模式时，兄弟姐妹之间的竞争是一个需要考虑的重要因素。孵化顺序通常会形成雏鸟之间的竞争等级（Lack 1947，Mock&Parker 1998），因为后期孵化的雏鸟通常分配较少的食物，这会导致生长不良或死亡。此外，激素水平也可能改变等级，因为雄性激素与乞讨和攻击性等筑巢行为的强度有关（Groothuis&Schwabl，2008）。值得注意的是，琉球Scops Owl雏鸟的相对力量平衡生长曲线，这是一种孵化不同步、两性异形相反的猫头鹰
{"title":"Growth Curves of Ryukyu Scops Owl Nestlings, an Owl Species with Asynchronous Hatching and Reversed Sexual Dimorphism","authors":"A. Sawada, Kana Akatani, M. Takagi","doi":"10.5253/ARDE.V109I3.A1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/ARDE.V109I3.A1","url":null,"abstract":"factors. For example, the organism’s own sex (Záryb nická et al. 2015, Loonstra et al. 2018, Nogueira et al. 2019), the amount of parental investment (Eising et al. 2001, Hsu et al. 2019), food abundance (Zárybnická et al. 2015) and sibling competition (Nilsson & Svensson 1996, Royle et al. 1999) have all been shown to affect growth. Because body size is a major determinant of individual fitness (Peters 1983), how it develops and what factors influence it are important questions in evolutionary ecology. Sibling rivalry is an important factor to consider when discussing growth patterns in most avian species. Hatching order often shapes competitive hierarchies between nestlings (Lack 1947, Mock & Parker 1998), as later-hatched chicks are usually allocated less food, which results in poor growth or death. Furthermore, hormone levels may also alter the hierarchy, as androgens are related to the intensity of nestling behaviours such as begging and aggressiveness (Groothuis & Schwabl 2008). It is important to note that a relative power balance Growth curves of Ryukyu Scops Owl nestlings, an owl species with asynchronous hatching and reversed sexual dimorphism","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46270530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Arizaga, Marcelo Brongo, Luis Romero, Juan F. Cuadrado, D. Giralt, F. Sardà‐Palomera, Sergi Sales, G. Bota
We aimed to describe the morphologic and isotopic differences of European Goldfinches Carduelis carduelis according to their migratory behaviour or geographic origin. We compared morphologic and isotopic variables between birds caught in two different obligatory migratory pathways (eastern and western border of the Pyrenees) and throughout the post-breeding period (from late summer to winter). The isotopic and morphological traits varied across seasons (from autumn to winter), indicating that birds captured later in the season had traits typical of longer-distance migrants that come from regions situated further north. Moreover, our results suggest that Goldfinches caught in the eastern and western borders of the Pyrenees slightly differ in body size and in one of the two colour patch-associated traits, but not in their flight apparatus or isotopic values, these last being more strongly related to their areas of origin. Such observed regional differences, therefore, may be more strongly related to other selection pressures.
{"title":"The Role of Mountain Ranges in Shaping Population-Associated Routes of Migration: A Case Study of European Goldfinches in the Pyrenees","authors":"J. Arizaga, Marcelo Brongo, Luis Romero, Juan F. Cuadrado, D. Giralt, F. Sardà‐Palomera, Sergi Sales, G. Bota","doi":"10.5253/arde.v109i3.a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v109i3.a2","url":null,"abstract":"We aimed to describe the morphologic and isotopic differences of European Goldfinches Carduelis carduelis according to their migratory behaviour or geographic origin. We compared morphologic and isotopic variables between birds caught in two different obligatory migratory pathways (eastern and western border of the Pyrenees) and throughout the post-breeding period (from late summer to winter). The isotopic and morphological traits varied across seasons (from autumn to winter), indicating that birds captured later in the season had traits typical of longer-distance migrants that come from regions situated further north. Moreover, our results suggest that Goldfinches caught in the eastern and western borders of the Pyrenees slightly differ in body size and in one of the two colour patch-associated traits, but not in their flight apparatus or isotopic values, these last being more strongly related to their areas of origin. Such observed regional differences, therefore, may be more strongly related to other selection pressures.","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"109 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43913724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. A. Arias-Sosa, J. Vargas-Puentes, Carolina Ramos-Montaño, Ariel S. Espinosa-Blanco
The Colombian Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris peregrina is an endemic bird of the Colombian Andean Plateau that is endangered due to habitat loss. Information on the population status, habitat use and reproductive biology of this species is therefore vital. We studied these aspects in the La Copa reservoir, where the largest population of this species is found. First, we determined at which locations around the reservoir it was present. At these locations, we used fixed-width transects to estimate its abundance and densities in different habitats for eight months. We monitored its reproductive biology, through behavioural observations and nest tracing during 12 months. The species was only present in plain areas with sparse short vegetation, using grassland, cropland or a mix of the two. Population densities varied significantly between habitats, being high (5.7 birds/ha) in extensive grasslands and medium to low in mixed cropland-grassland (1.1 birds/ha) and cropland (0.41 birds/ha). These differences may be related to the presence of grazing, flooding dynamics, the density of perennial forbs, the size of the grassland fields and the detrimental effect of toxic pesticides used for crop production. We estimated that 133 to 230 (95% CI) individuals (mostly adults), inhabit the entire reservoir. This is a significant number since it may represent 13–23% of the Colombian Horned Lark population. Finally, we present our data on the reproductive cycle of these larks.
{"title":"Population Status, Habitat Use and Breeding Biology of the Endangered Colombian Horned Lark in an Andean Wetland","authors":"L. A. Arias-Sosa, J. Vargas-Puentes, Carolina Ramos-Montaño, Ariel S. Espinosa-Blanco","doi":"10.5253/arde.v109i1.a6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v109i1.a6","url":null,"abstract":"The Colombian Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris peregrina is an endemic bird of the Colombian Andean Plateau that is endangered due to habitat loss. Information on the population status, habitat use and reproductive biology of this species is therefore vital. We studied these aspects in the La Copa reservoir, where the largest population of this species is found. First, we determined at which locations around the reservoir it was present. At these locations, we used fixed-width transects to estimate its abundance and densities in different habitats for eight months. We monitored its reproductive biology, through behavioural observations and nest tracing during 12 months. The species was only present in plain areas with sparse short vegetation, using grassland, cropland or a mix of the two. Population densities varied significantly between habitats, being high (5.7 birds/ha) in extensive grasslands and medium to low in mixed cropland-grassland (1.1 birds/ha) and cropland (0.41 birds/ha). These differences may be related to the presence of grazing, flooding dynamics, the density of perennial forbs, the size of the grassland fields and the detrimental effect of toxic pesticides used for crop production. We estimated that 133 to 230 (95% CI) individuals (mostly adults), inhabit the entire reservoir. This is a significant number since it may represent 13–23% of the Colombian Horned Lark population. Finally, we present our data on the reproductive cycle of these larks.","PeriodicalId":55463,"journal":{"name":"Ardea","volume":"109 1","pages":"5 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41652216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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