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Current Understanding of Novel Coronavirus: Molecular Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Approaches 目前对新型冠状病毒的认识:分子发病机制、诊断和治疗方法
Pub Date : 2021-03-26 DOI: 10.3390/IMMUNO1010004
N. Jha, Madhan Jeyaraman, gupta, S. Ojha, K. Dua, D. Chellappan, S. Muthu, Ankur Sharma, S. Jha, R. Jain, Naveen Jeyaraman, Prajwal Gs, Rohit Satyam, Fahad Khan, P. Pandey, Nandini Verma, S. Singh, S. Roychoudhury, S. Dholpuria, J. Ruokolainen, K. Kesari
An outbreak of “Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology” occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Later, the agent factor was identified and coined as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a shorter period, this newly emergent infection brought the world to a standstill. On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. Researchers across the globe have joined their hands to investigate SARS-CoV-2 in terms of pathogenicity, transmissibility, and deduce therapeutics to subjugate this infection. The researchers and scholars practicing different arts of medicine are on an extensive quest to come up with safer ways to curb the pathological implications of this viral infection. A huge number of clinical trials are underway from the branch of allopathy and naturopathy. Besides, a paradigm shift on cellular therapy and nano-medicine protocols has to be optimized for better clinical and functional outcomes of COVID-19-affected individuals. This article unveils a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis mode of spread, and various treatment modalities to combat COVID-19 disease.
2019年12月下旬,中国武汉爆发了“不明原因肺炎”疫情。随后,该因子被确定并命名为“严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2”(SARS-CoV-2),并被命名为“冠状病毒病2019”(COVID-19)。在较短的时间内,这种新出现的感染使世界陷入停滞。2020年3月11日,世卫组织宣布COVID-19为大流行。世界各地的研究人员已经联手调查SARS-CoV-2的致病性、传播性,并推断出治疗方法来征服这种感染。从事不同医学艺术的研究人员和学者正在广泛寻求更安全的方法来遏制这种病毒感染的病理影响。对抗疗法和自然疗法的分支正在进行大量的临床试验。此外,必须优化细胞治疗和纳米医学方案的范式转变,以使受covid -19影响的个体获得更好的临床和功能结果。本文综述了新型冠状病毒病的发病机制、传播方式和各种治疗方法。
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引用次数: 18
Potential Beneficial Effects of Vitamin K in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Vascular Disease? 维生素K对SARS-CoV-2诱导的血管疾病的潜在有益作用?
Pub Date : 2021-02-17 DOI: 10.3390/IMMUNO1010003
M. Kudelko, Tsz-fung Yip, G. C. T. Law, S. M. Lee
Prevalent coagulopathy and thromboembolism are observed in severe COVID-19 patients with 40% of COVID-19 mortality being associated with cardiovascular complications. Abnormal coagulation parameters are related to poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Victims also displayed presence of extensive thrombosis in infected lungs. Vitamin K is well-known to play an essential role in the coagulation system. Latest study revealed an existing correlation between vitamin K deficiency and COVID-19 severity, highlighting a role of vitamin K, probably via coagulation modulation. In agreement, other recent studies also indicated that anti-coagulant treatments can reduce mortality in severe cases. Altogether, potential mechanisms linking COVID-19 with coagulopathy in which vitamin K may exert its modulating role in coagulation related with disease pathogenesis are established. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence supporting COVID-19 as a vascular disease and explore the potential benefits of using vitamin K against COVID-19 to improve disease outcomes.
在重症COVID-19患者中观察到普遍存在凝血功能障碍和血栓栓塞,40%的COVID-19死亡率与心血管并发症有关。凝血参数异常与COVID-19患者预后不良有关。受害者还显示受感染的肺部存在广泛的血栓形成。众所周知,维生素K在凝血系统中起着重要作用。最新研究显示,维生素K缺乏与COVID-19严重程度之间存在相关性,强调了维生素K的作用,可能是通过凝血调节。与此一致的是,最近的其他研究也表明抗凝治疗可以降低重症患者的死亡率。综上所述,我们建立了COVID-19与凝血病之间的潜在联系机制,其中维生素K可能在与疾病发病机制相关的凝血中发挥调节作用。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了支持COVID-19是一种血管疾病的最新证据,并探讨了使用维生素K对抗COVID-19以改善疾病结局的潜在益处。
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引用次数: 13
Immuno—A New Multidisciplinary Open Access Journal for Immunological Science and Medicine 免疫-一个新的多学科开放获取免疫科学和医学杂志
Pub Date : 2021-01-19 DOI: 10.3390/IMMUNO1010002
T. Torigoe
Welcome to Immuno [...]
欢迎来到Immuno[…]
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引用次数: 0
Reprogramming of Central Carbon Metabolism in Myeloid Cells upon Innate Immune Receptor Stimulation 先天免疫受体刺激下髓细胞中央碳代谢的重编程
Pub Date : 2021-01-11 DOI: 10.3390/IMMUNO1010001
L. Perrin-Cocon, Olivier Diaz, Anne Aublin-Gex, P. Vidalain, V. Lotteau
Immunometabolism is a relatively new field of research that aims at understanding interconnections between the immune system and cellular metabolism. This is now well-documented for innate immune cells of the myeloid lineage such as macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) when they engage their differentiation or activation programs. Several studies have shown that stimulation of DCs or macrophages by the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to increased glycolytic activity and rewiring of central carbon metabolism. These metabolic modulations are essential to support and settle immunological functions by providing energy and immunoregulatory metabolites. As the understanding of molecular mechanisms progressed, significant differences between cell types and species have also been discovered. Pathways leading to the regulation of central carbon metabolism in macrophages and DCs by PRR signaling and consequences on cellular functions are reviewed here.
免疫代谢是一个相对较新的研究领域,旨在了解免疫系统和细胞代谢之间的相互联系。对于骨髓谱系的先天免疫细胞,如巨噬细胞和骨髓树突状细胞(DCs),当它们参与分化或激活程序时,这一点已经得到了充分的证明。一些研究表明,通过病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)与模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor, PRRs)结合刺激DCs或巨噬细胞,可导致糖酵解活性增加和中枢碳代谢的重新连接。这些代谢调节通过提供能量和免疫调节代谢物来支持和稳定免疫功能是必不可少的。随着对分子机制的深入了解,也发现了细胞类型和物种之间的显著差异。本文综述了通过PRR信号调控巨噬细胞和DCs中枢碳代谢的途径及其对细胞功能的影响。
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引用次数: 2
La carence maternelle en vitamine B12 : quelles conséquences pour le nouveau-né ? À propos d’un cas marocain 母亲缺乏维生素B12:对新生儿有什么后果?关于一个摩洛哥案例
Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.immbio.2013.06.002
S. Elmachtani Idrissi , N. El Omri , R. El Jaoudi , F. Chibani , A. Biaze , A. Dami , S. Bouhsain , Z. Ouzzif , L. Chabraoui

The stock of newborn vitamin B12 (VitB12) comes exclusively from placental transfer. After dietary diversification, the VitB12 is provided by foods of animal origin. The aim of this observation is to point out the serious consequences of maternal VitB12 deficiency for infants exclusively breastfed and the importance of early diagnosis of this pathology. This observation is a concrete feature of daily collaboration between clinician and biologist, which is an essential point of the ISO standard EN 15189 concerning laboratories accreditation.

Le stock en vitamine B12 (VitB12) du nouveau-né provient exclusivement du transfert placentaire. Après la diversification alimentaire, la VitB12 est apportée par les aliments d’origine animale. L’objectif de notre observation est de faire le point sur les conséquences gravissimes de la carence maternelle en VitB12 pour le nourrisson nourri exclusivement au sein ainsi que l’importance du diagnostic précoce de cette pathologie. Cette observation est un exemple concret de collaboration clinicien-biologiste, permettant le respect de la norme ISO EN 15189 sur l’accréditation des laboratoires.

新生儿维生素B12 (VitB12)的储备完全来自胎盘移植。饮食多样化后,维生素b12由动物源性食物提供。本观察的目的是指出母亲维生素b12缺乏对纯母乳喂养婴儿的严重后果,以及早期诊断这种病理的重要性。这种观察是临床医生和生物学家之间日常合作的一个具体特征,这是ISO标准EN 15189关于实验室认证的要点。Le stock en维生素B12 (VitB12) du nouveau- neveent排他杜转移胎盘。在多样化食品中,VitB12是指原产动物的营养成分。目的:观察妊娠期妊娠期的妊娠期,观察妊娠期的妊娠期和妊娠期的妊娠期,观察妊娠期的妊娠期和妊娠期的妊娠期。临床医师与生物学家合作的典型混凝土观察试验,渗透性试验,符合标准的ISO EN 15189标准。
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引用次数: 0
Les thrombopénies fœtales et néonatales alloimmunes 同种免疫胎儿和新生儿血栓减少
Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.immbio.2013.04.005
G. Bertrand, C. Kaplan

Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia may be regarded as the platelet counterpart of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. The most feared complication of this syndrome is the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage leading to death or neurological sequels. With advances in the diagnosis and management of the index case and of pregnancies at risk, the prognosis of affected infants has improved. Further research must focus on the mechanisms of maternal sensitization and development of specific therapy. Collaborative and large-scale studies are necessary.

Les thrombopénies fœtales et néonatales alloimmunes, équivalents plaquettaires de la maladie hémolytique du nouveau-né, ne sont pas des évènements rares. En cas de thrombopénie sévère, la survenue d’hémorragie intracrânienne altère le pronostic avec risque de décès ou séquelles neurologiques graves. La prise en charge thérapeutique du cas index et des grossesses futures dépend donc du diagnostic biologique amélioré par le développement de techniques de laboratoire de plus en plus sensibles et fiables. Des études collaboratives sont nécessaires afin de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de l’immunisation maternelle et de mettre en œuvre un dépistage adéquat, un traitement spécifique, voire une éventuelle prévention.

- and新生儿alloimmune thrombocytopenia may be as the犯platelet对口of hemolytic disease of the包皮材料(la。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查,这个县的面积为,其中土地和(1.1%)水。随着病例指数和高危妊娠诊断和管理方面的进展,受影响婴儿的预后有所改善。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查,这个县的面积为。需要进行合作和大规模的研究。同种免疫胎儿和新生儿血栓减少,相当于新生儿溶血性疾病的血小板,并不罕见。在严重血栓减少的情况下,颅内出血的发生改变预后,有死亡或严重神经后遗症的风险。因此,索引病例和未来怀孕的治疗管理依赖于日益敏感和可靠的实验室技术的发展所改进的生物学诊断。需要进行合作研究,以更好地了解孕产妇免疫的病理生理学,并实施适当的筛查、具体治疗,甚至可能的预防。
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引用次数: 2
Activité adénosine désaminase pleurale : un outil de choix pour le diagnostic des pleurésies tuberculeuses dans les pays à haute prévalence 胸膜腺苷脱敏酶活性:高流行国家结核性胸膜炎诊断的首选工具
Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.immbio.2013.09.002
H. Delacour , C. Ficko , A. Bousquet , S. Bugier , É. Fontan , F. Ceppa

Dans les zones de haute prévalence tuberculeuse, les pleurésies tuberculeuses constituent la première étiologie des pleurésies séro-fibrineuses. De nombreux biomarqueurs, dont la détermination de l’activité adénosine désaminase pleurale, ont été proposé pour aider au diagnostic de cette entité clinique et palier les limites des outils diagnostics classiques (examen direct, culture…). Bien que de nombreuses études aient démontré l’intérêt de la détermination de l’activité adénosine désaminase pleurale, ce marqueur reste assez méconnu. L’objectif de cet article est de rappeler son intérêt en axant notre propos sur les pays à forte prévalence tuberculeuse.

Tuberculous pleurisy (TP) is one of the most common aetiologies of lymphocytic predominant pleural effusion in tuberculous endemic areas. Its definitive diagnosis depends on isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the pleural effusion or pleural tissue, but mycobacterial culture requires weeks to obtain the results and exhibits poor performances. Also various biomarkers, including pleural adenosine deaminase activity (ADA), have been proposed to assist the diagnosis of TP. Many studies have investigated the usefulness of this biomarker for the early diagnosis of TP. Measurement of ADA in pleural effusion is thus likely to be a useful diagnosis tool for TP.

在结核流行率高的地区,结核性胸膜炎是血清纤维蛋白性胸膜炎的主要病因。许多生物标志物,包括胸膜腺苷脱氨酶活性的测定,已经被提出来帮助诊断这一临床实体,并克服传统诊断工具(直接检查,培养…)的局限性。虽然许多研究已经证明了测定胸膜腺苷脱氨酶活性的价值,但这一标记物仍然相当未知。本文的目的是通过关注结核病流行率高的国家来唤起人们的兴趣。结核性胸膜炎(TP)是结核特有地区以淋巴细胞为主的胸膜积液最常见的病因之一。它的最终诊断取决于从胸膜分枝杆菌或胸膜组织中分离出结核分枝杆菌,但分枝杆菌培养需要数周时间才能得到结果,表现很差。此外,一些生物标志物,包括胸膜腺苷脱氨酶活性(ADA),已经被提出来帮助诊断帕金森病。许多研究已经调查了这种生物标记物在早期诊断帕金纳氏病方面的用途。因此,胸膜积液中ADA的测量可能是诊断pd的有用工具。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of a combinational prophylactic transdermal patch by Ames test 用Ames试验评价联合预防性透皮贴剂的致突变性潜力
Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.immbio.2013.07.004
S. Banerjee , S. Singh , R. Policegoudra , P. Chattopadhyay , A. Ghosh , V. Veer

Aims

The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay is a short-term bacterial reverse mutation assay specifically designed to detect a wide range of that chemical substances which can produce genetic damage that leads to gene mutations.

Methods

In this study, we evaluated the mutagenic potential of prophylactic transdermal patches containing eserine and pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) and its placebo patches using TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1538 strains of Salmonella typhimurium by Ames test. Characterization of the patches was done before the initiation of the study. The assays were performed according to the plate incorporation procedure described by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recommendations and Ames and Whitfield spot test procedure.

Results

Both eserine and 2-PAM drugs impregnated patches along with drug unimpregnated patches were not found to be mutagenic.

Conclusion

This investigation reflects that the patches are non-mutagenic and safe for human use.

Objectifs

Le test Ames de mutagénicité à partir de microsomes de Salmonella est un réactif capable de mettre en évidence à court terme la reversion d’une souche auxotrophe, ce qui permet d’étudier une grande variété de composés chimiques susceptibles de provoquer des mutations géniques.

Méthodes

Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué à l’aide du test Ames le potentiel mutagénique de patchs transdermiques prophylactiques sur différentes souches de Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535 et TA1538). Ces patchs contenaient de l’ésérine, du chlorure de pralidoxime (2-PAM) et des placebos. L’analyse des patchs a été réalisée avant le début des expérimentations. La technique de l’incorporation aux plaques de culture est celle décrite dans les recommandations de l’OCDE (Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques), de la Société Ames et du spot test de Whitfield.

Résultats

Les patchs imprégnés d’ésérine et de 2-PAM, de même que les patchs placebo, ne se sont pas révélés mutagènes.

Conclusion

Nos travaux montrent que les patchs analysés sont non mutagènes et donc utilisables pour un emploi chez l’Homme.

目的艾姆斯沙门氏菌/微粒体诱变试验是一种短期细菌反向突变试验,专门用于检测可产生导致基因突变的遗传损伤的各种化学物质。方法以鼠伤寒沙门菌TA98、TA100、TA1535和TA1538菌株为研究对象,采用Ames试验对含eserine和pralid肟氯(2-PAM)的预防性透皮贴剂及其安慰剂贴剂的致突变性进行评价。在研究开始前对斑块进行了表征。根据经济合作与发展组织(OECD)推荐的平板纳入程序和Ames和Whitfield现场试验程序进行测定。结果eserine和2-PAM药物浸渍贴片与未浸渍贴片均无致突变性。结论该贴片具有非诱变性,可安全用于人体。目的:对变异的大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、大肠杆菌进行检测。msamothodesdans ceetetetans, nous avons samoetvaluest, l 'aide du test, Ames, potential mutagsamagnique de patches transdermiques preventactiques sur disamentsoches de Salmonella typhimium (TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1538)。塞斯补丁的内容是:1 ' samssamriine, 2-PAM和安慰剂。我要分析的是,这些数据都是与其他数据相关联的。《组织技术》、《组织技术》、《组织技术》、《组织技术》、《组织技术》、《组织技术》、《组织技术》和《组织技术》。ResultatsLes斑块内impregnes d 'eserine et de 2-PAM de meme, les斑块内安慰剂,不se是陶醉诱变剂。结论对未被聘用的人进行了非变异基因和非变异基因的分析。
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引用次数: 10
Leucémie aiguë néonatale révélée par Blueberry Muffin syndrome (à propos d’un cas) 蓝莓松饼综合征新生儿急性白血病(约1例)
Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.immbio.2013.04.009
I. Tlamçani, S. Benjelloun, G. Yahyaoui, N. Benseddik, M.H. Amrani

Acute leukemia is uncommon in neonates and has a much poorer prognosis than in older children. We report a case of acute myeloblastic leukemia observed in a neonate who had skin lesions (Blueberry Muffin syndrome), bleeding and hepatosplenomegaly at birth, which justified intensive care since the first postnatal week. The patient died 13 days after. We present here physical and laboratory findings, which indicate a grim prognosis. These criteria should be considered carefully in order to ensure realistic information for the parents and appropriate decision.

La leucémie aiguë est une maladie exceptionnelle en période néonatale et son pronostic est sévère, bien moins bon que chez les enfants plus âgés. Le Blueberry Muffin syndrome se manifeste par des lésions cutanées sous forme de papulonodules violacées disséminées sur tout le corps, présent dès la naissance et doit faire rechercher la présence d’éventuelles infections congénitales, d’incompatibilités fœto-maternelles ou de pathologies tumorales. Nous rapportons un cas de leucémie aiguë myéloblastique néonatale qui s’est manifestée par un Blueberry Muffin syndrome ainsi qu’un syndrome hémorragique et tumoral présents dès la naissance ce qui a justifié une prise en charge en réanimation dès la première semaine de vie. L’évolution a été fatale après 13 jours de vie.

急性白血病在新生儿中不常见,预后比老年儿童差得多。我们报告了一例急性骨髓母细胞白血病病例,该新生儿在出生时出现皮肤损伤(蓝莓松饼综合征)、出血和肝脾肿大,从出生后的第一周起就需要进行强化护理。患者在13天后死亡。我们在这里介绍物理和实验室的发现,这表明了一个可怕的预测。应仔细考虑这些标准,以确保向父母提供真实的信息并作出适当的决定。急性白血病是新生儿期的一种特殊疾病,预后严重,远低于年龄较大的儿童。蓝莓松饼综合征表现为皮肤损伤,紫色乳头状结节分布在全身,从出生开始就存在,必须寻找可能的先天性感染、胎母不相容或肿瘤病理。我们报告了一例急性新生儿骨髓母细胞白血病,表现为蓝莓松饼综合征以及出生时出现的出血和肿瘤综合征,这证明了在生命的第一周进行复苏治疗是合理的。13天后,进化是致命的。
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引用次数: 0
Caractéristiques immuno-analytiques de la copeptine copeptine的免疫分析特性
Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.immbio.2013.09.001
C. Desbene, O. Gaillard

Besides structural and physiological data of copeptin, this paper points out the optimal conditions for sampling, assays and interpretation of results.

Après les caractéristiques structurales et physiologiques de la copeptine, les données pré, per et post analytiques de son dosage sont abordées pour l’interprétation des résultats.

还有结构and physiological data of copeptin、优条件for this out the paper点取样、分析与解释of results。在对copeptine的结构和生理特征进行分析后,对其测定的分析前、分析前和分析后数据进行了解释。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Immuno-Analyse & Biologie Specialisee
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