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Special Issue of International Journal of Transgenderism Trans pregnancy: Fertility, reproduction and body autonomy 国际跨性别杂志特刊:跨性别怀孕:生育、生殖和身体自主
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1676499
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引用次数: 0
Seeking help when transgender: Exploring the difference in mental and physical health seeking behaviors between transgender and cisgender individuals in Ireland. 跨性别者寻求帮助:探索爱尔兰跨性别者和顺性别者在心理和身体健康寻求行为方面的差异。
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-09-04 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1658145
Jamie Howell, Rebecca Maguire

Background: While there is growing awareness of the need to support the physical and mental wellbeing of transgender people, some may be reluctant to seek help from healthcare professionals. Little is understood about the mechanisms that influence help-seeking behavior in this group. Aims: This study aimed to compare transgender and cisgender participants in their likelihood to seek help for both physical and mental health conditions, and to explore whether this help-seeking behavior is predicted by a range of sociodemographic and psychological variables. Methods: 123 participants living in Ireland (cisgender= 67; transgender= 56) completed a questionnaire which included demographic questions, as well as measures of optimism (LOT-R), self-esteem (RSES), psychological distress (GHQ-12), attitudes towards seeking psychological help (ATSPPH-SF), and attitudes towards seeking help for a physical health problem (Attitudes Towards Seeking Medical Help Scale- Action/Intervention subscale). Associations between predictor variables and mental and physical health seeking were explored using correlation analysis and stepwise regressions. Results: Transgender participants were less likely to seek help for a physical health issue than cisgender participants, but did not differ in mental health help-seeking behaviors. Results suggest that this may be due to differences in optimism, self-esteem and psychological distress. Transgender participants had significantly lower optimism and self-esteem, which were two factors linked to poorer physical health seeking behaviors. Optimism also emerged as a significant predictor in mental health seeking behaviors. Discussion: The lack of a significant difference for mental health help-seeking between the transgender and cisgender participants is encouraging, as it suggests that there is less stigma surrounding mental illness than expected, however findings also contradict previous findings suggesting that physical health is less stigmatized. This could be due to stigma relating to gender-specific healthcare and suggests that healthcare professionals should acknowledge the specific healthcare needs and concerns among transgender individuals.

背景:尽管人们越来越意识到需要支持跨性别者的身心健康,但有些人可能不愿意寻求医疗专业人员的帮助。人们对影响这一群体求助行为的机制知之甚少。目的:本研究旨在比较跨性别和顺性别参与者在身体和心理健康状况方面寻求帮助的可能性,并探讨这种寻求帮助的行为是否受到一系列社会人口和心理变量的预测。方法:123名居住在爱尔兰的参与者(顺性别=67;跨性别=56)完成了一份问卷,其中包括人口统计学问题,以及乐观主义(LOT-R)、自尊(RSES)、心理困扰(GHQ-12)、寻求心理帮助的态度(ATSPPH-SF)、,以及对寻求身体健康问题帮助的态度(对寻求医疗帮助的态度量表-行动/干预分量表)。采用相关分析和逐步回归方法探讨了预测变量与身心健康寻求之间的关系。结果:与顺性别参与者相比,跨性别参与者不太可能因身体健康问题寻求帮助,但在心理健康求助行为方面没有差异。研究结果表明,这可能是由于乐观、自尊和心理困扰方面的差异。跨性别参与者的乐观情绪和自尊显著降低,这是与较差的身体健康寻求行为相关的两个因素。乐观主义也成为心理健康寻求行为的重要预测因素。讨论:跨性别和顺性别参与者在寻求心理健康帮助方面没有显著差异,这令人鼓舞,因为这表明围绕心理疾病的污名化程度比预期的要低,但研究结果也与之前的研究结果相矛盾,即身体健康的污名性较低。这可能是由于与特定性别的医疗保健相关的污名化,并建议医疗保健专业人员应承认跨性别者的特定医疗保健需求和担忧。
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引用次数: 7
The experiences of gender diverse and trans children and youth considering and initiating medical interventions in Canadian gender-affirming speciality clinics. 性别多样化和跨性别儿童和青年在加拿大性别肯定专科诊所考虑和发起医疗干预的经验。
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-08-30 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1652129
Annie Pullen Sansfaçon, Julia Temple-Newhook, Frank Suerich-Gulick, Stephen Feder, Margaret L Lawson, Jennifer Ducharme, Shuvo Ghosh, Cindy Holmes

Background: Canadian specialty clinics offering gender-affirming care to trans and gender diverse children and youth have observed a significant increase in referrals in recent years, but there is a lack of information about the experiences of young people receiving care. Furthermore, treatment protocols governing access to gender-affirming medical interventions remain a topic of debate. Aims: This qualitative research aims to develop a deeper understanding of experiences of trans youth seeking and receiving gender-affirming care at Canadian specialty clinics, including their goals in accessing care, feelings about care and medical interventions they have undergone, and whether they have any regrets about these interventions. Methods: The study uses an adapted Grounded Theory methodology from social determinants of health perspective. Thirty-five trans and gender diverse young people aged 9 to 17 years were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews through the specialty clinics where they had received or were waiting for gender-affirming medical interventions such as puberty blockers, hormone therapy, and surgery. Results: Young people felt positively overall about the care they had received and the medical interventions they had undergone, with many recounting an improvement in their well-being since starting care. Most commonly shared frustrations concerned delays in accessing interventions due to clinic waiting lists or treatment protocols. Some youth described unwanted medication side-effects and others said they had questioned their transition trajectory at certain moments in the past, but none regretted their choice to undergo the interventions. Discussion : The results suggest that trans youth and gender diverse children are benefiting from medical gender-affirming care they receive at specialty clinics, providing valuable insight into their decision-making processes in seeking care and specific interventions. Providers might consider adjusting aspects of treatment protocols (such as age restrictions, puberty stage, or mental health assessments) or applying them on a more flexible, case-by-case basis to reduce barriers to access.

背景:加拿大的专科诊所为跨性别和性别多样化的儿童和青少年提供性别确认护理,近年来发现转诊人数显著增加,但缺乏有关接受护理的年轻人经验的信息。此外,关于获得肯定性别的医疗干预措施的治疗规程仍然是一个争论的话题。目的:本定性研究旨在更深入地了解跨性别青年在加拿大专科诊所寻求和接受性别确认护理的经历,包括他们获得护理的目标、对护理的感受和他们所经历的医疗干预,以及他们是否对这些干预感到遗憾。方法:从健康的社会决定因素角度出发,采用了一种适应的扎根理论方法。招募了35名年龄在9至17岁之间的跨性别和性别多样化的年轻人,通过专科诊所参加半结构化访谈,他们已经接受或正在等待性别确认医疗干预措施,如青春期阻断剂、激素治疗和手术。结果:年轻人对他们所接受的护理和他们所经历的医疗干预总体上持积极态度,许多人叙述了自开始护理以来他们的健康状况有所改善。最常见的挫折是由于诊所等候名单或治疗方案而导致获得干预措施的延误。一些年轻人描述了不想要的药物副作用,另一些人说他们在过去的某些时刻质疑过他们的过渡轨迹,但没有人后悔他们选择接受干预。讨论:结果表明,跨性别青年和性别多样化的儿童从他们在专业诊所接受的医学性别确认护理中受益,为他们寻求护理和具体干预的决策过程提供了宝贵的见解。提供者可以考虑调整治疗方案的各个方面(如年龄限制、青春期阶段或心理健康评估),或在更灵活的、具体情况具体分析的基础上加以应用,以减少获得治疗的障碍。
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引用次数: 42
What about the family in youth gender diversity? A literature review. 家庭在青少年性别多样性中的作用如何?文献综述。
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-08-26 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1652130
Jason J Westwater, Elizabeth A Riley, Gregory M Peterson

Background: Previous research has suggested that gender diversity affects everyone in the family, with positive mental health and global outcomes for gender diverse youth reliant on receiving adequate family support and validation. Although the individual mental health, treatment and outcomes for gender diverse youth have received recent research attention, much less is known about a family perspective. Hence, a review of the literature exploring youth gender diversity from a family perspective is warranted. Aims: To systematically identify, appraise and summarize all published literature primarily exploring gender diversity in young people under the age of 18 years, as well as selected literature pertaining to a family understanding. Methods: Six electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science) were searched for relevant literature pertaining to youth under the age of 18 years. Results: Research evidence was consistently found to support the beneficial effects of a supportive family system for youth experiencing gender diversity, and a systemic understanding and approach for professionals. Conversely, lack of family support was found to lead to poorer mental health and adverse life outcomes. Few articles explored the experience of siblings under the age of 18 years. Discussion: This literature review is the first to critically evaluate and summarize all published studies which adopted a family understanding of youth gender diversity. The review highlighted a lack of current research and the need for further targeted research, which utilizes a systemic clinical approach to guide support for gender diverse youth and family members.

背景:先前的研究表明,性别多样性影响到家庭中的每个人,性别多样化的青年的积极心理健康和全球结果依赖于获得足够的家庭支持和认可。尽管性别多样化青年的个人心理健康、治疗和结果最近受到了研究的关注,但对家庭观点的了解却少得多。因此,从家庭角度探讨青年性别多样性的文献综述是必要的。目的:系统地识别、评估和总结所有主要探讨18岁以下年轻人性别多样性的已发表文献,以及与家庭理解有关的选定文献。方法:检索6个电子数据库(CINAHL、MEDLINE、EMBASE、PsycINFO、SCOPUS、Web of Science),检索18岁以下青少年相关文献。结果:研究证据一致支持支持性家庭系统对经历性别多样性的青少年的有益影响,并为专业人员提供系统的理解和方法。相反,研究发现,缺乏家庭支持会导致心理健康状况恶化和不良的生活结果。很少有文章探讨未满18岁的兄弟姐妹的经历。讨论:本文献综述首次批判性地评价和总结了所有已发表的研究,这些研究采用了家庭对青年性别多样性的理解。该综述强调了目前研究的缺乏和进一步有针对性的研究的需要,这些研究利用系统的临床方法来指导对性别多样化的青年和家庭成员的支持。
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引用次数: 23
Clinician and client perspectives regarding transgender health: a North Queensland focus. 临床医生和客户对变性人健康的看法:北昆士兰聚焦。
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-08-16 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1650408
Audrey Heng, Clare Heal, Jennifer Banks, Robyn Preston

Background: Healthcare encounters are important in ensuring safe access to medical or surgical care for transgender people. Previous literature suggests many transgender people have had negative encounters with healthcare professionals. In Australia, there is limited research about this population and their healthcare, and less from regional locations. Aims: This study primarily aimed to explore both transgender client and clinician perspectives and experiences of healthcare interactions. A secondary aim was to investigate increased presentations to sexual health clinics in North Queensland by people wishing to transition. Methods: Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were used to gather data from 23 participants. Interview transcripts were inductively analyzed and themes developed. Results: Four themes emerged relating to healthcare encounters and the regional setting of North Queensland. These showed that support from family and peers is important for transgender mental health and wellbeing, and that person-centered clinicians who acknowledge a holistic approach to transgender care also form part of the support network for transgender individuals particularly in the regional setting. The internet was found to play a significant role in this study's findings. Discussion: A collaborative holistic approach to transgender healthcare should be taken by client and clinician to best support the transgender individual during transition. The establishment of Australian guidelines and online peer support groups would facilitate this approach, particularly in rural or regional areas where specialist services are limited.

背景:在确保变性人安全地获得医疗或手术护理方面,与医护人员的接触非常重要。以往的文献表明,许多变性人与医护人员有过负面接触。在澳大利亚,有关变性人及其医疗保健的研究非常有限,而来自地区性研究则更少。目的:本研究的主要目的是探讨变性人客户和临床医生对医疗保健互动的看法和体验。次要目的是调查昆士兰州北部希望变性的人到性健康诊所就诊的增加情况。研究方法采用半结构式深度访谈法收集 23 名参与者的数据。对访谈记录进行归纳分析,并确定主题。结果出现了四个与医疗遭遇和北昆士兰地区环境有关的主题。这些主题表明,家人和同伴的支持对变性人的心理健康和幸福非常重要,以人为本的临床医生也是变性人支持网络的一部分,他们承认变性人护理的整体方法,尤其是在地区环境中。本研究发现,互联网在研究结果中发挥了重要作用。讨论:客户和临床医生应采取合作性的整体变性医疗保健方法,以便在变性期间为变性者提供最佳支持。澳大利亚指南和在线同伴支持小组的建立将促进这种方法的实施,尤其是在专业服务有限的农村或地区。
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引用次数: 0
Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people. 支持和维护被监禁跨性别者的权利和健康的整体监禁设置方法。
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-08-16 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1651684
Annette Brömdal, Kirsty A Clark, Jaclyn M W Hughto, Joseph Debattista, Tania M Phillips, Amy B Mullens, Jeff Gow, Kirstie Daken
Transgender people incarcerated1 around the world remain a “vulnerable group,” and continue to experience significant mistreatment, human rights violations, and erasure of their gender identity, co...
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引用次数: 29
Transforming the paradigm of nonbinary transgender health: A field in transition. 转变非二元跨性别健康范式:转型中的一个领域。
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-07-25 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1640514
Joz Motmans, Timo O Nieder, Walter Pierre Bouman
It is exactly a decade ago that Sexual and Relationship Therapy published a special issue entitled “Gender Variance and Transgender Identity”, which was guest edited by Walter Bockting, former Editor-in-Chief of International Journal of Transgenderism (IJT). In his editorial Bockting wrote “[this issue] is comprised of a collection of articles that reflect a transition in this growing field from a disease-based to an identity-based model of transgender health. The disease-based model assumes that normative gender identity development has been compromised and that the associated distress can be alleviated by establishing congruence between sex, gender identity and gender role, if necessary through hormonal and surgical sex reassignment. The identity-based model assumes that gender variance is merely an example of human diversity and that the distress transgender individuals might experience results from social stigma attached to gender variance. The latter model views transgender people as having an experience, identity and sexuality distinct from those of both non-transgender women and men. This paradigm shift forms the context for nine peer reviewed articles... .” (Bockting, 2009). This special issue consists of more than double the amount of contributions than a decade ago, and concerns the area of nonbinary and genderqueer transgender health. Clearly a reflection of progress, progression and promise, albeit at a moderate pace. There is nevertheless reason for optimism. The multidimensionality and heterogeneity of gender identities and the idea that one’s gender identity can be a mix of both being a man and a woman, being somehow beyond the gender binary, or something completely else is increasingly acknowledged and recognized (Bockting, 2008; Harrison, Grant, & Herman, 2012; Herdt, 1993; K€ ohler, Eyssel, & Nieder, 2018; Kuper, Nussbaum, & Mustanski, 2012; Richards, Bouman, & Barker, 2018). In the last decade in particular, there is growing evidence that in fact there is a sizable group of people who do not identify as binary trans. In parallel, language regarding gender identities has shifted and continues to evolve (Bouman et al., 2017), and although we will use the adjective nonbinary in this editorial to refer to people who identify between, outside and beyond the gender binary, we acknowledge that this is a reductionist approach and does not do justice to the realities of nuanced gender identity categories. We are also aware that the term nonbinary may well change in academic and legal discourse, especially once the terminology chapter of the 8 version of the WPATH Standard of Care has been completed and published. In terms of the prevalence of nonbinary identities then, Harrison, Grant, and Herman (2012) found that 13% of trans respondents (N1⁄4 6436) in their US sample preferred a different identity than: male/man, female/ woman, or part time as one gender, part time an another in their community based survey; of the 860 written respons
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引用次数: 35
The terminology of identities between, outside and beyond the gender binary - A systematic review. 性别二元之间、外部和超越性别二元的身份术语——系统综述。
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-07-18 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1640654
Nat Thorne, Andrew Kam-Tuck Yip, Walter Pierre Bouman, Ellen Marshall, Jon Arcelus

Background: Recently, a multitude of terms have emerged, especially within North America and Western Europe, which describe identities that are not experienced within the culturally accepted binary structure of gender which prevails within those cultures. As yet, there is no clear single umbrella term to describe such identities and a mixture of words have been used in scholarly work to date. Aims: To explore the origins and track the emergence of newer terms and definitions for identities between, outside and beyond the gender binary, to outline current trends in descriptors within scholarly work and to suggest a term which is wide enough to encompass all identities. Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was made, following the PRISMA guidelines. Several relevant key terms were used to search Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and the International Journal of Transgenderism. The descriptions each title gives for identities outside of the binary are extracted for analysis. Results: Several terms have been used over the years to describe identities outside of the binary. "Non-binary" and "genderqueer" are currently mostly used as umbrella terms. However, "gender diverse" is emerging as a more suitable wide-ranging inclusive term for non-male and non-female identities. Discussion: Identity outside of "male" and "female" is an emerging concept which currently has several identifiers and little academic agreement on which is the most pertinent. The two leading descriptors are "non-binary" and "genderqueer." Gender diverse is emerging as a new term which has the aim of including all other terms outside of male and female within it and this article suggests the increase in its use to describe gender identities outside of the binary.

背景:最近出现了许多术语,特别是在北美和西欧,这些术语描述了在这些文化中普遍存在的文化接受的性别二元结构中所没有经历的身份。到目前为止,还没有一个明确的单一总括术语来描述这种身份,迄今为止,学术工作中已经使用了多种语言。目的:探索性别二元之间、外部和外部身份的新术语和定义的起源并跟踪其出现,概述学术工作中描述符的当前趋势,并提出一个足够广泛的术语来涵盖所有身份。方法:根据PRISMA指南进行全面系统的回顾。一些相关的关键术语被用于搜索Web of Science、ScienceDirect、PubMed和《国际变性杂志》。每个标题对二进制之外的身份的描述都被提取出来进行分析。结果:多年来,有几个术语被用来描述二进制之外的身份。“非二进制”和“性别酷儿”目前主要用作总括术语。然而,“性别多样性”正在成为一个更适合非男性和非女性身份的广泛包容性术语。讨论:“男性”和“女性”之外的身份是一个新兴的概念,目前有几个标识符,但学术界很少就哪一个最相关达成一致。两个主要的描述词是“非二元性”和“性别酷儿”。性别多样性作为一个新术语正在出现,其目的是将男性和女性之外的所有其他术语都包括在内,本文建议增加其用于描述二元性之外的性别身份的使用。
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引用次数: 68
Hormonal contraceptive choices in a clinic-based series of transgender adolescents and young adults. 基于临床的一系列跨性别青少年和年轻人的激素避孕选择。
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-07-01 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1631929
Rula V Kanj, Lee Ann E Conard, Sarah D Corathers, Gylynthia E Trotman

Aims: To describe the use of hormonal contraceptives for menstrual management and/or pregnancy prevention in a clinic-based series of transgender adolescents and young adults who were assigned female at birth (transmasculine identity). Methods: We performed a chart review of post-menarchal transgender assigned-female-at-birth (AFAB) patients, age 10-25 years, seen at CCHMC Transgender Health Clinic for at least 2 visits between July 1, 2013 and September 17, 2016, and who were not on a puberty suppression method. We collected data including choice of hormonal contraceptive and indication (menstrual suppression, pregnancy prevention, or both), duration of use, initiation of sexual activity, reported sexual partners, and use of gender-affirming hormone therapy (i.e., testosterone). We present simple descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 231 patients met inclusion criteria, with ages from 11 to 25 years. Of those, 135 (59%) were using a hormonal contraceptive method. Most patients (67%) used hormonal contraception for the indication of menstrual suppression. Most commonly used method was depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) (49 patients), followed by combined oral contraceptives (COC) and norethindrone (progestin-only pill, POP) (34 patients each). Thirteen patients used 52 mg levonorgestrel IUD (LNG-IUD). Of the total sample (n = 231), 82 (36%) reported sexual activity, 35 of whom (43% of sexually active patients) reported sexual intercourse with assigned-male-at-birth (AMAB) partners and/or penile-vaginal intercourse. Among 35 patients at risk for pregnancy, only 21 (60%) were using hormonal contraception. Over half (54%) of sexually active patients taking testosterone discontinued their hormonal contraceptive method once they stopped having menses. Discussion: Within a sample of transgender AFAB adolescents, half of whom were taking testosterone, a variety of contraceptives were used, including depot medroxyprogesterone, combined oral contraceptives, and levonorgestrel IUD. Among those taking testosterone, many patients discontinued contraception once they stopped having menses.

目的:描述以临床为基础的一系列变性青少年和年轻成人(变性男性身份)在月经管理和/或怀孕预防方面使用激素避孕药的情况。方法:我们对2013年7月1日至2016年9月17日期间在CCHMC跨性别健康诊所就诊至少2次且未使用青春期抑制方法的10-25岁的产后性别分配女性(AFAB)患者进行了图表回顾。我们收集的数据包括激素避孕药的选择和适应症(抑制月经,预防怀孕,或两者都有),使用时间,性活动的开始,报告的性伴侣,以及使用性别确认激素治疗(即睾酮)。我们提出简单的描述性统计。结果:231例患者符合纳入标准,年龄11 ~ 25岁。其中,135人(59%)使用激素避孕方法。大多数患者(67%)使用激素避孕作为月经抑制的指征。最常用的方法是储备甲羟孕酮(DMPA)(49例),其次是联合口服避孕药(COC)和去甲thindrone(单孕激素丸,POP)(各34例)。13例使用52 mg左炔诺孕酮宫内节育器(LNG-IUD)。在总样本(n = 231)中,82人(36%)报告了性行为,其中35人(43%的性活跃患者)报告了与指定男性出生(AMAB)伴侣和/或阴茎阴道性交。在35例有妊娠危险的患者中,只有21例(60%)使用激素避孕。超过一半(54%)服用睾酮的性活跃患者一旦停止月经就停止使用激素避孕方法。讨论:在一个跨性别AFAB青少年样本中,其中一半服用睾酮,使用多种避孕药,包括储存甲羟孕酮,联合口服避孕药和左炔诺孕酮宫内节育器。在服用睾酮的患者中,许多患者在月经停止后就停止了避孕。
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引用次数: 24
Mental health and quality of life in non-binary transgender adults: a case control study. 非二元跨性别成年人的心理健康和生活质量:一项病例对照研究。
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-06-27 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1630346
Bethany A Jones, Walter Pierre Bouman, Emma Haycraft, Jon Arcelus

Background: The social challenges that non-binary people experience, due in part to social intolerance and the lack of validation of non-binary gender identities, may affect the mental health and quality of life of this population. However, studies that have distinguished between non-binary and binary transgender identities are lacking. Aim: To compare the mental health and quality of life of a community sample of non-binary transgender adults with controls (binary transgender people and cisgender people) matched on sex assigned at birth. Method: A total of 526 participants were included. Ninety-seven were classified as non-binary and were compared with two control groups: 91 people classified as binary and 338 cisgender people. Only transgender people not on gender affirming hormone treatment or who had not undergone gender affirming surgery were included. Participants were invited to complete an online survey that included mental health and quality of life measures. Results: Non-binary people reported significantly better mental health than binary transgender people, but worse than cisgender people. Overall, there were no significant differences in quality of life between non-binary and binary transgender participants assigned male at birth and transgender females, but non-binary assigned males at birth had better scores on the psychological and social domains of quality of life than transgender males. Quality of life was better across all domains in cisgender people than transgender groups. Conclusion: There is an inequality with regard to mental health and quality of life between non-binary (and binary) transgender people and the cisgender population that needs to be addressed. The better mental health scores in non-binary people may reflect lower levels of body dissatisfaction among the non-binary population. Mental health problems and poor quality of life are likely to have social causes and hence legislative measures and broader government-led inclusive directives should be put in place to recognize and to validate non-binary identifying people.

背景:非二元人群所经历的社会挑战,部分是由于社会不容忍和缺乏对非二元性别认同的验证,可能会影响这一人群的心理健康和生活质量。然而,区分非二元和二元跨性别身份的研究却很少。目的:比较非二元跨性别成年人社区样本与出生性别匹配的对照组(二元跨变性人和顺性别者)的心理健康和生活质量。方法:共纳入526名参与者。97人被归类为非二元人群,并与两个对照组进行了比较:91人为二元人群和338人为顺性别人群。只有未接受性别确认激素治疗或未进行性别确认手术的跨性别者才被包括在内。参与者被邀请完成一项在线调查,其中包括心理健康和生活质量指标。结果:非二元人群的心理健康状况明显好于二元跨性别人群,但比顺性别人群差。总体而言,出生时被分配为男性的非二元和二元跨性别参与者与跨性别女性之间的生活质量没有显著差异,但出生时被指定为男性的无二元参与者在心理和社会生活质量领域的得分高于跨性别男性。顺性别人群的生活质量在所有领域都比跨性别群体好。结论:非二元(和二元)变性人和顺性别人群在心理健康和生活质量方面存在不平等,需要解决。非二元人群的心理健康分数越高,可能反映出非二元群体对身体的不满程度越低。心理健康问题和生活质量差可能有社会原因,因此应制定立法措施和更广泛的政府主导的包容性指令,以承认和验证非二元身份识别者。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Transgenderism
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